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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

FIELD WORK REPORT

DON BOSCO COLLEGE (CO-ED)

GUEZOU NAGAR, YELAGIRI HILLS
TIRUPATTUR - 635 853

Submitted by
JEEVAN P
B23525
Department of Computer Application

Date: From: To:

Total Hours Spent: 8 Hours

Submitted to

Ms. Jothika.,
Environmental Studies
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure JEEVAN P Presenting Environmental Pollution field study

report as part of the curriculum of Environmental Studies. I wish to thank all the
people who gave me unending support.

I express my profound thanks to my EVS course teacher Ms. JOTHIKA, for her
guidance and support.

Signature Signature of the Course Teacher

Name : JEEVAN P
Roll Number : B23525
Registration Number : 35823U08026

HOD’s Signature
Coordinator’s Signature
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S. No Title Page No

1 Introduction 4

5-06
2 1. Sources and contributors of soil pollution

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Sources of Soil Pollution

1.2.1 Agricultural Activities

1.2.2 Urbanization

1.2.3 Waste Disposal

3 2. Organic, Inorganic, and Microplastics 7-09

1.3 Types of Soil Pollutants

1.3.1 Organic Pollutants

1.3.2 Inorganic Pollutants

1.3.3 Microplastics

4 3. Leaching, Atmospheric Deposition, and Direct

10-11
Discharge

1.4 Mechanisms of Soil Pollution

1.4.1 Leaching
1.4.2 Atmospheric Deposition
1.4.3 Direct Discharge

5
4.Environmental and Health Impacts 12-14
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1.5 Impact of Soil Pollution

1.5.1 Environmental Impact

1.5.2 Health Impact

6 Conclusion 15

7 Reference 15-16

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Soil pollution refers to the presence of toxic chemicals, pollutants, and contaminants

in the soil, at levels higher than the natural environment would typically contain. This

pollution can arise from human activities and natural sources, leading to detrimental

effects on plant growth, wildlife, human health, and the overall ecosystem.

Understanding soil pollution is crucial because it directly impacts food security, water

quality, and biodiversity.

1.2 Sources of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution refers to the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or

contaminants) in the soil in concentrations high enough to pose a risk to

human health and the ecosystem

Soil pollution is the presence of toxic chemicals, pollutants, or contaminants

in soil at levels that pose a risk to human health, plants, and animals
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Among the most common causes of soil contamination caused by human activity,

the FAO highlights industry, mining, military activities, waste — which includes

technological waste — and wastewater management, farming, stock breeding the

building of urban and transport infrastructures.

1.2.1 Agricultural Activities

Agricultural practices are a significant source of soil pollution. The extensive use of

chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides introduces various

harmful substances into the soil. These chemicals can accumulate over time, leading

to soil degradation and contamination of water bodies through runoff.

1.2.2 Urbanization

Urbanization leads to soil pollution through construction activities, transportation

emissions, and the proliferation of impervious surfaces. The increased use of

vehicles contributes to the deposition of heavy metals and hydrocarbons onto the

soil. Additionally, construction activities often involve the use of hazardous materials,

which can contaminate the soil if not managed properly.

1.2.3 Waste Disposal

Improper waste disposal is a critical contributor to soil pollution. This includes the

disposal of industrial waste, municipal solid waste, and hazardous waste. Landfills,

especially those not designed with adequate safety measures, can leach toxic

substances into the soil. Illegal dumping of waste also poses significant risks to soil

quality and public health.

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1.3 Types of Soil Pollutants

Soil pollutants can be broadly classified into several categories based on their

nature and sources. Here are the main types:Heavy Metals:Lead (Pb)Cadmium

(Cd)Mercury (Hg)Arsenic (As)Chromium (Cr)Pesticides and Herbicides:DDT

(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)GlyphosateAtrazineChlorpyrifosOrganic

Pollutants:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)Polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs)Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)DioxinsIndustrial

Chemicals:BenzeneTolueneXylenePhenolsPharmaceuticals and Personal Care

Products (PPCPs):AntibioticsHormonesDisinfectantsNutrients and

Fertilizers:Nitrogen compounds (e.g., nitrates and nitrites)Phosphorus

compoundsWaste Products:Sewage sludgeMunicipal solid waste

(MSW)E-waste (electronic waste)Radionuclides:UraniumRadonCesiumEach of

these pollutants can have significant adverse effects on soil health,

ecosystems, and human health, depending on their concentration,

persistence, and bioavailability.

Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful substances that can

adversely affect the health of plants, animals, and human

The soil contamination can occur due to the presence of chemicals

such as pesticides, herbicides, ammonia, petroleum hydrocarbons,

lead, nitrate, mercury, naphthalene, etc in an excess amount.

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1.3.1 Organic Pollutants

Organic pollutants include a variety of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides,

solvents, and petroleum hydrocarbons. These compounds can persist in the

environment for long periods, leading to chronic pollution problems. Pesticides, for

example, can not only harm target pests but also non-target organisms, including

beneficial insects and soil microorganisms.Organic pollutants in soil are chemical

substances that contain carbon and are capable of contaminating the environment.

These pollutants can persist in the soil for long periods, often leading to significant

ecological and health issues. Here are some key types of organic pollutants

commonly found in soil:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):Formed during the

incomplete combustion of organic materials like coal, oil, gas, wood, and

garbage.Examples: Benzo(a)pyrene, Naphthalene.Sources: Industrial processes,

vehicle emissions, fossil fuel combustion, and natural occurrences like

wildfires.Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs):A group of man-made chemicals

consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine atoms.Used in electrical equipment,

heat exchangers, and as additives in paints, sealants, and plastics.Highly persistent

and can bioaccumulate in the environment and living organisms.Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs):Organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at room

temperature.Examples: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene, Xylene.Sources: Industrial

processes, fuel production and use, solvent use, and household products like paints

and cleaning agents.Dioxins and Furans:By-products of industrial processes

involving chlorine, such as waste incineration, chemical manufacturing, and paper

bleaching.Highly toxic and can cause reproductive and developmental problems,

damage the immune system, interfere with hormones, and cause cancer.Persistent

Organic Pollutants (POPs):A broad category that includes chemicals like PCBs,
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DDT, dioxins, and certain brominated flame retardants.Characterized by their

long-lasting nature, ability to travel long distances in the environment, and tendency

to bioaccumulate.Pesticides and Herbicides:Used extensively in agriculture to control

pests and weeds.Examples: DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Atrazine, Glyphosate.Can remain

in the soil for years and pose risks to human health and non-target species.

1.3.2 Inorganic Pollutants

Inorganic pollutants consist of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and

arsenic, as well as other elements such as nitrates and phosphates. These

substances can be highly toxic to plants, animals, and humans, causing a range of

health issues. Sources include industrial discharges, mining activities, and the

excessive use of fertilizers.

1.3.3 Microplastics

Microplastics are small plastic particles less than 5mm in size that originate from the

breakdown of larger plastic debris, personal care products, and synthetic textiles.

These particles are persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the soil,

potentially entering the food chain through soil organisms and plants.

Microplastics in soil pollution refer to tiny plastic particles, less than 5mm in size, that

contaminate soil environments. These particles come from various sources such as

breakdown of larger plastic items, microbeads from personal care products, and

synthetic fibers from textiles. Once in the soil, they can persist for long periods and

potentially affect soil health, water quality, and even enter the food chain through

plants and animals. Managing microplastic pollution in soil is a growing concern due

to its potential environmental and health impacts.

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1.4 Mechanisms of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution, also known as soil contamination, refers to the presence of toxic

chemicals, pollutants, or contaminants in soil at levels harmful to plants, animals,

and humans. This pollution can degrade soil quality, disrupt ecosystems, and pose

significant health risks. It is often the result of industrial activities, agricultural

practices, improper waste disposal, and the use of chemical substances.

Chemical Leaching: Chemicals from industrial and agricultural sources can leach

into the soil, contaminating groundwater and spreading pollutants.Atmospheric

Deposition: Pollutants released into the atmosphere, such as heavy metals and

persistent organic pollutants (POPs), can settle onto the soil through rain or

dust.Runoff: Rainwater and irrigation can carry pollutants from surface applications

into the soil, leading to contamination.Waste Decomposition: Decomposing waste in

landfills can release harmful chemicals that seep into the surrounding soil.Soil

Erosion: Contaminated soil particles can be transported by wind or water, spreading

pollution to new areas.

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1.4.1 Leaching

Leaching is the process by which water percolates through the soil, carrying soluble

pollutants downwards into the soil profile or groundwater. This mechanism can

spread pollutants over a large area, contaminating water supplies and affecting soil

quality.

1.4.2 Atmospheric deposition:

Atmospheric deposition refers to the settling of pollutants from the air onto the soil

surface. This can occur through dry deposition (particles settling out of the air) or wet
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deposition (pollutants washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation). Sources

include industrial emissions, vehicle exhausts, and agricultural sprays.

1.4.3 Direct Discharge

Direct discharge involves the release of pollutants directly onto the soil. This can

happen through spills, leaks, or intentional dumping of hazardous substances. Such

direct contamination can lead to highly localized pollution, often requiring intensive

remediation efforts.

1.5 Impact of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution refers to the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or

contaminants) in the soil, in concentrations that are high enough to pose a risk

to human health and/or the ecosystem. These pollutants may be naturally

occurring within the soil but are present at higher-than-normal levels due to

human activity, or they may be synthetic chemicals introduced into the soil

through various means.

Exposure routes: Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact.Health effects:

Respiratory problems, skin diseases, cancers, neurological disorders, and

reproductive issues.

1.5.1 Environmental Impact

Soil pollution can lead to the loss of soil fertility, making land unsuitable for

agriculture and disrupting local ecosystems. Contaminated soil can also affect the
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quality of groundwater and surface water, leading to broader ecological

consequences. Pollutants can harm soil microorganisms, insects, and plants,

reducing biodiversity and altering natural processes.

Industrial Activities: Factories and industrial processes release heavy metals,

chemicals, and toxic waste into the soil.Agricultural Practices: Excessive use of

pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers can lead to the accumulation of harmful

substances in the soil.Waste Disposal: Improper disposal of household, industrial,

and medical waste can contaminate the soil with hazardous chemicals.Mining:

Mining activities expose heavy metals and toxic substances that can leach into the

soil.Accidental Spills: Oil spills and chemical leaks can severely contaminate the

soil.Urbanization: Construction and development lead to the accumulation of

pollutants from vehicles, infrastructure, and human activities.

1.5.2 Health Impact

Exposure to contaminated soil can pose significant health risks to humans, including

skin rashes, respiratory problems, and long-term effects such as cancer. Pollutants

can enter the food chain through crops grown in contaminated soil, leading to the

accumulation of harmful substances in human tissues. Children playing in

contaminated areas are particularly vulnerable to soil pollution.

Soil pollution can have significant impacts on human health through various

pathways:Direct Contact: People can be exposed to pollutants in soil through direct

contact, such as during gardening, playing in contaminated areas, or through

occupational exposure (e.g., farmers, construction workers).Inhalation: Fine particles

and dust containing pollutants can become airborne, especially in dry and windy

conditions, leading to inhalation and potential respiratory issues.Ingestion: Soil

pollutants can contaminate crops and plants grown in polluted soil. When these are
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consumed, pollutants may enter the human body, causing health problems.Water

Contamination: Pollutants in soil can leach into groundwater, contaminating drinking

water sources. This is particularly concerning in areas where wells draw water from

shallow aquifers.Toxic Effects: Different pollutants in soil, such as heavy metals

(lead, arsenic, cadmium), pesticides, and industrial chemicals, can cause a range of

health issues. These may include developmental problems, neurological disorders,

cancer, and organ damage, depending on the type and concentration of

pollutants.Bioaccumulation: Some pollutants can accumulate in the food chain. For

example, animals grazing on polluted pasture may accumulate toxins in their tissues,

which can then be passed on to humans through consumption of meat or dairy

products.Overall, soil pollution poses a serious threat to human health and requires

careful management and remediation to mitigate its impacts.

Conclusion

Soil pollution is a critical environmental issue that poses significant risks to

human health, ecosystems, and the broader environment. The contamination

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of soil with harmful chemicals, heavy metals, and other pollutants results from

various human activities, including industrial processes, agricultural

practices, improper waste disposal, and urbanization.To mitigate soil pollution,

it is essential to adopt sustainable practices such as reducing the use of

harmful pesticides and fertilizers, improving waste management systems, and

promoting the remediation of contaminated sites. Additionally, regulatory

measures and public awareness campaigns can play vital roles in preventing

further soil degradation.In conclusion, addressing soil pollution requires a

comprehensive and coordinated approach involving government policies,

industry practices, and community involvement. Protecting soil health is

crucial for ensuring food security, maintaining biodiversity, and safeguarding

human well-being for future generations.

Contaminated soils can lead to the bioaccumulation of toxic substances in

plants and animals, disrupting food chains and affecting biodiversity. Human

exposure to polluted soil can result in serious health issues, including

respiratory problems, skin diseases, and long-term conditions such as cancer

and neurological disorders.

soil pollution requires a proactive, integrated approach that involves

governments, industries, and communities. By working together to implement

sustainable practices, improve waste management, and enhance regulatory

frameworks, we can protect soil health, ensure food safety, and preserve the

environment for future generations

Reference:

https://Wikipidia.com
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https://Brainly.in

https://Byjus.in

“ Treatment for methods for contaminated soil - translating science into

practice “