BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Mycelium
Yeast
Rhicopus
Nostoc and Anabaena have specialised cells
called heterocysts. What is the function of
these cells?
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Heterocysts in Nostoc and Anabaena are specialized cells primarily
responsible for nitrogen fixation, meaning they convert
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atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the organism by using
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the enzyme nitrogenase; they are formed when nitrogen levels are
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low in the environment
How are viroids different from viruses?
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8 ⑨
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What is the sexual cycle in kingdom fungi?
Ans: The steps are as follows:
(i) Plasmogamy fusion of two motile or nonmotile gametes
protoplasm.
(ii) Karyogamy is the fusion of two nuclei.
(iii) Zygotic Meiosis, which results in the formation of
haploid spores.
(iv) Dikaryophase in ascomycetes and basidiomycetes,
where two nuclei per cc (dikaryon) are found before
karyogamy.
Some symbiotic organisms are very good pollution
indicators and are composed of a chlorophyllous and a
non- chlorophyllous member. Describe them.
Ans: Lichen is a symbiotic connection between algae and
fungi that results in the formation of lichen. Algae
chlorophyceae and fungi ascomycetes are the most
common. Because they only grow in clean places, they
operate as pollution indicators because they do not grow
in polluted areas. For instance, consider the case of
industrial melanism.
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Phycobiant
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Fungal Mycobiont
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Bacteria multiply by ___________.
1 Asexual reproduction,
2 Sexual reproduction,
3 Spores,
4 Sexual and asexual reproduction.
↑
Because of the ________, archaebacteria can endure harsh
environments.
1 They are the oldest living organisms on Earth,
2 They have complicated metabolic processes in their bodies,
3 Rigid cell walls,
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4 Double membrane nuclei.
Methanogens are found in the ______ of a cow:
1 Mouth;
2 Guts.
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3 A cow’s respiratory system,
4 A cow’s ribs.
Which of the following sources of energy are used by chemosynthetic
autotrophs to create food:
1 Light energy
2 Chemical energy
↑
3 Bioenergy
4 Thermal Energy
Which of the following statements concerning lacto bacilli is
false?
1 They are rod-shaped bacteria,
2 They are parasites
↑
3 They are also helpful in wine production industries.
4 They cause curd to form when milk is exposed to them.
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⑤
1
TMU
RUA A
Mossaic Virus
a) Tobacco
By 1 -
RNA
2
Capsid
a) Define prions.
b) Name a disease caused by
prions
te
e
a) nfections
proteinacea
b) Mad cow disease
Engle
-
Nostoc
z
-
-
Parameciung
Paramecium
I
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--
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PLANT KINGDOM
1 Which group of algae has mannitol as the reserve food material?
2 Name seedless vascular plants.
3 Roots are used for the purpose of absorption. What is equivalent to roots in
less developed lower plants?
4 What is male and female sex organs in Bryophytes are called as?
5 Name unicellular algae.
6 Which groups of plants are called vascular cryptogam?
7 Name the vascular plants which produce only spores but no flowers or seeds?
ANSWERS
1. Phaeophyceae
2. Pteridophytes have seedless vascular plants
3. In less developed lower plants root-like structures called
rhizoids are present.
For eg., in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
4.The male and fexmale sex organs in Bryophytes are called
antheridium and archegonium.
5.Chlamydomonas
6. The plants of group Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogam.
7. Pteridophytes produce spores but no flowers or seeds.
8.Name the plants with
a) Haplontic life cycle
b) Diplontic life cycle
c) Haplo-diplontic life cycle Match the following
↑
1 Haplontic life cycle- Volvox
2 Diplontic life cycle- All seed-bearing plants
3 Haplodiplontic life cycle- Bryophytes
Chlamydomonas - Algae
Cycas - Gymnosperm
Selaginella - Pteridophyte
Sphagnum - Moss
②
10. Why are bryophytes considered amphibians of the plant kingdom?
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Bryophytes are considered amphibians of the plant kingdom
because they depend
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on water- for the movement
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of male
gametes called antherozoids to reach archegonium for
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fertilization.
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11. Sphagnum has a lot of economic importance. Justify.
Sphagnum has a lot of economic importance as it
provides peat which is used as a fuel.
It is also used as packaging material for the
transhipment of living material.
12.Differentiate between Red algae and brown algae?
13.Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds but then
why are they classified separately?
Gymnosperms are plants that bear ovules. These ovules are not
covered by any ovary wall therefore, remain exposed.
The seeds of gymnosperms are not covered that is they are
naked but in Angiosperms, the seeds remain closed inside the
fruit hence both of these are classified separately.
14.What is the role of the capsule in the life history of moss?
The capsule is an important structure of the sporophyte of the moss
plant. In the capsule, spores are produced.
When the capsule ripens its dehiscence takes place and spores are
liberated by winds. The spores develop favourable conditions into
protonema.
Answer the questions 15 to 17. Each question carries 3 score. (3 × 3 = 9
15.Roots of some gymnosperms have a fungal or algal association. Give
examples, their names and their role in the plants.
Roots of some gymnosperms have a fungal or algal association
for example-
Pinus has a fungal association to form mycorrhiza which helps in
absorptions of water and minerals.
Cycas in its roots forms coralloid roots and helps in nitrogen
fixation.
16.List common modes of reproduction in Algae?
The algae reproduce by three different methods, namely,
Vegetative reproduction,
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Vegetative Reproduction in Algae: Any vegetative part of the thallus grows into a
fresh new organism in this form.
Asexual Reproduction in Algae:
The creation of some types of spores — whether naked or freshly walled spores
— is needed for asexual reproductionn.
Sexual Reproduction in Algae:
Except for individuals of the Cyanophyceae class, almost all algae undergo
sexual reproduction. Gametes unite to produce zygotes while sexual
reproduction.
17.Describe the main features of pteridophytes?
The main features of Pteridophytes are:
(i) They are small-sized and occur in humid and tropic climates mostly growing as
epiphytes. Some of them even appear like small trees.
(ii) Their plant body is divided into- root, stem and leaves.
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(iv) Lycopodium, Selaginella and Equisetum are some of the members of
Pteridophytes.
(v) Leaves are of two types- compound and sporophylls leaves
(vi) Plant body is sporophytic.
(vii) They are vascular cryptogams.
(viii) Alternation of generation occurs.
(ix) Prothallus represent the gametophytic phase.
(x) Pteridophyta is divided into psilopsida, lycopsids, sphenopsida and pteropsida
classes
Branches of Taxonomy
based
1.Numerical Taxonomy
Paxonomy
on
->
all observable charactus
2. Cytotaxonomy
-> Donomy
based on
Cytological
in formation
a
3.Chemotaxonomy ->
Based on chemical
constituents .
A
Chlorophyla -
Floridean Starsh
Floridean Starch
-
-
algal
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Red
Red
Algae Rhodophycae
.
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8
These plants can live in soil but are
dependent on water for sexual-
reproduction
Reproduction involves two types of
fertilisation-syngamy and triple fusion
(an)
A-Sporphyse
B- Gametophyte
(n)
sporophyte
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ryophytes
Liverwort S
A
Bryophyte
B
. Liverworts .
Helewspory.
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b) Selaginella and Salvinia
B
A
8
MORPHOLOGY OF
FLOWERING PLANTS
Scufellun
z
A
↑
↑
ventat
Imbricate
① valuate & Pristia
,
& Cepals
of
of
Arrangement petals in
a flower
i
③
Ad
-e
&
I
T
↓ Halinjeior
Epigynous Above
overy &
(a) Floral parts are situated below the ovary.
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(b) Half inferior
(c) Epigynous
(d) Floral parts are situated above the ovary.
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③
Marginal Parietal Free-central
Sea)
a) Marginal Pea
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Parietal -Cucurbita
b)
Free central Dianthus
2) -
Valuate
Twisted
Vexillary
13
③
(a) A. Reticulate B. Parallel
(b) The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the
lamina of leaf is termed as venation
2
1.Differentiate between pinnately compound leaf
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and palmately compound leaf?
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- -
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2
2.Name the floral parts of an angiosperm. Also,
mention their arrangements.
Following are the floral parts of a typical angiosperm:
• Calyx-Outermost whorl of the flower.It comprises of sepals.They are usually green
and protective.
• Corolla- It comprises of petalsThese are bright in colour
Androecium- It is made up of stamens which is the male reproductive organIt
consists of a filament and anther.
Gynoecium- It is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one
or more carpelsEach carpel comprises of stigma, style, and ovary.
2
3.In pea flower, the a in corolla is known as vexillary. Give a
reason.
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Ans: Peas have five petals. The largest (standard) petal covers the two
lateral (wing) petals that overlap the two smallest anterior petals in a
series of overlaps (keel).
2
What is the name given to the cotyledon in the
case of Monocots?
Ans: Scutellum is the name given to the cotyledon in the case of
Monocots.
2
Maturation
=Region of
e
>
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Region of Elongation
Meristemati
>
Region of
-
activity
Root apex
2
pe
-
O
spicarp
Mesocarp
-
Draper
-
-
a) Drupa
b A-
Epicarp
B
Mesocarp
-
2
a) Arrangement -
of sepals and petals
in floral bud .
by Arrangements of ovules on
placenta
3
Arrangement of and veinlets
a)
veins
in leaf lamina .
Reticulate Dicot
I A >
-
-
B -Davallel >
-
Monocot
3
S
such
~
Ans:
a) Floral parts are situated just below the ovary
b) Half inferior
c) Epigynous
d) Floral parts are situated just above the ovary
3
6.Describe the various types of placentation found in flowering plants &
represent them diagrammatically.
Ans: The following are the different types of placentation is found in
flowering plants: -
a) Marginal Placentation: The ovary has one chamber and the ovules are located along the
ovary's margin. Example: - Pea and Gram.
b) Parietal Placentation: - Ovary is chambered, and the ovules are located at the fusion
level of carpels. Example: -Mustard.
c) Axile Placentation:- The ovary has many chambers and the ovules are attached to the
central column. Example: - Onion and lemon.
d) Free Central Placentation: - One chambered ovary with many ovules in the centre.
Example: - Dianthus and Primula.
e) Basal Placentation: - Ovary is one chambered, and ovules develop on the thalamus.
Example: - Sunflower.
f) Superficial Placentation: - The ovary is multilocular and syncarpous. Ovules grow on the
minor surface of the ovary. Example: - Nymphaea.
6 ⑪
a . Avile placentation
b .
Pavietal placentation
f of ②
Alternate opposite
A .
Alternate phyllo taxy
B
.
Opposite phyllotasey
10
⑫
Reticulate, Parallel
Y ↓
Monocot
Dicot
②
I
a)Arrangment of sepals or petals in a flower bud is
aestivation.
b) The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as
placentation
15 ③
I
a) A. Cymose B. Racemose
b) Cymose - the main axis terminates in a flower, flowers
are borne in a basipetal order.
Racemose - the main axis continues to grow, the flowers
are borne laterally in an acropetal succession
What is the name given to the cotyledon in the case of
Monocots?
Monocot Seed
Plumule - A
