LESSON 2.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL 1.
Brought with their own culture and practices
BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND 2. Established schools for boys and girls
3. Introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 4. Beginning of formal science and technology in the
- Science and Technology in the Philippines were country, known now as SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
introduced in the country before the colonizers TECHNOLOGY
came. 5. Learning science in school focuses on understanding
- The early inhabitants of the archipelago has different concepts related to the human body, plants,
their own unique culture and traditions. animals, and heavenly bodies.
6. Technology focuses on using and developing house
They had their own belief system of indigenous tools used in everyday life
knowledge.
➢This keeps them organize, sustained and LIFE DURING SPANISH ERA
survived in their daily lives and communities for • They became modernized
many years. • They adapt Western technology and ways of life.
-They developed knowledge and skills in agriculture. GALLEON TRADE
-They studied the medicinal properties of plants around - Contributed to the change of culture, language,
them. and environment for both Philippines and
-They studied the medicinal properties of plants around Mexico.
them. - Only two galleons were used: One sailed from
-They observed heavenly bodies to predict weather Acupulco to Manila with 500000 pesos worth of
conditions and tell the time. goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other
-The Filipinos used indigenous and ingenious technology sailed from Manila to Acupulco with some
in building their homes, in planting various crops, in 250000 epsos worth of goods and spending 90
fishing and hunting for food, and in building irrigation days at sea.
systems.
-They created musical instruments for entertainment and
for festivities.
AMERICAN PERIOD
2. They established:
-They also build transportation tools to travel by land and
a. Public Education System
water.
b. Improved Engineering works and health of the people
c. Modern Research University
WHAT IS SCIENCE during the PRE-SPANISH
d. The University of the Philippines
(Pre-Colonial) in the Philippines
e. Created more public hospitals
f. Mineral were explored and exploited
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
g. Transportation and communication systems were
SCIENCE is embedded in the way of life.
improved (not accessible throughout the country)
SCIENCE
1. Planting crops that provide them food “AMERICANIZE”
2. Taking care of animals (for daily task) -Reorganize the learning science.
3. Food production -Basic Education: nature studies, and science and
4. Interpret the movements of heavenly sanitation.
bodies to predict seasons and climates -Higher Education: improved and modernized,
5. Medicinal uses of plants researches done to control diseases.
6. Preparing soil for agriculture
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (PRESIDENT
TECHNOLOGY MARCOS)
1. Building Houses NEW REPUBLIC
2. Irrigation -Focusing on using its limited resources in improving
3. Developing tools for farming, cooking, fishing S&T capability.
4. Tools for fighting the enemies during war or tribal -Use of Overseas Development Allocation to improve
conflicts scientific productivity and technological capability
5. Transportation both on land and waterways -Human resource development
6. Musical instruments
METAL AGE
-Gold, silver, jewelry, ceramics, metal tools
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE = FOLK SCIENCE
COLONIAL PERIOD
SPANISH PERIOD
Science and Technology may have a significant impact
on the lives of the people and the development of
Philippine society. However, improving the quality of
science education remains a big challenge in the
country.
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
CONCEPT
Science education focuses on:
-teaching,
-learning, and
-understanding
Teaching science involves developing ways on how to
effectively teach science.
Teaching science means exploring pedagogical theories
and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts
and process effectively.
The best way for kids to learn science is by doing real
science.
Understanding science implies:
-Developing and applying science-process skills
-Using science literacy in understanding the natural
world and activities in everyday life.
According to JOHN DEWEY (2001), the importance of
utilizing the natural environment to teach students to
provide wealth of meaning through social activities and
thinking.
According to KARL MARX (1994), that science is going
to be one of the most important school subjects in the
future.
Science education is justified by vast amount of scientific
knowledge developed in this area that prepares citizens
in a scientifically and technologically driven world.
SCIENCE EDUCATION [Basic Education]
Helps students learn important concepts and facts that It is a government program for gifted students in the
are related to everyday life; and (Carale & Campo, 2003; Philippines. And a service institute of the DOST whose
Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman, 2003) mandate is to offer a free scholarship basis for the
secondary course with special emphasis on science
Important skills such as process skills, critical thinking (Republic Act No. 3661)
skills, and life skills that are needed in coping up with -PHILIPPINES SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM
daily life activities. (Chaille & Britain, 2022)
This is a government program and mathematically gifted
Develops positive attitude such as: the love for Filipino students. It is a service institute under the DOST
knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to with a mandate to provided secondary education
study about nature, and creativity. (Lind, 1997) program advanced science and mathematics subjects to
prepar students for a science career (Republic Act.
Develop strong foundation for studying science and for 3661). The school provides dormitory facilities for all its
considering science-related careers in the future. students.
SCIENCE EDUCATION [Tertiary Education] The Department of education maintained several
science schools in various regions and provinces in the
Deals with developing students’ understanding and Philippines. They offer a curriculum focusing on science
appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. and mathematics.
-Regional Science High School
Focuses on the preparation of science teachers,
scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various This project started in June 2007 with 57 identified
science- related fields such as agriculture, medicine, and elementary schools that participated. The project is in
health sciences. pursuance to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd
Order No. 51 s. 2010.
This is done by offering basic science courses in the - Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project.
General Education curriculum.
The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children
It is a national university which remain to be the top equipped with scientific and technological knowledge,
university in the Philippines in terms of the number of skills, and values. Its mission is to:
science degree programs from undergraduate
to graduate level. 1.Provide a learning environment to science-inclined
- UP SYSTEM children through a special curriculum that recognizes
This university creates research and produce graduates the multiple intelligences of the learners;
in various fields of science like physics, chemistry,
biology, marine science, geological science, agricultural 2.Promote the development of lifelong learning skills;
sciences, engineering, mathematics, medical and allied
health programs, and other fields. 3.Foster the holistic development of the learners.
-UP
This school was a product of a dream to establish a
It provides scholarship to deserving Filipino students to special science school for talented students in science
take science, technology, engineering, agriculture, and mathematics to develop spirit of inquiry and
forestry, computer science, and other science and creativity.
technology courses in various chad identified centers of
excellence in autonomous universities across the county. The school is well-supported by PTA, and it is under the
-DOST-FUNBDED SCHOLARSHIP DepEd which is why the school teaches basic education
courses with some additional subjects.
- Quezon City Regional Science High School
The school was established on September 17, 1967.
Originally, it was named Quezon City Science High
School. It was turned into a regional science high school
for the National Capital Region in 1999.
It is the first science high school in the Philippines
established on October 1, 1963. It aims to produce
SCEINCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES scientists with souls.
One outstanding program for science education - Manila Science High School (MSHS)
supported by the government is the establishment of
science schools in various parts of the country. Students are also encouraged to participate in various
extracurricular activities.
The school administers an entrance exam, the Manila It relates to the earliest known inhabitants of a place and
Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), for especially of a place that was colonized by a now-
students who wish to enroll. dominant group.
The MSAT has 5 parts:
1.aptitude in science INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEM
2.aptitude test in mathematics -Local and indigenous knowledge refers to the
3.problem-solving test in science understandings, skills and philosophies developed by
4.problem-solving test in mathematics societies with long histories of interaction with their
5.proficiency in English natural surroundings.
-For rural and indigenous peoples, local knowledge
It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school- informs decision-making about fundamental aspects of
based innovation known as the Dynamic Learning day-to-day life.
Program (DLP). -Alternative ideas in explaining various phenomena and
- Central Visayan Institute Foundation in explaining the world.
-The foundation of indigenous science
The school takes pride in its Research Center for -Embedded in the cultural traditions of regional,
Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992. RCTP indigenous, or local communities
organizes small international workshops to foster the -Orally passed
informal but intense exchange of ideas and perspectives -Evident in stories, poems, and songs
on outstanding problems in physics and mathematics.
Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are
taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:
-Prediction of Weather
PREDICTION OF WEATHER
EXAMPLES:
NORTH (Benguet)
-PUWEK NI KILING (Storm of the killing)
-A tropical storm that occurs late in the year and usually
coincides with the immigration of the bird locally known
as kiling.
-A brightly shining moon with a rainbow encircling it or a
bloody red sunset may indicate a coming storm.
SOUTH
-Kasili (Mythical fish)
-when a mythical fish (kasili) under the earth wants to
surface, a typhoon will happen
-During the new year when the cow or horse
eats grass or wails, it means drought.
-When the goats repeatedly wail, there will be a
landslide.
USING HERBAL MEDICINES
MEDICINE
Science education deals with the teaching and learning EXAMPLES:
of science and helping the public develop science NORTH
literacy. This is important in the promotion and 114 plants used by Tadyawans
development of science and technology in the country. -The study included documentation of the
Science education deals with the development of people ethnopharmacological knowledge and indigenous
in science, which is the heart of science, technology, and healing practices, and collection of voucher specimens
society. of plants used by the Tadyawans.
-HERBOLARIOS
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -TUOB
IN THE PHILIPPINES -ANINO - An Anino plant used by the indigenous Ati as
herbal medicine.
Indigenous - inhabiting or existing in a land from the
earliest times or from before the arrival of colonists.
originating or occurring naturally in a particular place;
native
identify three distinct seasons within the agricultural
cycle: pendupi, from June to September, characterized
by winds blowing from the southwest; miyan, from
December to January, a time of winds and
northeast monsoon rains; and pemeres, from March to
April, the hot and dry season.
The constellation
Akapulko – Anti-fungal, Ringworm, Athlete’s foot, ORION - Orion is located on the celestial equator and
scabies can be seen throughout the world.
Ampalaya – Bitter melon – lowers blood sugar, diabetes
(mild non-insulin dependent) TECHONOLOGY
Bawang – For hypertension, toothache, lowers EXAMPLES
cholesterol levels in the blood -POTERY
Bayabas – washing wounds, toothache, diarrhea -WEAVING
Lagundi – asthma and cough, fever, colds & pain, skin -FINER METAL CRAFT
diseases and wounds, headache, insect bites, -SUMBIRING - Sometimes they go hunting without the
rheumatism, aromatic bath for sick patients. dogs and are armed only with a small light spear
Niyog-niyogan – anti-helmintic (used to expel parasitic called sumbiring (about 3 feet long having a 1 cm. shaft
worms) bawal sa 4 years and below (eaten raw - seeds) with a barbed point) especially effective for monkeys.
Sambong (lakad bulan) – anti-edema, diuretic,
anti0urolithiasis NOTE: Sambong is not a -TAPEY - Tapey is a rice wine produced in the
medicine for kidney infection --- DIARRHEA Philippines. It is a traditional beverage originated from
Tsaang Gubat – Diarrhea and stomach ache Banaue and the Mountain Province, where it is used for
Pansit-pansitan or Ulasimang Bato – lowering uric acid important occasions such as weddings, rice harvesting
(gout and rheumatism) ceremonies, fiestas, and cultural fairs.
Yerba Buena (Spanish name) (good herb) – Pains (body,
head, stomach), rheumatism, HOUSES
arthritis, cough and cold, swollen gums, toothache, -BUILDING HOUSES ON A HILLSIDE
menstrual and gas pain, nausea, fainting, insect bites -HUT
-SUBANON HOUSE
PRESERVING FOODS
EXAMPLES INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHT ACT OF 1997 (IPRA)
NORTH RA 8371
-ETAG - Cured and aged slab of pork; An indigenous Signed into law on October 29, 1997, Republic Act 8371,
smoked or sun-dried salted slab of pork. or IPRA, recognizes, protects, and promotes the rights of
indigenous cultural communities, and indigenous
CLASSIFYING PLANTS AND ANIMALS INTO peoples (IP).
FAMILIES
Through the National Commission on Indigenous
USING INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY Peoples, the national government along with local
government units, international organizations,
BUILDING LOCAL IRRIGATION SYSTEMS development partners, and other stakeholders has
been ensuring the protection of the rights of 133 IP
Classifying different types of soil for planting groups in the country and the promotion of their well-
being.
Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
Keeping the custom of growing plants and -Part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by
vegetables different groups of people and early civilizations.
-Indigenous science is the original knowledge of local
AGRICULTURE communities in studying natural phenomena based on
EXAMPLES observations produce product, attitudes, and scientific in
NORTH processes in accordance with the culture and location of
-BANAUE RICE TERRACES the community.
-SWIDEN FARMING - a technique of rotational farming -Indigenous science is composed of traditional
in which land is cleared for cultivation (normally by fire) knowledge practiced and valued by people and
and then left to regenerate after a few years. communities.
Agricultural cycle: Pendupi, Miyan, Pemeres Based on PAWILEN developed a simple framework for
their native methods of meteorology, the Subanon understanding indigenous science. Accordingly,
indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge
that uses science process skills and is guided by
community values and culture.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
Is composed of traditional knowledge that...
USES SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
Such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem solving, inferring, communicating, and
predicting.
GUIDED BY COMMUNITY CULTURE AND VALUES
The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the
creator.
The Earth is reversed as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin
of their identity as people.
All living and nonliving things are interconnected and
interdependent with each other.
Human beings are stewards or trustees of the land and
other natural resources. They have a responsibility to
preserve it.
Nature is a friend to human beings – it needs respect
and proper care.
COMPOSED OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Practiced and valued people and communities such as
ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming.
INDIGENOUS BELIEF
According to Johnston (2000), indigenous beliefs also
develop desirable values namely;
1.MOTIVATING ATTITUDES
2.COOPERATING ATTITUDES
3.PRACTICAL ATTITUDES
4.REFLECTIVE ATTITUDES
CONCLUSION
Indigenous science is important in that it helped the
people understand the natural environment and in
coping with everyday life.
