Table of Contents

A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung, Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie Hutin
investigated the mechanism that allows Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) plants to
accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They replaced the protein ELF3 in the
plants with a similar protein found in another species (stiff brome) that, unlike
A heliograph is a semaphore device used for sending optical communications--usually
in the form of Morse code--by reflecting flashes of sunlight off a mirror.
Heliographs were used for rapid communication across expansive distances for
military, surveying, and forestry purposes during the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, but they were largely effective only during the daytime, and
the range of the device depended on factors such as the opacity of the air and line
of sight. Therefore, heliographs were eventually replaced by technology
that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?
The recovery of a 1,000-year-old Chinese shipw in the Java Sea near present-day
Indonesia has yielded a treasure trove of artifacts, including thousands of small
ceramic bowls. Using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer tool, Lisa Niziolek and
her team were able to detect the chemical composition of these bowls without
damaging them. By comparing the chemical signatures of the bowls with those of the
materials still at old Chinese kiln sites, Niziolek and her team can pinpoint which
Chinese kilns likely produced the ceramic bowls.<br/><br/>Which choice best states
the main idea of the text?
_Electra is a circa 420-410 BCE play by Sophocles, translated in 1870 by R.C. Jebb.
Electra, who is in mourning for her dead father and her long-absent brother, is
aware of the intensity of her grief but believes it to be justified:<br/><br/>Which
quotation from Electra most effectively illustrates the claim?
Martin Dancak, Wewin Tijasmanto, and colleagues have identified a new carnivorous
plant species (Nepenthes pudica) in Indonesia. Like other carnivorous plants, N.
pudica has pitfall traps, or pitchers, that capture prey, but unlike others, the
pitchers of N. pudica are located underground. The researchers unearthed the new
species on fairly dry ridges with surfaces that host few other plants and animals.
Therefore, the researchers hypothesize that the N. pudica species
likely<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?
By running computer simulations of the development of our solar system, Andre
Izidoro, Rajdeep Dasgupta, and colleagues concluded that the Sun may have been
surrounded by three giant dust rings before the planets started to form. The
researchers suggest that the materials in the innermost ring became the four
planets closest to the Sun, the materials in the middle ring produced the rest of
the planets, and the materials in the outermost ring created the asteroids and
other small bodies in the region beyond Neptune. In one simulation, the researchers
delayed the initial formation of the middle ring, causing oversized super-Earths to
begin developing from the innermost ring. The researchers therefore hypothesize
that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?
Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Hector Tobar has built a multifaceted career as both
a journalist and an author of short stories and novels. In an essay about Tobar's
work, a student claims that Tobar blends his areas of expertise by applying
journalism techniques to his creation of works of fiction.<br/><br/>Which quotation
from a literary critic best supports the student's claim?
The following text is adapted from Christina Rossetti's 1881 poem "Monna Innominata
2."<br/><br/>I wish I could remember that first day,<br/><br/>First hour, first
moment of your meeting me,<br/><br/>If bright or dim the season, it might
be<br/><br/>Summer or Winter for [all] I can say;<br/><br/>So unrecorded did it
slip away,<br/><br/>So blind was I to see and to foresee,<br/><br/>So dull to mark
the budding of my tree<br/><br/>That would not blossom yet for many a
May.<br/><br/>Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
In the mountains of Brazil, Barbacenia momentosa and Barbacenia macrantha_--two
plants in the Velloziaceae family--establish themselves on soiless, nutrient-poor
patches of quartzite rock. Plant ecologists Anna Abrahao and Patricia de Britto
Costa used microscopic analysis to determine that the roots of B. tomentosa and B.
macrantha, which grow directly into the quartzite, have clusters of fine hairs near
the root tip; further analysis indicated that these hairs secrete both malic and
citric acids. The researchers hypothesize that the plants depend on dissolving
underlying rock with these acids, as the process not only creates channels for
continued growth but also releases phosphates that provide the vital nutrient
phosphorus.<br/><br/>Which finding, if true, would most directly support the
researchers' hypothesis?
A museum curator is writing a biographical statement about Trinidadian-born Chinese
dancer, choreographer, and teacher Dai Ailian for a new exhibit on Chinese dance.
The curator claims that some of the pieces Dai created shortly after arriving in
mainland China in 1941, such as the solo dance Yao Drum, reflect a desire to
represent the dances of local communities Dai visited during her travels through
China.<br/><br/>Which quotation from a work by a dance historian would be the most
effective evidence for the curator to include in support of this claim?
"The Rock and the Sea" is an 1893 poem by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the poem, a
rock is portrayed as intending to confront and restrain the sea:<br/><br/>Which
quotation from "The Rock and the Sea" most effectively illustrates the claim?
The following text is from Ezra Pound's 1909 poem "Hymn III," based on the work of
Marcantonio Flaminio. As a fragile and lovely flower unfolds its gleaming foliage
on the breast of the fostering earth, if the dew and the rain draw it forth; So
both my tender mind flourish, if it be fed with the sweet dew of the fostering
spirit, Lacking this, it beginneth straightforward to languish, even as a floweret
born upon dry earth, if the dew and the rain tend it not. Based on the text, in
what way is the human mind like a flower?
Ances
The following text is from Maggie Pogue Johnson's 1910 poem "Poet of Our Race." In
this poem, the speaker is addressing Paul Laurence Dunbar, a Black
author.<br/><br/>Thou, with stroke of mighty pen,<br/><br/>Hast told of joy and
mirth,<br/><br/>And read the hearts and souls of men<br/><br/>As cradled from their
birth.<br/><br/>The language of the flowers,<br/><br/>Thou hast read them
all,<br/><br/>And e'en the little brook<br/><br/>Responded to thy
call.<br/><br/>Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
Birds of many species ingest foods containing carotenoids, pigmented molecules that
are converted into feather coloration. Coloration tends to be especially saturated
in male birds' feathers, and because carotenoids also confer health benefits, the
deeply saturated colors generally serve to communicate what is known as an honest
signal of a bird's overall fitness to potential mates. However, ornithologist
Allison J. Shultz and others have found that males in several species of the
tanager genus Rampholecluus use microstructures in their feathers to manipulate
light, creating the appearance of deeper saturation without the birds necessarily
having to maintain a carotenoid-rich diet. These findings suggest
that<br/><br/>Which choice most logically completes the text?