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 ROBERT
BRYM

NEW SOCIETY
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 For my students. — RB

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Brief contents

ABOUT THE AUTHORS XVII

PART 4 INST IT U T IONS
PREFACE XXIII
Chapter 11 Families  246
Sandra Colavecchia

Chapter 12 Work and Occupations  268

PART 1 IN TRO D UCTIO N Sandy Welsh

Chapter 13 Education 297

Scott Davies
Chapter 1 Introducing Sociology 2
Robert Brym Chapter 14 Religion 321
Reginald W. Bibby
Chapter 2 Research Methods  30
Neil Guppy

PART 5 CHANGE AND CONFLICT

PART 2 CULTURE
Chapter 15 Deviance and Crime 350
Julian Tanner
Chapter 3 Culture 58
Robert Brym Chapter 16 Population and Urbanization 377
John Hannigan
Chapter 4 Socialization 80
Lisa Strohschein Chapter 17 Sociology and the Environment 402
S. Harris Ali
Chapter 5 Gender and Sexualities  102
Rhonda L. Lenton Chapter 18 Health and Aging 422
Margaret J. Penning
Chapter 6 Communication and Mass Media 125
Neena L. Chappell
Sonia Bookman

Chapter 19 Politics and Social Movements  441

Robert Brym

Chapter 20 Globalization 465

PART 3
Josée Johnston
IN E Q UA LITY
Epilogue The Future of Sociology 492
Chapter 7 Social Stratification 146 Michael Burawoy
Harvey Krahn
REFERENCES 498
Chapter 8 Gender Inequality 174
Marisa Young INDEX 544

Chapter 9 Race and Ethnic Relations  196

Online Chapter  21
Vic Satzewich
Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies* 21-1
Chapter 10 Development and Robert Brym, Lance Roberts, Lisa Strohschein, and John Lie
Underdevelopment 223
Anthony Winson

*This chapter is available online only, in the MindTap that accompanies this book.

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Copyright 2017 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 contents

CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Careers

in Sociology 25
SUMMARY 26
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 27
GLOSSARY 27
NOTES 29

Illustrated by Aaron Millard.

Chapter 2

Research Methods Neil Guppy 30

INTRODUCTION 31
Social Science as a Social Practice 31
Minimizing Bias in Social Science 32
Scientific versus Nonscientific Thinking 33
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XVII Understanding Science Sociologically 34
Natural versus Social Science 34
PREFACE XXIII METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 35
Explanation 35
Understanding 36
Ethics in Social Research 37
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY The
PART 1 IN TRO D UCTIO N Relationship between Power and Knowledge in
Research 38
Chapter 1 TECHNIQUES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 38
Experiments 39
Introducing Sociology Robert Brym 2 Survey Research 41
INTRODUCTION 3 Qualitative Research 45
Why I Decided Not to Study Sociology 3 Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative
A Change of Mind 3 Approaches 48
The Goals of This Chapter 5 Other Methods of Research 49
THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 5 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The
The Sociological Explanation of Suicide 6 Politics of the Canadian Census 51
Suicide in Canada Today 7 THE ANALYSIS OF NUMERICAL DATA 51
From Personal Troubles to Social Structures 8 THE FUTURE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 54
The Sociological Imagination 9 SUMMARY 55
Origins of the Sociological Imagination 10 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 55
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES 12 GLOSSARY 55
The Origins of Sociology 12 NOTES 56
Theory, Research, and Values 12
Functionalism 13
Conflict Theory 14
The Cultural Turn and Poststructuralism: PART 2 CU LT U RE
Gramsci and Foucault 15
Symbolic Interactionism 16
Feminist Theory 18 Chapter 3
THEIR REVOLUTION AND OURS 19 Culture Robert Brym 58
The Industrial Revolution 19
Box: THE FOUR PARADIGMS IN CANADA 20 CULTURE AS PROBLEM SOLVING 59
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Innu THE ORIGINS AND COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 59
of Labrador 21 Abstraction: Creating Symbols 60
Postindustrialism and Globalization: Opportunities Cooperation: Creating Norms and Values 60
and Pitfalls 22
Why Sociology? 24

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x contents

Production: Creating Material and Nonmaterial The Mass Media and the Feminist Approach
Culture 60 to Socialization 96
Culture and Biology 61 Resocialization and Total Institutions 97
Language and the Sapir-Whorf Thesis 62 SOCIALIZATION AND THE FLEXIBLE SELF 98
CULTURE AS FREEDOM AND CONSTRAINT 63 Self-Identity and the Internet 99
A Functionalist Analysis of Culture: Culture and SUMMARY 100
Ethnocentrism 63 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 100
CULTURE AS FREEDOM  64 GLOSSARY 100
Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Production 64
Cultural Diversification 65
Multiculturalism 66 Chapter 5
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Gender and Sexualities Rhonda L. Lenton 102
Female Genital Mutilation: Cultural Relativism or
Ethnocentrism? 66 THE CASE OF DAVID/BRENDA 103
Globalization 67 SEX AND GENDER 104
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Globalization Defining Male And Female 104
of English 68 Sexual Minorities 105
A Conflict Analysis of Culture: The Rights Revolution 69 SEXUALITIES, SEXUAL ATTITUDES, AND SEXUAL
Postmodernism 69 BEHAVIOUR 106
Is Canada the First Thoroughly Modern Postmodern Sexual Orientation and Queer Theory 108
Country? 71 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Same-Sex
CULTURE AS CONSTRAINT 72 Marriage 108
Rationalization 72 DOES SEX DETERMINE DESTINY? 110
Consumerism 74 Essentialism 110
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Class Social Constructionism 114
and Clothes 75 CONSTRUCTING GENDER THROUGH SOCIALIZATION 115
From Counterculture to Subculture 76 Primary Socialization 115
SUMMARY 78 Secondary Socialization 116
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 78 The Mass Media 116
GLOSSARY 78 Body Image and Eating Disorders 117
NOTES 79 MALE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 118
Assault 118
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The
Chapter 4 Internationalization of Sex Work 120
Sexual Harassment 120
Socialization Lisa Strohschein 80
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Indigenous
THE CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL ISOLATION IN Women and Intersectionality 121
CHILDHOOD 81 LOOKING AHEAD: TOWARD A NEW SEXUAL ETHIC 121
FORMATION OF THE SELF 82 Feminism and Sexuality 122
Sigmund Freud 82 SUMMARY 123
Charles Horton Cooley 82 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 123
George Herbert Mead 82 GLOSSARY 124
Paul Willis 83
AT THE INTERSECTION OF BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY  84
Sociology of the Life Course 85 Chapter 6
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Communication and Mass Media Sonia Bookman 125
Modern Effort to Ban Child Marriage 86
Age Cohort 87 WHY STUDY THE MASS MEDIA? 126
Generation 87 WHAT ARE THE MASS MEDIA? 127
HOW SOCIALIZATION WORKS 90 Mass Media and Society 129
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 91 DETERMINISTIC THEORIES OF MEDIA INFLUENCE 130
Families 91 Innis and McLuhan 130
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Inequality The Political-Economy Perspective 131
across the Life Course 92 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY
Schools: Functions and Conflicts 93 Government Intervention in Canadian Media
Symbolic Interactionism and the Self-Fulfilling Industries 135
Prophecy 93 VOLUNTARISTIC THEORIES OF MEDIA INFLUENCE 136
Peer Groups 94 Cultural Studies 136
The Mass Media 95 Reception Analysis 138
SOCIAL MEDIA 138

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 contents xi

Social Media’s Potential 139 Chapter 8

The Downside of Social Media 139
Gender Inequality Marisa Young 174
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Idle
No More Movement and Social Media 140 INTRODUCTION 175
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL Inequality The Digital A Brief History of Gender Differences in Paid and
Divide 141 Domestic Work 175
The Hard Answer 142 GENDER INEQUALITY AND THE DIVISION OF LABOUR 176
SUMMARY 143 Patterns of Inequality in Paid Work 177
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 143 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Conflicting
GLOSSARY 143 Responsibilities among Single Mothers 177
EXPLAINING GENDER INEQUALITY IN PAID WORK  180
Supply-Side Explanations 181
Demand-Side Explanations 182
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN UNPAID WORK  183
PART 3 IN E Q UA LITY Domestic Responsibilities 183
The Paradox of Preferences 184
Chapter 7 EXPLAINING GENDER DIFFERENCES IN UNPAID WORK  185
Individual-Centred Theories 185
Social Stratification Harvey Krahn 146
Cultural Theory 185
INTRODUCTION 147 CHANGING PATTERNS OF GENDER INEQUALITY  186
STRATIFICATION: A CORNERSTONE OF SOCIOLOGY  148 Gender Differences in Informal Caregiving 187
SOCIAL HIERARCHIES IN STRATIFIED SOCIETIES 148 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY
Ascribed and Achieved Status 149 Perspectives on Paternity Leave 188
Open and Closed Stratification Systems 149 WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES? 188
Social Class 150 Conflicting Work and Family Responsibilities 188
EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 151 Explaining Gender Equality in Work–Family Conflict 189
Karl Marx: Capitalism, Exploitation, and Class GENDER INEQUALITY AND DIMENSIONS OF SELF 190
Conflict 151 The Intersecting Bases of Social Inequality 191
Max Weber: Class and Other Dimensions of CLOSING THE GAP: INITIATIVES TO EQUALIZE MEN’S AND
Inequality 153 WOMEN’S STATUSES 191
Davis and Moore: A Functional Theory of CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Globalization
Stratification 154 and Migrant Caregivers 191
Gerhard Lenski: Technology and Stratification Political Solutions 192
Systems 155 Cultural Conventions 192
Erik Olin Wright: A Neo-Marxist Approach 156 SUMMARY 194
Frank Parkin: A Neo-Weberian Approach 157 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 194
Pierre Bourdieu: Different Forms of Capital 157 GLOSSARY 194
Explanations of Social Stratification: Summing Up 158
OCCUPATIONS, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INEQUALITY IN
CANADA 159 Chapter 9
Occupational Shifts over Time 159 Race and Ethnic Relations Vic Satzewich 196
Occupational Mobility and Status Attainment 160
The Distribution of Wealth 161 INTRODUCTION 197
Income Distribution 162 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DIFFERENCE 198
The Poor 163 Ethnicity 198
Material Inequality in Canada: Summing Up 166 Race 199
Consequences of Material Inequality 166 Racism 200
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION How THEORIES OF RACE AND ETHNIC RELATIONS 202
Globalization Contributes to Inequality in Social Psychology 202
Canada 167 Primordialism 203
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Different Normative Theories 203
Reactions to Rising Tuition Fees in Quebec and the Power-Conflict Theories 204
Rest of Canada 169 Race and the Split Labour Market 204
RESPONDING TO INEQUALITY  169 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 205
SUMMARY 171 Explanations of Indigenous Conditions 206
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 171 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Idle
GLOSSARY 171 No More 208
Class and Gender Diversity 208

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xii contents

QUEBEC: NATIONALISM AND IDENTITY  209 SUMMARY 242

The Social Basis of Québécois Nationalism 209 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 243
Who Is Québécois? 211 GLOSSARY 243
IMMIGRATION: STATE FORMATION AND ECONOMIC NOTE 244
DEVELOPMENT 212
Factors That Shape Canadian Immigration 213
Contemporary Immigration Categories 215
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Transnational
Ethnicity 216
PART 4 INST IT U T IONS
ETHNIC INEQUALITY AND THE CANADIAN LABOUR
MARKET 216 Chapter 11
John Porter and the Vertical Mosaic 216
Families Sandra Colavecchia 246
The Declining Significance of the Vertical Mosaic 217
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL Inequality The Ph.D. INTRODUCTION 247
Immigrant Taxi Driver 220 Defining Families 248
SUMMARY 220 Defining Marriage 249
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 221 SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILIES 250
GLOSSARY 221 Functionalism 251
Conflict Theory 251
Feminism 252
Chapter 10 Symbolic interactionism 253
Development and Underdevelopment Anthony HISTORICAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION 253
Winson 223 Early Hunting and Gathering Societies 253
Preindustrial Society 255
COMMONSENSE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 224
Industrialization 255
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? 224
THE 1950s AND BEYOND  256
THE RELEVANCE OF DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL
Economic Prosperity and the Traditional
INEQUALITIES: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY  225
Nuclear Family 256
EARLY THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT 227
Economic Crises and the Emergence of the
Development in Stages 227
Dual-Earner Family 256
Development as a State of Mind 227
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS 257
Development as Dependency 227
Marriage 257
From Contact to Conquest 227
Divorce 257
The Slave Trade 228
Cohabitation 258
The Structural Roots of Underdevelopment 229
Fertility 259
Countries versus Classes as Causes of
Same-Sex Marriage and Same-Sex Couples Raising
Underdevelopment 230
Children 259
Not All Countries Are Alike: Class Alliances and State
Single-Person Households 260
Control 230
Delayed Home-Leaving 260
Beyond Dependency: Agrarian Class Structure and
Transnational and Multi-Family Households 260
Underdevelopment 230
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE 261
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Destruction
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Canada
of Third World Dominance in Manufacturing 231
Is Leading the Pack in Mixed Unions 261
Development in Canada 231
SOCIAL POLICY  262
GEOGRAPHY AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 232
Income Support Policies 262
Criticisms of Diamond’s Thesis 233
Maternity and Parental Leave and Benefits 263
THE NEOLIBERAL ERA: DEBT, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT,
Child Care 264
AND UPHEAVAL IN THE SOUTH 233
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: Protest and Policy Child-Care
The Rise of Neoliberalism 233
Costs Highest in Toronto Area, Lowest in Quebec
Neoliberalism and SAPS as Solutions to Poverty 234
because of Provincial Policies 264
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY How
Implications of Social Policy 265
Should We Measure the Development Gap between
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Child
Countries? 236
Poverty 265
STATE VIOLENCE, WAR, AND THE PRODUCTION OF
CONCLUSION 266
POVERTY 238
SUMMARY 266
RESISTANCE TO THE NEOLIBERAL NEW WORLD ORDER 240
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 267
Government Resistance 240
GLOSSARY 267
Post-Neoliberalism 241
Popular Resistance 241

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 contents xiii

Chapter 12 Chapter 14

Work and Occupations Sandy Welsh 268 Religion Reginald W. Bibby 321

AN INTRODUCTION TO WORK IN CANADA 269 INTRODUCTION 322

Working in Retail 269 SOCIOLOGY AND RELIGION 323
The Industrial Revolution and Beyond 269 THEORETICAL TRADITIONS 324
WORK IN THE SERVICE ECONOMY  272 Marx and Conflict 324
Good Jobs or Bad Jobs? 273 Durkheim and Collectivity 324
Nonstandard Jobs 274 Weber and Ideas 326
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Rise THE NATURE OF RELIGION 326
of the Unpaid Intern 275 Personal Religiosity 327
Why the Rise of Nonstandard Work? 276 Collective Religiosity 328
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Migrant CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Dollars
Workers 277 for Deity: The Funding of Religious Education 332
Are Nonstandard Jobs Bad Jobs? 277 THE SOURCES OF RELIGION 335
Work Hours and Work Arrangements 278 Individual-Centred Explanations 335
The Impact of BlackBerrys, iPhones, and Laptops 280 Structure-Centred Explanations 337
LABOUR MARKET SEGMENTATION 281 THE CONSEQUENCES OF RELIGION 339
Job Ghettos and Disadvantaged Groups 282 Personal Consequences 339
Professions 284 Interpersonal Consequences 340
Unions 285 Societal Consequences 342
TECHNOLOGY AND WORK ORGANIZATION 285 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Why the Global
The Organization of Work 286 Rage Hasn’t Engulfed Canada: Multiculturalism
“WILL I LIKE MY JOB?” JOB SATISFACTION AND and Media Likely Muted Protests 343
ALIENATION 288 THE FUTURE OF RELIGION 344
What Determines Job Satisfaction? 289 SUMMARY 346
Alienation 290 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 347
Finding Work 292 GLOSSARY 347
THE FUTURE OF WORK  294
SUMMARY 295
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 295
GLOSSARY 295
PART 5 CHANGE AND CONFLICT

Chapter 13 Chapter 15
Education Scott Davies 297 Deviance and Crime Julian Tanner 350
INTRODUCTION 298 INTRODUCTION 351
HOW SCHOOLS CONNECT TO SOCIETY: CLASSICAL AND CONCEPTIONS OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE 351
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES 298 Crime and Deviance as Norm-Violating Behaviour 351
SELECTION 299 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY The Case
Changing School Structure 300 of Obesity 354
Inequality among Students 302 Crime and Deviance as Labels and Social
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Gender Constructs 355
Segregation in Fields of Study 305 Crime in the News 357
SOCIALIZATION 306 COUNTING CRIME AND DEVIANCE: NUMBERS AND
Changing Forms of Moral Education 307 MEANING 358
Creating Identities? Gender and Race 309 Official Statistics 358
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Equity Regional Variations in Crime Rates 360
Categories and Equity Policy 311 Homicide Rates 360
The Limits of School Socialization 311 Other Data Sources: Self-Report Surveys and Direct
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 313 Observation 362
Theories of School Organization 313 CORRELATES OF CRIME 362
School Authority: From Tradition to Rationality to THEORIES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE 364
Markets? 314 Strain Theory 364
CONCLUSION 319 Social Learning Theories: Edwin Sutherland and
SUMMARY 319 Differential Association 365
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 320 Control Theory 366
GLOSSARY 320 Routine Activities Theory 366

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xiv contents

CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Blurred Environmental Concern 405

Lines: The Politics of Criminal Justice 367 THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TYPES OF CRIME AND DEVIANCE 368 ISSUES 407
Gender and Crime 368 Contesting Climate Change 407
Youth, Crime, and Deviance 369 NATURAL RESOURCES 409
Net Effects: Internet Deviance 370 Nonrenewable Resources 409
RESPONDING TO CRIME AND DEVIANCE 370 Renewable Natural Resources 409
Incarceration 370 The Resource Curse 410
INTERVENTION 373 INDUSTRY, ECONOMY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT 411
Preventing Crime 373 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Global Climate
Big Brother Is Watching You: Surveillance in Everyday Change and the Kyoto Protocol 411
Life 373 Corporate Social Responsibility and Eco-Standards 413
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION The Edward THE ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD  413
Snowden Affair 375 Food Deserts 414
SUMMARY 375 Organic Foods 414
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 376 THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH 414
GLOSSARY 376 Risk Management 415
The Precautionary Principle 415
Gender and the Environment 416
Chapter 16 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY Inequality
Population and Urbanization John Hannigan 377 and Environmental Justice 417
Environmental Justice and Canada’s First Nations 419
INTRODUCTION 378 SUMMARY 420
EARLY CITIES 379 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 421
POPULATION ISSUES AND URBAN GROWTH 379 GLOSSARY 421
The Demographic Transition 379
The Industrial City 381
The Development of an Urban-Industrial Economy Chapter 18
in Canada 383
Health and Aging Margaret J. Penning and
Researching the industrial City: The Chicago School 384
Neena L. Chappell 422
Ecology of the Industrial City 385
Urbanization of the Developing World 387 CHALLENGING COMMONSENSE BELIEFS ABOUT HEALTH AND
THE CORPORATE CITY  388 AGING 423
The Corporate Suburb 389 INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION AGING 424
THE POSTMODERN CITY  391 HEALTH AND OLD AGE 426
The Edge City 392 Inequality, Health, and Aging 428
The Multiethnic City 393 Explaining Social Inequalities in Health 430
The Dual City 394 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Multiethnic Individualistic and Sociological Tips for Better
Immigrant Neighbourhoods in Canadian Suburbs 395 Health 432
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY The Walls Intersecting Inequalities and Health over the Life
Were Theirs to Write On 397 Course 432
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY Tent City CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: Protest and Policy Why
Eviction 399 We Haven’t Won the War on Cancer 433
SUMMARY 400 HEALTHCARE 434
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 400 Self-Care and Informal Care 435
GLOSSARY 401 Formal Medical and Home Care 436
Healthcare System Change and Reform 437
Privatization and Profitization 437
Chapter 17 SUMMARY 439
Sociology and the Environment S. Harris Ali 402 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 439
GLOSSARY 440
INTRODUCTION 403
The Earth in Danger 403
Incorporating the Environment into Sociological
Analysis 403
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND
CONCERN 404
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY
Environmental Governance 405

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 contents xv

Chapter 19 ARE STATES RELEVANT IN A GLOBAL WORLD? 476

The Three Sisters 476
Politics and Social Movements Robert Brym 441
Empire U.S.A.? 477
INTRODUCTION 442 Global Inequality and the “Fourth World” 478
POWER FROM ABOVE: NORMAL POLITICS 443 CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The Global
Pluralist Theory 445 Brand Backlash 478
Elite Theory 445 THE GLOBAL CONSUMER 480
Power-Balance Theory 447 Globalization of Consumption 480
State-Centred Theory 449 Culture as Commodity? 480
POWER FROM BELOW: POLITICS BEYOND THE RULES 452 Cultural Imperialism? 481
Relative-Deprivation Theory 452 Consumer Alternatives: Fair Trade 481
Resource Mobilization Theory 452 Ecological Consequences of Consumerism 483
Framing Discontent 453 GLOBAL WORKERS 484
Refrain: Back to 1968 454 Wage Labour and Wage Inequality 484
THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 455 Searching for Cheap Labour: “The Race to the
I. The Rich Countries 455 Bottom” 485
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: PROTEST AND POLICY The GLOBAL ECOLOGY  486
Women’s Movement and Electoral Politics 456 Global Food 486
II. The Other 85 Percent 459 SUMMARY 489
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: GLOBALIZATION Will the QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 490
Revolution Be Tweeted? 461 GLOSSARY 490
SUMMARY 462
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 463
GLOSSARY 463 Epilogue
NOTES 464 The Future of Sociology Michael Burawoy 492

MARKETIZATION 492
Chapter 20 SOCIOLOGY VERSUS THE MARKET 492
THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION 493
Globalization Josée Johnston 465
THIRD-WAVE MARKETIZATION 494
THE BURGER AND FRIES GO GLOBAL  466 THREE WAVES OF SOCIOLOGY  495
Globalization or “Globaloney”? 467 CONCLUSION 497
Defining Globalization 467
How Globalization Spreads Unrest 468 REFERENCES 498
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY: SOCIAL INEQUALITY How
INDEX 544
Inequality Limits Globalization 469
Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Globalization 470
CAPITALISTS GO GLOBAL  471
The Rise of Financial Capital 471 Online Chapter 21
Overcapacity and Centralization 472
Networks, Groups, and Bureaucracies
Growth of the Corporate Giants 474
Robert Brym, Lance Roberts, Lisa Strohschein,
Critics of Corporate Power 475
and John Lie  21-1

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this book.

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 About the Authors

ABOUT THE GENERAL EDITOR President’s Teaching Academy, and a winner of the
Northrop Frye Prize for academic and teaching excel-
AND CONTRIBUTOR lence. His introductory-level textbooks have been
published in Canada, Quebec (in French), the United
States, Brazil (in Portuguese), and Australia. He has
ROBERT BRYM published research on the sociology of intellectuals,
social movements in Canada, Jews in Russia, and col-
Robert Brym is S. D. Clark
lective and state violence in Israel and Palestine.
Chair in the Department of
Currently, his research focuses on the 2010–11 Arab
Sociology at the University
Spring and the ensuing Arab Winter.
of Toronto. He is a Fellow
of the Royal Society of
Canada, a member of the

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS REGINALD W. BIBBY

Reginald W. Bibby is one of
Canada’s leading experts on reli-
S. HARRIS ALI gious and social trends. He holds
the Board of Governors Research
S. Harris Ali is a sociologist
Chair in Sociology at the
working in the Faculty of
University of Lethbridge. For
Environmental Studies at York
more than three decades, he has
University, Toronto. His research
been monitoring Canadian social
interests involve natural and tech-
trends through his Project Canada national surveys of
nological disasters, environmental
adults and teenagers, recently in partnership with
management, and the relation-
Angus Reid. Dr. Bibby has presented his findings in
ship of the environment to human
academic settings around the world. He also has taken
health. He has written articles on a wide range of topics,
his work well beyond the academic community through
including infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., E. coli
innumerable public appearances, extensive media
O157:H7, tuberculosis, SARS, and H1N1); the political
exposure, and 13 best-selling books. They include
economy of disasters (e.g., a plastics recycling fire in
Fragmented Gods (Toronto: Irwin, 1987), Beyond the
Hamilton, Ontario; mining disasters in Nova Scotia;
Gods & Back (Lethbridge, AB: Project Canada Books,
and heat waves in Toronto); and the environmental
2011), Mosaic Madness (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990), The
management of solid waste. His most recent research
Boomer Factor (Toronto: ECW Press, 2006), and The
analyzes the disputes and controversies related to the
Emerging Millennials (Lethbridge, AB: Project Canada
proposed Northern Gateway and Keystone XL pipe-
Books, 2009). In recognition of his contribution to the
lines designed to carry oil extracted from the Alberta tar
nation, the Governor General appointed him an
sands to British Columbia and the U.S. Gulf Coast.
Officer of the Order of Canada in 2006.

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xviii A bout the A uthors

SONIA BOOKMAN University of Victoria, where she continues to conduct

research. She has published more than 300 academic
Sonia Bookman is Assistant
articles and reports. She is past President of the
Professor in the Department of
Canadian Association on Gerontology and of Academy
Sociology at the University of
II (Social Sciences) of the Royal Society of Canada.
Manitoba, where she teaches
courses in consumer culture,
media and society, and urban
SANDRA COLAVECCHIA
sociology. She is a graduate of
the University of Winnipeg Sandra Colavecchia received her
(B.A. Honours) and the University of Manchester Ph.D. from the University of
(M.A. and Ph.D., 2006). Her research interests are in Toronto and is now an Assistant
the sociology of brands and branding, urban culture, Professor in the Department
and consumption. Her work on these topics is pub- of Sociology at McMaster
lished in various books and journals, including the University, where she teaches
Journal of Consumer Culture, Cultural Sociology, and introductory sociology and soci-
Space and Culture. ology of families. Her teaching
interests include teaching tech-
nologies, active learning, and academic skill develop-
MICHAEL BURAWOY ment. Her research interests are in sociology of families
and family policy. Sociology is not just a job for her—it
Michael Burawoy teaches sociology at the University
is a lens through which she understands her life and the
of California, Berkeley. He is President of the
world around her. She strives to share her excitement
International Sociological Association and former
about sociology with her students.
President of the American Sociological Association.
He has authored more than 125 scholarly articles
and authored or co-authored 10 books, including SCOTT DAVIES
Manufacturing Consent (Chicago: University of
Scott Davies is Professor of
Chicago Press, 1982), a classic study of change in
Leadership, Higher and Adult
the capitalist labour process, and Global Ethnography
Education, at the University of
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000),
Toronto. He has studied social
a pioneering work on ethnographic sociological
movements and organizations in
research in the postmodern world.
education and is currently exam-
ining the emergence of academic
inequalities from preschool to
NEENA J. CHAPPELL
postsecondary levels. He has won awards from the
Neena Chappell, F.R.S.C., American Education Research Association and the
F.C.A.H.S., Canada Research Canadian Education Research Association, and has
Chair in social gerontology, has been an associate editor and editorial board member
been conducting research in the of several journals. With Neil Guppy, he is author of
area of aging for more than three editions of The Schooled Society.
30 years. Throughout her career,
she has sought to demonstrate
the value and relevance of sociological thought and
NEIL GUPPY
research for applied issues in aging. She believes that Neil Guppy is Professor of
rigorous university-based social science research has a Sociology at the University of
critical role to play in the nonuniversity community. British Columbia. He is a
Her interests include caregiving, health, and social graduate of Queen’s University
policy in Canada and cross-nationally. She has estab- (B.A./B.P.H.E.) and the
lished two university research centres on aging, one at University of Waterloo
the University of Manitoba and the other at the (M.Sc./Ph.D., 1981). He has

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 A bout the A uthors xix

published several books, including Education in Canada JOSÉE JOHNSTON

(Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1998, with Scott Davies),
Josée Johnston is Associate
The Schooled Society, 3rd ed. (Toronto: Oxford
Professor of Sociology at the
University Press, 2014, with Scott Davies), and
University of Toronto. Her
Successful Surveys, 4th ed. (Toronto: Thomson Nelson,
major interest is the sociological
2008, with George Gray). Recently, he has published
study of food, which is a lens for
work in the American Sociological Review, Canadian
investigating questions relating
Public Policy, and International Migration Review. At
to culture, politics, gender, and
UBC, he has received both a University Killam
the environment. She co-
Teaching Prize and a University Killam Research
authored (with Shyon Baumann)
Prize.
Foodies: Democracy and Distinction in the Gourmet
Foodscape (New York: Routledge, 2014 [2010]), as well
as Food and Femininity (Bloomsbury, 2015) (with Kate
JOHN HANNIGAN
Cairns). She has also published articles in the American
John Hannigan is Professor of Journal of Sociology, Theory and Society, Signs: Journal of
Sociology at the University of Women in Culture and Society, and Gender and Society.
Toronto Scarborough (UTSC), Her research has been supported by the Social Sciences
where he teaches courses in and Humanities Research Council and the Canadian
urban and environmental soci- Institute for Health Research. In 2009, she was awarded
ology. He attended the the Province of Ontario’s five-year Early Researcher
University of Western Ontario Award. Professor Johnston teaches courses on the soci-
and Ohio State University, ology of food and globalization with an emphasis on
where he received his Ph.D. in inequality, social justice, and sustainability.
1976. While at Ohio State, he
was a Research Associate at the Disaster Research
HARVEY KRAHN
Center. He is the author of three books: Environmental
Sociology (1995, 2006, 2014), Fantasy City: Pleasure and Harvey Krahn is a Professor
Profit in the Postmodern City (1998), both published by of Sociology at the University
Routledge (New York), and Disasters Without Borders: of Alberta. His research
The International Politics of Natural Disasters (Polity interests include social
Press, U.K., 2012). Fantasy City was nominated for the inequality, the sociology of
1999/2000 Canadian Sociology and Anthropology work, the sociology of edu-
Association (CSAA) John Porter Award. Environmental cation, immigration, envi-
Sociology has been translated into Portuguese, Japanese, ronmental sociology, and
Chinese, and Korean. Dr. Hannigan is a frequent con- political sociology. He typically uses quantitative
tributor to media discussions of culture and urban research methods but has also participated in studies
development, having appeared on National Public employing qualitative and historical methods. His
Radio (United States), in The Independent (Britain), and largest research project involves interviewing a sample
in The Globe & Mail (Canada). He has served in a of 400 individuals seven times over 25 years to learn
number of administrative posts including Graduate more about school–work transitions and how social
Director and Associate Chair in the Department of inequality is reproduced across generations. He is one
Sociology (1999–2002); Interim Chair, Department of of three co-authors of a textbook on the sociology of
Social Sciences, UTSC (2003); and Secretary, CSAA work (Work, Industry, and Canadian Society, 7th ed.
(2000–03). Polity Press (U.K.) will publish his most Toronto: Nelson, 2015) and has published research
recent book, The Geopolitics of Deep Oceans, in 2015. findings in a wide range of scholarly journals.

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xx A bout the A uthors

RHONDA L. LENTON tance of self, informal, and formal care for dealing
with chronic illness and disability in middle and later
Rhonda Lenton is Professor,
life; the impact of structural inequalities on health and
Vice-President Academic,
healthcare; and healthcare restructuring and reform
and Provost at York
in the Canadian context. She is currently the principal
University. In addition to
investigator of a program of research focusing on
providing strategic leadership
transitions and trajectories in late-life care.
for the university, she has
oversight for institutional
change management and academic resource planning.
LANCE W. ROBERTS
She is currently a board member of the Ontario Online
Consortium and the Ontario Council on Articulation Lance Roberts was born in
and Transfer. Her areas of teaching and research exper- Calgary, grew up in
tise include research methods and data analysis, gender, Edmonton, and received
sexual harassment, and family violence. She has pub- his Ph.D. from the
lished peer-reviewed book chapters and articles in an University of Alberta. He
array of academic journals, and she is currently working is a Fellow of St. John’s
on a book based on a national study of marital conflict College and Professor of
in Canada. She also led a team on a project recently Sociology at the University
published by the Higher Education Quality Council of of Manitoba, where he teaches Introductory Sociology
Ontario assessing the impact of community-based and as well as research methods and statistics courses. In
community-service learning on student learning, as the last decade, he has received several teaching
well as opportunities for faculty development. awards, including his university’s Dr. and Mrs. H. H.
Saunderson Award for Excellence in Teaching. His
current research interests cover the comparative
JOHN LIE charting of social change, educational concerns, and
John Lie was born in South mental health issues. In addition to publishing in
Korea, grew up in Japan and research journals, Dr. Roberts recently co-authored
Hawaii, and received his A.B., The Methods Coach, The Statistics Coach, and
A.M., and Ph.D. degrees from Understanding Social Statistics: A Student’s Guide through
Harvard University. His main the Maze (Oxford University Press), all aimed at
interests are in social theory and helping students master fundamental research tech-
political economy. Currently he niques. He enjoys teaching Introductory Sociology
is the C. K. Cho Professor of and is currently developing a variety of tools to enlarge
Sociology at the University of his students’ sociological imaginations.
California, Berkeley, where he previously served as the
Dean of International and Area Studies. His recent
publications include Zainichi (Koreans in Japan) VIC SATZEWICH
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008) Vic Satzewich is Professor
and Modern Peoplehood: On Race, Racism, Nationalism, of Sociology at McMaster
Ethnicity, and Identity, paperback ed. (Berkeley, CA: University. He has pub-
University of California Press, 2011). lished many books and
articles on various aspects
of immigration, racism,
MARGARET J. PENNING
and ethnic relations in
Dr. Penning is interested in the Canada. He has recently completed a major study of
sociology of health and health- discretion in the immigrant selection system in
care, as well as aging. In par- Canada. His most recent books include “Race”
ticular, she is interested in and Ethnicity in Canada: A Critical Introduction
examining issues of loneliness (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2013); Racism in
and social support; the impor- Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2011);

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 A bout the A uthors xxi

Transnational Identities and Practices in Canada SANDY WELSH

(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,
Sandy Welsh is Professor of
2006); and The Ukrainian Diaspora (New York:
Sociology and Vice-Dean,
Routledge, 2002). In 2005, he received the
Graduate Education and
Outstanding Contribution Award of the Canadian
Program Reviews, in the
Sociology Association.
Faculty of Arts and Science at
the University of Toronto. She
studies work and occupations,
LISA STROHSCHEIN
gender, sociology of law, and
Lisa Strohschein (rhymes with social policy. Her current research explores how changes
sunshine) was born in Ontario, in federal and provincial regulations affect the adoption
Canada, and received her Ph.D. and implementation of workplace harassment and
at McMaster University in work–family policies in Canadian corporations.
2002. She is currently Associate Ongoing research collaborations focus on how the
Professor and Associate Chair pending regulation of Homeopaths, Naturopaths and
(Undergraduate) in the Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncturists in
Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta. Ontario is changing these occupational groups. Her
In her research, she investigates how family dynamics research has appeared in Gender & Society, Social Problems,
are related to health and well-being, with a specific focus Annual Review of Sociology, Sociology of Health and
on the impact of divorce on adults and children. Her Illness, and Social Science and Medicine. With Dr. Tracey
current projects include a federally funded grant to Adams, she co-authored The Organization and Experience
describe and evaluate the social implications of new of Work (Nelson, 2008). She has received funding from
family forms in Canada and an international collabora- SSHRC, CIHR, Status of Women Canada, and other
tion that will compare how Canadian and American foundations. Dr. Welsh provides expert testimony on
youth navigated the transition to adulthood during the sexual harassment for the Ontario and Canadian Human
Great Recession. Rights Commissions and in other legal forums. She is a
recipient of the University of Toronto Faculty of Arts
and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award.
JULIAN TANNER
Julian Tanner is a Professor
ANTHONY WINSON
of Sociology at the
University of Toronto. Anthony Wi n s o n ’s
His interest in the soci- research and publications
ology of crime and devi- have focused on agricul-
ance, particularly youth ture, food, and rural
crime and youth culture, development issues
derives from his school related to Canada and the
days in England—as both developing world. He is
a student in an all-boys boarding school and, later on, the author of Coffee and Democracy in Modern Costa Rica
as a secondary-school teacher. In addition to under- (London: Macmillan, 1989), The Intimate Commodity:
graduate and graduate courses in crime and deviance, Food and the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex
he has taught and researched in the areas of school- in Canada (Toronto: Garamond, 1993), and Contingent
to-work transitions (high-school dropouts, the effects Work, Disrupted Lives: Labour and Community in the
of part-time jobs, and so on), the sociology of work New Rural Economy (University of Toronto, 2002,
(the industrial and political attitudes and behaviours with Belinda Leach). Contingent Work won the 2003
of male manual workers, gender and the professions), John Porter Tradition of Excellence Book Award of
young people, and popular music. In the recent past, the Canadian Sociology Association. He has recently
he has studied patterns of crime and victimization co-edited (with M. Koc and J. Sumner) Critical
among young people in Toronto and youth gang Perspectives in Food Studies (Toronto: Oxford
activity, and is currently investigating youth and guns. University Press, 2012). His latest book is entitled

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xxii A bout the A uthors

The Industrial Diet: The Degradation of Food and the work. She is currently working on a series of cross-
Struggle for Healthy Eating (Vancouver: UBC Press and sectional and longitudinal projects in Canada and
New York: NYU Press). See his website at www.thein- the United States examining how family and com-
dustrialdiet.com and Twitter account @industrialdiet. munity contexts shape expectations of work and
family obligations. Her recently published research
examines the impact of workplace resources/
MARISSA YOUNG
demands on work–family role-blurring; gender dif-
Marisa Young is an ferences in experiences and family-related conse-
Assistant Professor in the quences of work–family conflict; and the
Department of Sociology psychosocial determinants of perceived demands in
at McMaster University. the work–family interface. Her future research
She specializes in research plans include further exploring how neighbourhood
on the work–family inter- context impacts work–family relations and well-
face and gender differ- being among family members.
ences in paid and unpaid

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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
the doctrine of the Theologia Germanica, that God is the
substans of all things, he pushes it to the verge of a dreamy
pantheism—nay, even beyond that uncertain frontier. He
conceives of a kind of divine life-process (Lebens-prozess)
through which the universe has to pass. This process, like the
Hegelian, is threefold. First, the divine substance, the abstract
unity which produces all existence. Second, said substance
appearing as an opposite to itself—making itself object. Third,
the absorption of this opposition and antithesis—the
consummate realization whereof takes place in the
consciousness of man when restored to the supreme unity and
rendered in a sense divine. The fall of man is, in his system, a
fall from the Divinity within him—that Reason which is the Holy
Ghost, in which the Divine Being is supposed first to acquire will
and self-consciousness. Christ is, with him, the divine element in
man. The work of the historic Saviour is to make us conscious of
the ideal and inward, and we thus arrive at the consciousness of
that fundamental divineness in us which knows and is one with
the Supreme by identity of nature.[208] Such doctrine is a relapse
upon Eckart, and also an anticipation of modern German
speculation.
Yet, shall we say on this account that Sebastian Frank was
before his age or behind it? The latter unquestionably. He stood
up in defence of obsolescent error against a truth that was
blessing mankind. He must stand condemned, on the sole
ground of judgment we modern judges care to take, as one of
the obstructives of his day who put forth what strength he had to
roll back the climbing wheel of truth. We pardon Tauler’s
allegorical interpretations—those freaks of fancy, so subtile, so
inexhaustible, so curiously irrelevant in one sense, yet so
sagaciously brought home in another—we assent to
Melanchthon’s verdict, who calls him the German Origen; but we
remember that every one in his times interpreted the Bible in that
arbitrary style. The Reformers, aided by the revival of letters,
were successful in introducing those principles of interpretation
with which we are ourselves familiar. But for this more correct
method of exegesis, the benign influence of the Scriptures
 themselves had been all but nullified; for any one might have
found in them what he would. Yet against this good thing, second
only to the Word itself, Sebastian Frank stands up to fight in
defence of arbitrary fancy and of lifeless pantheistic theory with
such strength as he may. So has mysticism, once so eager to
press on, grown childishly conservative, and is cast out
straightway. Luther said he had written nothing against Frank, he
despised him so thoroughly. ‘Unless my scent deceive me,’ says
the reformer, ‘the man is an enthusiast or spiritualist (Geisterer),
for whom nothing will do but spirit! spirit!—and not a word of
Scripture, sacrament, or ministry.’
So Frank, contending for the painted dreams of night against the
realities of day—for fantasy against soberness—and falling,
necessarily, in the fight, has been curtained over in his sleep by
the profoundest darkness. Scarcely does any one care to rescue
from their oblivion even the names of his many books. What is
his Golden Ark, or Seven Sealed Book, or collection of most
extravagant interpretations, called Paradoxa, to any human
creature?
For a Chronicle he left behind, the historian has sometimes to
thank him. He had a near-sighted mind. Action immediately
about him he could limn truly. But he had not the
comprehensiveness to see whither the age was tending.

Willoughby. How admirable is that reply of Luther’s;—an

unanswerable rebuke of that presumptuous mysticism which would
boastfully tear aside the veil and dare a converse face to face with
God. Semele perishes. That the fanatic survives is proof that he has
but embraced a cloud.
Atherton. A rebuke, rather, of that folly, in all its forms, which
imagines itself the subject of a special revelation that is no fearful
searching of the soul, but merely a flattering reflection of its own
wishes.
Gower. And what can most men make of that milder form of the
same ambition—I mean the exhortation to escape all image and
figure? How else can we grasp spiritual realities? The figurative
language in which religious truth is conveyed to us seems to me to
resemble that delicate membrane gummed to the back of the
charred papyrus-roll, which otherwise would crumble to pieces in
unwinding. The fragile film alone would drop to dust, but by this
means it coheres, and may be unfolded for inspection.
Willoughby. And when a scripture figure is pressed too far (the
besetting sin of systematising divines), it is as though your gold-
beater’s skin, or whatever it be, had been previously written on, and
the characters mistaken for those of the roll to which it was merely
the support and lining.
Gower. I can readily conceive how provoking a man like Sebastian
Frank must have been to Luther, with his doctrines of passivity and
apathy, his holy contempt for rule, for rationality, or practicability, and
his idle chaotic system-spinning, when every hand was wanted for
the goodly cause of Reform.
Atherton. Then there was Schwenkfeld, too, who went off from
Luther as pietist in one direction, while Frank departed as pantheist
in the other.
Gower. A well-meaning man, though; a kind of sixteenth-century
Quaker, was he not?
Atherton. Yes. Compound a Quaker, a Plymouth Brother, and an
Antipædo Baptist, and the result is something like a Schwenkfeldian.
Willoughby. For my enquiries concerning Jacob Behmen, I find that
the most important of the Lutheran mystics was a quiet man of few
words, pastor at Tschopau during the latter half of the sixteenth
century, by name Valentine Weigel.
Gower. You will give us more information about him when you read
your essay on Jacob Behmen. For the present I confess myself tired
of these minor mystics.
Willoughby. I shall have to do with him only in as far as he was a
forerunner of Jacob. Weigel’s treatises were published
posthumously, and a very pretty quarrel there was over his grave. He
bases his theology on the Theologia Germanica, adds a modification
of Sebastian Frank, and introduces the theosophy of Paracelsus. In
this way he brings us near to Behmen, who united in himself the two
species of mysticism—the theopathetic, represented by
Schwenkfeld, on the one side, and the theosophic, by Paracelsus,
on the other.
Atherton. As Lutheranism grew more cold and rigid, mysticism
found more ground of justification, and its genial reaction rendered
service to the Church once more.
Willoughby. I think the sword of the Thirty Years’ War may be said
to have cleared legitimate space for it. In that necessary strife for
opinion the inward life was sorely perilled. It was inevitable, I
suppose, that multitudes should at least have sought, not only
spirituality in mysticism and purity in separation, but wisdom in the
stars, wealth in alchemy, and the communion of saints in secret
societies.

Note to page 46.

Luther writes:—Jam vero privatum spiritum explores etiam, quæras,

num experti sint spirituales illas angustias et nativitates divinas,
mortes, infernosque. Si audieris blanda, tranquilla, devota (ut vocant)
et religiosa, etiamsi in tertium cœlum sese raptos dicant, non
approbabis. Tenta ergo et ne Iesum quidem audias gloriosum, nisi
videris prius crucifixum. A golden rule.—Luth. Epist. De Wette, No.
358. Jan. 13, 1522. The language he uses elsewhere concerning
such fanatics is strong, but not stronger than the occasion
demanded. It was indeed no time for compliment—for hesitant, yea-
nay utterance upon the question. The freedom claimed by
Carlstadt’s followers led straightway to a lawless pride, which was so
much servitude to Satan—was the death-wound, not the crown, of
spiritual life. It was from the fulness of his charity—not in lack of it—
that Luther uttered his manly protest against that perilous lie.
Michelet selects a passage which shows in a very instructive manner
how the strong mind (in this quarrel, as in so many more) breaks in
pieces, with a touch, the idols which seduce the weak. ‘If you ask
Carlstadt’s people,’ says Luther, ‘how this sublime spirit is arrived at,
they refer you, not to the Gospel, but to their reveries, to their
vacuum. ‘Place thyself,’ say they, ‘in a state of void tedium as we do,
and then thou wilt learn the same lesson; the celestial voice will be
heard, and God will speak to thee in person.’ If you urge the matter
further, and ask what this void tedium of theirs is, they know as much
about it as Dr. Carlstadt does about Greek and Hebrew.... Do you not
in all this recognize the Devil, the enemy of divine order? Do you not
see him opening a huge mouth, and crying, ‘Spirit, spirit, spirit!’ and
all the while he is crying this, destroying all the bridges, roads,
ladders,—in a word, every possible way by which the spirit may
penetrate into you; that is to say, the external order established by
God in the holy baptism, in the signs and symbols, and in his own
Word. They would have you learn to mount the clouds, to ride the
wind; but they tell you neither how, nor when, nor where, nor what;
all these things you must learn of yourself, as they do.’
 CHAPTER III.

Subtle. Your lapis philosophicus?

Face. ’Tis a stone,

And not a stone; a spirit, a soul, and a body;
Which if you do dissolve, it is dissolved;
If you coagulate, it is coagulated;
If you make it to fly, it flieth.

The Alchemist.

Atherton. We are to call on Willoughby to-night, I believe, to

conduct us to Jacob Behmen—or Boehme, more correctly.
Willoughby. I shall scarcely bring you so far this evening. I have to
trouble you with some preliminary paragraphs on the theosophic
mysticism which arose with the Reformation, some remarks on the
theurgic superstitions of that period, and a word or two about
Cornelius Agrippa and Paracelsus. A very formidable preamble,—yet
necessary, I assure you.
And herewith, Willoughby, after solacing himself with a goodly bunch
of grapes, began to read his essay.

On the Theosophy of Jacob Behmen.

§ 1. Mysticism and Science.

I have to trace the advance of mysticism into a new world. Prior

to the Reformation the mystic sought escape in God from all that
was not God. After that epoch he is found seeking at the hands
of his Maker a supernatural acquaintance with all that He has
made. Once his highest knowledge was that surpassing
ignorance which swoons in the glory of the Infinite. Now he
claims a familiarity passing that of common mortals with the
mysteries of sea and land, of stars and elements. Escaping that
monastic dualism which abandoned the world to Satan,
mysticism will now dispute the empire of the prince of this world.
Inspired from above, and haply not unaided by angelic ministries,
the master of the hidden wisdom will devoutly elicit the benign
potencies of the universe, and repel the malevolent. No longer a
mere contemplatist—gazing up at the heights of the divine
nature, or down into the depth of the human—the mystic of the
new age will sweep, with all-piercing vision, the whole horizon of
things visible. The theosophist covets holiness still, but
knowledge scarcely less. Virtue (as aforetime) may be regarded
by such mystics too much as the means to an end. But the end
is no longer the same. With the theopathetic mysticism the
exercise of the Christian graces and the discipline of fiery
spiritual purgations were the road to a superhuman elevation—a
vision and repose anticipating heaven. With the theosophic,
Faith and Charity and Hope were the conditions of the higher
knowledge. For never to the proud, the greedy, the impure,
would heaven vouchsafe the keys of mystery and hazardous
prerogative in the unseen world. To the contemplative mystic the
three heavenly sisters brought a cloud of glory; for the
theosophist they unclasped nature’s ‘infinite book of secrecy;’ in
the hand of the theurgist they placed an enchanter’s wand.
The sphere of mysticism was not thus extended by any
expansive force of its own. The spirit of a new and healthier age
had ventured to depreciate the morbid seclusion of the cloister.
Men began to feel that it was at once more manly and more
divine to enquire and to know than to gaze and dream. After the
servitude of the schools and the collapse of the cloister, the
ambition of the intellect would acknowledge no limit, would
accept of no repose. The highest aspirations of religion and the
most daring enterprise of science were alike mystical. They
coalesced in theosophy. Changes such as these were wrought
by a power from without. Mysticism was awakened from its
feverish dream by the spirit of the time—as Milton’s Eve by Adam
from her troubled morning sleep—and invited to go forth and see
‘nature paint her colours.’
As the revival of letters spread over Europe the taste for
antiquity, and natural science began to claim its share in the
freedom won for theology, the pretensions of the Cabbala, of
Hermes, of the Neo-Platonist theurgy, became identified with the
cause of progress.
That ancient doctrine, familiar to the school of Plotinus,
according to which the world was a huge animal—a living
organism united in all its parts by secret sympathies,—received
some fresh development in the fancy of every adept. The student
of white magic believed, with Iamblichus, in the divine power
inherent in certain words of invocation, whereby the aspirant
might hold intercourse with powers of the upper realm. With the
modern, as with the ancient Neo-Platonists, religion bore an
indispensable part in all such attempts. Proclus required of the
theurgist an ascetic purity. Campanella demands a fides
intrinseca,—that devout simplicity of heart which should qualify
the candidate at once to commune with holy spirits and to baffle
the delusive arts of the malign.[209]
But the theosophists of Germany were not, like the Alexandrians,
slavish worshippers of the past. They did not resort to theurgy in
order to prop a falling faith. They did not wield that instrument to
prolong, by the spasmodic action of superstitious practice, the
life of an expiring philosophy. Those formulæ of incantation,
those ‘symbola’ and ‘synthemata,’ which were everything with
Iamblichus, were with many of them only a bye-work, and by
others utterly abjured. They believed devoutly in the
genuineness of the Cabbala. They were persuaded that beneath
all the floods of change this oral tradition had perpetuated its life
unharmed from the days of Moses downward,—even as Jewish
fable taught them that the cedars alone, of all trees, had
continued to spread the strength of their invulnerable arms below
the waters of the deluge. They rejoiced in the hidden lore of that
book as in a treasure rich with the germs of all philosophy. They
maintained that from its marvellous leaves man might learn the
angelic heraldry of the skies, the mysteries of the divine nature,
the means of converse with the potentates of heaven.[210] But
such reverence, so far from oppressing, seemed rather to
enfranchise and excite their imagination. In the tradition before
which they bowed, the majesty of age and the charm of youth
had met together. Hierocles brought to them Pythagoras out of
an immemorial past; and there was no novelty more welcome in
that restless wonder-loving present. Thus the theosophists could
oppose age to age, and reverently impugn the venerable.
Antiquity, in the name of Aristotle, so long absolute, had imposed
a shameful bondage. Antiquity, in the name of Plato, newly
disinterred, imparted a glorious privilege. The chains of the past
were being filed away by instruments which the past had
furnished. Ancient prescription became itself the plea for change
when one half of its demands was repudiated in honour of the
other.
This theosophy was a strange mixture of the Hellenic, the
Oriental, and the Christian styles of thought. I shall assume as its
emblem the church of St. John, at Rhodes, which, full of statues
of saints and tombs of knights, broken, or rounded into mounds
of sullied snow by the hand of time, is surmounted by a crescent,
and echoes to the voice of the muezzin, while sheltering beneath
its porch the altar of a Grecian God. But our incongruous
theosophic structure, ever open and ever changing, enlarged its
precincts continually. A succession of eccentric votaries enriched
it ceaselessly with quaint devices, fresh flowers of fancy, new
characters in mystical mosaic, and intricate arabesques of
impenetrable significance.
Plotinus, indifferent to the material universe, had been content to
inherit and transmit the doctrine of the world’s vitality. That notion
now became the nucleus of a complex system of sympathies
and antipathies. It suggested remedies for every disease,
whether of mind or body. It prompted a thousand fantastic
appliances and symbols. But at the same time it rendered the
enquirer more keenly observant of natural phenomena. Extolling
Trismegistus to the skies, and flinging his Galen into the fire,
Paracelsus declared the world his book.[211] The leaves of that
volume were continents and seas—provinces, its paragraphs—
the plants, the stones, the living things of every clime, its
illuminated letters.
In the dawn of science hovered a meteor, which at once lured
onward and led astray the seekers after truth,—it was the hope
of special illumination. They hastened to generalize on a medley
of crude fancies and of partial facts. For generalization was with
them a sudden impulse, not a slow result. It was an exalted act
prompted by a Divine light that flashed on intuition from without,
or radiated from the wondrous depths of the microcosm within.
Hence (as with bees in dahlias) their industry was their
intoxication. It is of the essence of mysticism to confound an
internal creation or process with some external manifestation.
Often did the theosophist rejoice in the thought that nature, like
the rock in the desert, had been made to answer to his
compelling rod,—that a divinely-given stream welled forth to
satisfy his thirst for knowledge. As we look back upon his labours
we can perceive that the impulse was by no means a wonder,
and often anything but a blessing. It was in reality but as the rush
of the water into the half-sunk shaft of his research, flooding the
region of his first incautious efforts, and sooner or later arresting
his progress in every channel he might open. In fact, the field of
scientific enquiry, which had withered under the schoolman, was
inundated by the mystic,—so facile and so copious seemed the
knowledge realized by heaven-born intuition. It was reserved for
induction to develop by a skilful irrigation that wonder-teeming
soil. No steady advance was possible when any hap-hazard
notion might be virtually invested with the sanction of inspiration.
The admixture of light and darkness during that twilight period
reached precisely the degree of shadow most favourable to the
vigorous pursuit of natural science by supernatural means.
It is true that the belief in witchcraft everywhere prevalent did,
ever and anon, throw people and rulers alike into paroxysms of
fear and fury. But an accomplished student of occult art was no
longer in much danger of being burnt alive as a fair forfeit to
Satan. The astrologer, the alchemist, the adept in natural magic,
were in universal demand. Emperors and nobles, like Rudolph
and Wallenstein, kept each his star-gazer in a turret chamber,
surrounded by astrolabes and alembics, by ghastly preparations
and mysterious instruments, and listened, with ill-concealed
anxiety, as the zodiac-zoned and silver-bearded counsellor, bent
with study and bleared with smoke, announced, in oracular
jargon, the junction of the planets or his progress toward
projection. The real perils of such pretenders now arose from the
very confidence they had inspired. Such was the thirst for gold
and the faith in alchemy, that no man supposed to possess the
secret was secure from imprisonment and torture to compel its
surrender. Setonius was broken on the wheel because the cruel
avarice of the great could not wring out of him that golden
process which had no existence. The few enquirers whose aim
was of a nobler order were mortified to find their science so ill
appreciated. They saw themselves valued only as casters of
horoscopes and makers of cunning toys. Often, with a bitter
irony, they assumed the airs of the charlatan for their daily bread.
Impostors knavish as Sir Arthur Wardour’s Dousterswivel,
deceived and deceiving like Leicester’s Alasco, swarmed at the
petty court of every landgrave and elector.
Theurgic mysticism was practically admitted even within the
Lutheran Church, while the more speculative or devotional
mysticism of Sebastian Frank, Schwenkfeld, and Weigel, was
everywhere proscribed. Lutheran doctors, believers in the
Cabbala, which Reuchlin had vindicated against the monks,
were persuaded that theurgic art could draw the angels down to
mortals. Had not the heaven-sent power of the Cabbala wrought
the marvels of Old Testament history? Had not the power of
certain mystic words procured for Hebrew saints the privilege of
converse with angelic natures? Had not the Almighty placed all
terrestrial things under the viceregency of the starry influences?
Had He not united all things, animate and inanimate, by a subtle
network of sympathies, and was not man the leading chord in
this system of harmony—the central heart of this circulating
magnetic force? Thus much assumed, a devout man, wise in the
laws of the three kinds of vincula between the upper and lower
worlds, might be permitted to attract to himself on earth those
bright intelligences who were to be his fellows in heaven.
Theurgy rested, therefore, on the knowledge of the intellectual
vinculum (the divine potency inherent in certain words), the astral
(the favourable conjunction of the planets), and the elementary
(the sympathy of creatures). In the use of these was, of course,
involved the usual hocus-pocus of magical performance—
talismans, magic lights, incense, doves’ blood, swallows’
feathers, et hoc genus omne.[212]
 CHAPTER IV.

For I am siker that there be sciences,

By which men maken divers apparences,
Swiche as thise subtil tregetoures play.
For oft at festes have I well herd say,
That tregetoures, within an halle large,
Have made come in a water and a barge,
And in the halle rowen up and down.
Sometime hath semed come a grim leoun,
And sometime floures spring as in a mede,
Sometime a vine and grapes white and rede,
Sometime a castel all of lime and ston,
And whan hem liketh voideth it anon.
Thus semeth it to every mannes sight.

Chaucer.

Give me thy hand, terrestrial; so:—Give me thy hand, celestial;

so.

Merry Wives of Windsor.

Willoughby’s Essay—Second Evening.

§ 2. Cornelius Agrippa.

Cornelius Agrippa, of Nettesheim, is a favourable specimen of

that daring and versatile order of mind which, in the sixteenth
century, sought adventure and renown in every province of
philosophy. His restless life is picturesque with the contrast of
every imaginable vicissitude. A courtier and a scholar, a soldier
and a mystic, he made the round of the courts of Europe.
Patronized and persecuted alternately, courted as a prodigy and
hunted down as a heretic, we see him to-day a Plato, feasted by
the Sicilian tyrant, to-morrow a Diogenes, crawling with a growl
into his tub. He lectures with universal applause on the Verbum
Mirificum of Reuchlin. He forms a secret association for the
promotion of occult science. He is besieged by swarming boors
in some Garde Douloureuse, and escapes almost by miracle. He
enters the service of Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands, then
that of the Emperor, and is knighted on the field for heroic
gallantry in the campaign against the Venetians. He is next to be
heard of as a teacher of theology at Pavia. Plunged into poverty
by the reverses of war, he writes for comfort a mystical treatise
On the Threefold Way of Knowing God. The hand of the Marquis
of Montferrat plucks him from his slough of despond, but ere long
he is again homeless, hungering, often after bread, ever after
praise and power. At the court of France, the Queen Mother
shows him favour, but withholds the honour to which such gifts
might well aspire. Then appears the famous book On the Vanity
of Arts and Sciences.
It was wormwood to the proud spirit of Agrippa to be treated as a
mere astrologer. To think that he must toil in obscurity like a
gnome, calculating aspects, sextile and quartile, reckoning the
cusps and hours of the houses of heaven, to subserve the
ambition of an implacable intriguante, when his valour might
adorn the tourney and his wisdom sway the council! He would
fain have been in France what that great astrologer of the
previous century, Martius Galeotti, had been in Hungary, to
whom the Czar of Russia and the Khan of Tartary were said to
have sent respectful presents of more than royal magnificence;
who was ambassador alike of monarchs and the stars; who bore
a share in the statecraft of the court at Buda, and charging
abreast with the crowned helm of Matthias, rode down the ranks
of the turbaned infidel. So the gallant knight and the ‘courtier of
most elegant thread,’ the archimage, the philosopher, the divine,
became for awhile a sceptic and a Timon. The De Vanitate
Scientiarum ravages, with a wild Berserker fury, the whole
domain of knowledge. The monk Ilsan of mediæval fable did not
more savagely trample the roses in the enchanted garden of
Worms,—Pantagruel did not more cruelly roast with fire his six
hundred and nine and fifty vanquished horsemen, than did
Agrippa consume with satire every profession and every calling
among men. With reason might he say in his preface, ‘The
grammarians will rail at me—the etymologists will derive my
name from the gout—the obstreperous rhetoricians will plague
me with their big words and inimical gestures—the intricate
geometrician will imprison me in his triangles and tetragonals—
the cosmographer will banish me among the bears to
Greenland.’ Scholastic fanaticism could never pardon the man
whose sarcasm had left nothing standing, save the Holy
Scriptures. The monks and doctors of Lyons hurled back his
tongue-bolts with the dreaded cry of heresy. His disgrace and
exile they could compass, but they could not arrest those winged
words or bow that dauntless spirit.
The treatise On the Threefold Way of Knowing God, shows how,
by Divine illumination, the Christian may discern the hidden
meanings of the New Testament, as the Cabbalist evolves those
of the Old. It teaches the way in which the devout mind may be
united to God, and, seeing all things in Him, and participating in
His power, may even now, according to the measure of faith,
foretell the future and controul the elements.
The De Occulta Philosophia[213] (a youthful work re-written in his
later years) treats of the three kinds of magic—the Natural (the
science of sympathies and antipathies, whereby the adept
accelerates or modifies the process of nature so as to work
apparent miracles); the Celestial, or Mathematical (astrology);
and the Religious, or ceremonial (theurgy).
Once on a time, the savans were sorely puzzled by certain
irregular holes on the front of an ancient temple. One, more
sagacious than the rest, suggested that these indentations might
be the marks of nails used to fasten to the stone metallic plates
representing Greek characters. And, in fact, lines drawn from
one point to the next were found to form letters, and the name of
the deity stood disclosed. In like manner, the student of natural
magic sought to decipher the secret language of the universe, by
tracing out those lines of sympathy which linked in a mysterious
kindred objects the most remote. It was believed that the fields of
space were threaded in every direction by the hidden highways
of magnetic influence; traversed from all points by an intricate
network of communication uniting the distant and the near—the
celestial and terrestrial worlds. Science was charged with the
office of discovering and applying those laws of harmony and
union which connect the substances of earth with each other and
with the operation of the stars. Through all the stages of creation
men thought they saw the inferior ever seeking and tending
towards the higher nature, and the order above shedding
influence on that below. The paternal sun laid a hand of blessing
on the bowed head of the corn. The longing dews passed
heavenward, up the Jacob’s ladder of the sunbeams, and
entering among the bright ministeries of the clouds, came down
in kindly showers. Each planet, according to its mind or mood,
shed virtues healing or harmful into minerals and herbs. All
sweet sounds, moving by the mystic laws of number, were an
aspiration towards the music of the spheres—a reminiscence of
the universal harmonies. The air was full of phantasms or images
of material objects. These, said Agrippa, entering the mind, as
the air the body, produce presentiments and dreams. All nature
is oracular. A cloudy chill or sultry lull are the Delphi and Dodona
of birds and kine and creeping things. But the sense of sinful
man is dull. The master of the hidden wisdom may facilitate the
descent of benign influences, and aid the travailing creation,
sighing for renewal. It is for him to marry (in the figurative
language of the time) the ‘lower and the higher potencies, the
terrestrial and the astral, as doth the husbandman the vine unto
the elm.’ The sage can make himself felt in the upper realm, as
on the earth, by touching some chord whose vibration extends
into the skies. From the law of sympathy comes the power of
amulets and philtres, images and ointments, to produce love or
hate, health or sickness, to arrest the turning arms of the distant
mill, or stay the wings of the pinnace on the Indian seas. Such
was Agrippa’s world.
According to Baptista Porta, a certain breath of life, or soul of the
world, pervades the whole organism of the universe, determines
its sympathies, and imparts, when received into the soul of the
inquirer, the capacity for magical research. Similarly, in the theory
of Agrippa, the fifth element, or æther, is the breath of this World-
Soul. Within the spirit thus animating the body of the world lie
those creative powers, or qualities, which are the producers of all
things visible. The instruments of this universal plastic Power are
the stars and the spirits of the elements.
With all the theosophists man is a microcosm—the harmonized
epitome of the universe: a something representative of all that is
contained in every sphere of being, is lodged in his nature. Thus
he finds sympathies everywhere, and potentially knows and
operates everywhere. Since, therefore, the inmost ground of his
being is in God, and the rest of his nature is a miniature of the
universe,—a true self-knowledge is, proportionately, at once a
knowledge of God and of creation. The sources of Religion and
of Science are alike within him.
Agrippa borrows from the Phædrus four kinds of inspiration,—the
Poetic, the Dionysian (revealing visions), the Apollinian
(imparting hidden wisdom), and that of which ascendant Venus is
the pure patroness—Rapturous Love, which carries us to heaven
in ecstasy, and in the mystic union with Deity discloses things
unutterable. He compares the soul, as ordinarily in the body, to a
light within a dark lantern. In moments of mystical exaltation, it is
taken out of its prison-house, the divine element is emancipated,
and rays forth immeasurably, transcending space and time. His
Platonism, like that of so many, led him from the sensual and the
formal to the ideal. Greek was, with reason, accounted
dangerous. Plato was a reformer side by side with Luther among
the Germans. How loathsome was clerkly vice beside the
contemplative ideal of Plato.
 In those days almost every great scholar was also a great
traveller. The wanderings of Agrippa and his theosophic brethren
contributed not a little to the progress and diffusion of occult
science. These errant professors of magic, like those aërial
travellers the insects, carried everywhere with them the pollen of
their mystic Lily, the symbol of theosophy, and sowed the
fructifying particles in minds of kindred growth wherever they
came. Their very crosses and buffetings, if they marred their
plans of study, widened their field of observation; were fertile in
suggestions; compelled to new resources, and multiplied their
points of view,—as a modern naturalist, interrupted during his
observant morning’s walk, and driven under a tree by a shower,
may find unexpected compensation in the discovery of a new
moss upon its bark, or a long-sought fly among its dropping-
leaves.

Gower. Agrippa’s philosophy gives us a highly imaginative view of

the world.
Atherton. A beautiful romance,—only surpassed by the actual
results of modern discovery.
Willoughby. In those days every fancied likeness was construed
into a law of relationship: every semblance became speedily reality;
—somewhat as the Chinese believe that sundry fantastic rocks in
one of their districts, which are shaped like rude sculptures of
strange beasts, do actually enclose animals of corresponding form.
And as for the links of connexion supposed to constitute bonds of
mysterious sympathy, they are about as soundly deduced as that
connexion which our old popular superstition imagined, between a
high wind on Shrove Tuesday night, and mortality among learned
men and fish.
Gower. And yet how fascinating those dreams of science. What a
charm, for instance, in a botany which essayed to read in the
sprinkled or veined colours of petals and of leaves, in the soft-
flushing hues, the winding lines, the dashes of crimson, amethyst, or
gold, in the tracery of translucent tissues empurpled or incarnadine,
—the planetary cipher, the hieroglyph of a star, the secret mark of
elementary spirits—of the gliding Undine or the hovering Sylph.
Willoughby. So too, in great measure, with anatomy and
psychology; for man was said to draw life from the central sun, and
growth from the moon, while imagination was the gift of Mercury, and
wrath burned down to him out of Mars. He was fashioned from the
stars as well as from the earth, and born the lord of both.
Atherton. This close connexion between the terrestrial and sidereal
worlds was to aid in the approximation of man to God. The aim was
noble—to marry Natural Science, the lower, to Revealed Religion,
the higher; elevating at once the world and man—the physical and
the spiritual; drawing more close the golden chain which binds the
world to the footstool of the eternal throne. While a spirit dwelt in all
nature, transforming and restoring, and benign influences, entering
into the substances and organisms of earth, blessed them according
to their capacities of blessing (transforming some with ease to higher
forms of beauty, labouring long, and almost lost in the grossness and
stubbornness of others), so also in the souls of men wrought the
Divine Spirit, gladly welcomed by the lowly-hearted, darkly resisted
by the proud, the grace of God here an odour of life, and there made
a deepening of death upon death.
Willoughby. How close their parallel between the laws of receptivity
in the inner world and in the outer. They brought their best, faithfully
—these magi,—gold and frankincense and myrrh.
Gower. Talking of sympathies, I have felt myself for the last quarter
of an hour rapidly coming into rapport with those old poet-
philosophers. I seem to thirst with them to pierce the mysteries of
nature. I imagine myself one of their aspiring brotherhood. I say, to
the dead let nature be dead; to me she shall speak her heart. The
changeful expression, the speechless gestures of this world, the
languors and convulsions of the elements, the frowns and smiles of
the twin firmaments, shall have their articulate utterance for my ear.
With the inward eye I see—here more dim, there distinct—the fine
network of sympathetic influences playing throughout the universe,
as the dancing meshes of the water-shadows on the sides of a basin
of marble——
Willoughby, (to Atherton, with a grotesque expression of pity.) He’s
off! Almost out of sight already.
Gower, (apparently unconscious of the interruption.) Yes, I will know
what legends of the old elemental wars are stored within yon grey
promontory, about whose grandsire knees the waves are gambolling;
and what is the story of the sea—what are the passions of the deep
that work those enamoured sleeps and jealous madnesses; and
what the meaning of that thunder-music which the hundred-handed
surf smites out from the ebon or tawny keys of rock and of sand
along so many far-winding solitary shores. I will know what the
mountains dream of when, under the summer haze, they talk in their
sleep, and the common ear can perceive only the tinkle of the
countless rills sliding down their sides. There shall be told me how
first the Frost-King won his empire, and made the vanquished
heights of earth to pass under those ice-harrows which men call
glaciers.
Atherton. ‘The truant Fancy was a wanderer ever!’
Gower. On the commonest things I see astral influences raining
brightness—no homeliness without some sparkle of the upper glory;
—as the wain and shoon of the peasant on some autumn night grow
phosphorescent, and are sown with electric jewellery. With purged
eyesight I behold the nascent and unfledged virtues of herbs and
minerals that are growing folded in this swaying nest named earth,
look hungering up to their parent stars that hover ministering above,
radiant in the topmost boughs of the Mundane Tree. I look into the
heart of the Wunderberg, and see, far down, the palaces and
churches of an under-world, see branching rivers and lustrous
gardens where gold and silver flow and flower; I behold the Wild
women, and the jealous dwarfs, and far away, the forlorn haunts of
the cairn-people, harping under their mossy stones; while from the
central depths sounds up to me the rolling litany of those giants who
wait and worship till the Great Restitution-Day. There among those
wilderness rocks I discern, under a hood of stone, a hermit Potency,
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