• ADDIS ABABA MEDICAL AND BUSINESS

COLLEGE SULULTA CAMPUS

• INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC
DEPARTMENT BSC NURSING
• NAME: TADELECH LEMA
• ID NUMBER: 21635
1. Culture-bonding psychotic syndrome
• Definition:
Culture-bound psychotic syndromes are mental health
disorders that are specific to certain cultural or societal
groups. These conditions are deeply rooted in cultural beliefs,
traditions, and practices, and their presentation is often
shaped by the social context of the affected population.
• Etiology
The exact causes of culture-bound psychotic syndromes are
complex and multifactorial. They can include:
1. Cultural and Social Factors:Cultural norms and belief
systems play a significant role in how symptoms manifest
and are interpreted.
Specific stressors unique to a culture, such as societal
pressures or community expectations, may contribute.
2. Psychological Factors:Trauma, anxiety, or unresolved
psychological conflicts within a cultural framework.
• 3. Patient and Family Education:
Provide education about the syndrome in a
culturally sensitive way.
Clarify misconceptions while respecting cultural
interpretations.
• Nursing Intervention
1. Culturally Competent Care
2. Thorough Assessment
3. Patient and Family Education
4. Collaboration with Traditional Healers
5. Emotional and Psychological Support
 2 Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS) ?
• Definition:
Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) are drug-induced movement
disorders that commonly occur as adverse effects of
antipsychotic medications, particularly those that block dopamine
receptors in the central nervous system.
• Etiology
EPS is primarily caused by the blockade of dopamine D2 receptors
in the nigrostriatal pathway of the brain. This imbalance between
dopamine and acetylcholine disrupts normal motor control.
Contributing Factors:
1. Medications:
First-generation (typical) antipsychotics:Haloperidol,
chlorpromazine.
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics (less commonly):
Risperidone, olanzapine.
Anti-emetics with dopamine-blocking properties: Metoclopramide,
prochlorperazine.
• Nursing Interventions
1. Monitor for Symptoms:Regularly assess for early signs of EPS,
particularly in patients on antipsychotics.
Use tools like the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) to
track symptoms.
2. Report and Collaborate:Notify the healthcare provider promptly
about new or worsening EPS symptoms.Collaborate to adjust the
medication dosage or consider alternative treatments.
• 3 Non-Pharmacologic Interventions:Teach relaxation techniques
and encourage physical activity to manage restlessness.
Promote good posture and ergonomic aids to minimize discomfort.
4 Medication Adjustments:Advocate for switching to second-
generation antipsychotics if EPS is severe.
Encourage dose reduction when clinically appropriate.
Minimize long-term use of dopamine-blocking agents where
possible.
 3 Emergency Psychiatry ?
• Definition:
Emergency psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry that deals with
acute mental health crises requiring immediate intervention to
ensure the safety and stability of the patient and others.
• Etiology
Emergency psychiatric situations can arise from a variety of
factors, often interacting in complex ways:
1. Psychiatric Disorders:Acute exacerbation of mental illnesses (e.
g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder).
Psychotic episodes, severe anxiety, or panic disorders.
2. Substance Abuse:Intoxication or withdrawal from alcohol, drugs,
or other substances.
• 3 Suicidal or Homicidal Behavior:Individuals at risk of self-harm or
harm to others.
4. Medical Conditions:Medical illnesses causing psychiatric
symptoms (e.g., thyroid disorders, infections, or metabolic
imbalances).
• Nursing Interventions in Emergency Psychiatry
1. Assessment and Triage:Rapidly assess the patient’s mental
status, behavior, and risk of harm to self or others.
Prioritize care based on the severity of symptoms and risk level.
• 2 Suicide and Violence Risk Management:Conduct suicide or
violence risk assessments using standardized tools.
Implement suicide precautions, such as one-on-one
observation, if indicated.
3 Medication Administration:Administer medications as
prescribed to manage acute symptoms (e.g., antipsychotics,
anxiolytics, or sedatives)
Monitor for side effects or adverse reactions.
4 Supportive Counseling:Offer reassurance and brief, solution-
focused counseling to address immediate concerns.
Validate the patient’s feelings without reinforcing maladaptive
thoughts.
services.
Educate them about the patient’s condition and treatment plan.
4 Psychotic Disorder Due to General
Medical Condition (GMC) ?
• Definition:
Psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition
(GMC) refers to psychotic symptoms such as delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized thinking, or bizarre behavior
caused directly by an underlying medical illness or
physiological condition.
• Etiology
• 1. Neurological Disorders
2. Endocrine Disorders
3. Infectious Diseases
4. Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
5. Autoimmune Disorders
• Nursing Interventions
1. Comprehensive Assessment:Conduct a thorough
physical and mental health assessment to identify
the underlying medical condition.
Monitor for symptoms such as hallucinations,
delusions, agitation, or confusion.
2. Identify and Treat the Underlying Cause:
Collaborate with the healthcare team to address the
medical condition causing the psychosis (e.g.,
treating infections, managing metabolic imbalances)
.
Administer medications or therapies prescribed for
the underlying condition.
3. Symptom Management:Administer antipsychotic
medications cautiously if prescribed.
5. Childhood depression, attention
deficit hyperactivity, mental retardation
and pervasive development.
• 1. Childhood Depression
Definition:
Childhood depression is a mood disorder in children
characterized by persistent sadness, irritability, and a lack
of interest in previously enjoyed activities. It may impair
social, academic, and emotional functioning.
• Etiology:
1. Biological Factors:Imbalance of neurotransmitters
(serotonin, dopamine)
Genetic predisposition (family history of depression).
2. Environmental Factors:Trauma, abuse, or neglect.
Parental separation or divorce.
Academic or social stressors.
3. Psychological Factors:Low self-esteem or perfectionism.
• Nursing Interventions:
1. Build rapport and trust with the child.
2. Encourage expression of feelings through age-appropriate
activities (e.g., drawing, play therapy).
3. Educate the family about depression and involve them in
the care plan.
4. Monitor for suicidal thoughts or self-harm
2. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent
patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that
interfere with daily functioning.
• Etiology:
1. Genetic Factors
2. Neurological Factors
3. Environmental Factors
4. Social Factors
• Nursing Interventions:
1. Educate the family about ADHD and coping strategies.
2. Establish routines and structured environments for the
child.
3. Use positive reinforcement to encourage appropriate
behavior.
4. Collaborate with teachers for individualized education
plans (IEPs).
• 3. Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
Definition:
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by significant
limitations in intellectual functioning (IQ <70) and
adaptive behavior, appearing before the age of 18.
Etiology:
1. Genetic Factors
2. Prenatal Factors
3. Postnatal Factors
4. Perinatal Factors:
• Nursing Interventions:
1. Promote development of daily living skills and
independence.
2. Provide consistent routines to minimize anxiety.
3. Use simple, clear communication.
4. Collaborate with therapists for specialized interventions
(e.g., speech, occupational therapy).
• 4. Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)
Definition:
PDD is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders,
including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized
by challenges in social interaction, communication, and
repetitive behaviors.
Etiology:
1. Genetic Factors
2. Neurological Factors
3. Environmental Factors
4. Unknown Factors
• Nursing Interventions:
1. Develop individualized care plans based on the
child’s needs.
2. Foster communication through speech therapy or
augmentative methods.
3. Use structured schedules and environments to
reduce anxiety.
4. Encourage social skills development through group
activities.
• 6. Geriatric psychiatry, psychosocial aspect of aging,
Myths about aging
Geriatric Psychiatry
Definition:
Geriatric psychiatry, also known as psychogeriatrics, is
a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of mental health disorders in
older adults.
• Psychosocial Aspects of Aging
Aging is associated with various psychosocial
challenges, including:
1. Emotional Changes
2. Social Changes
3. Cognitive Changes
4. Physical Challenges
Myths About Aging
1. Myth: Aging always leads to dementia.
Fact: While the risk of dementia increases with age,
most older adults do not develop it.
2. Myth: Older adults cannot learn new things.
Fact: Older adults can continue to learn and adapt with
appropriate support.
• 3. Myth: Aging leads to a lack of interest in
relationships or sexuality.
Fact: Older adults often maintain meaningful
relationships and an interest in intimacy.
• Etiology of Psychiatric Issues in the Elderly
1. Biological Factors
2. Psychological Factors:Coping with loss, grief, or
trauma.
Anxiety about mortality or dependence.
3. Social Factors:Isolation or lack of support.
Changes in living conditions or family dynamics.
• Nursing Interventions
1. Assessment and Monitoring:Conduct a thorough
psychosocial, cognitive, and physical assessment.
Use tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale or Mini-
Mental State Examination (MMSE).
2. Build Rapport and Trust:Use active listening and
empathetic communication.
Respect the patient’s autonomy and dignity.
7. HIV/AIDS in psychiatry and
Management of HIV/AIDS in
psychiatry using nursing process
• Definition:
HIV/AIDS in psychiatry focuses on the mental
health challenges faced by individuals living with
HIV/AIDS. These challenges can include psychiatric
disorders
Etiology of Psychiatric Disorders in HIV/AIDS
1. Biological Factors:Direct effects of HIV on the
brain: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
(HAND), including HIV-associated dementia.
• 2. Psychological Factors
3. Social Factors
4. Substance Use Disorders
• Management of HIV/AIDS in Psychiatry Using the Nursing
Process
1. Assessment
Psychiatric History: Assess for depression, anxiety,
psychosis, or substance use disorders.
Neurological Assessment: Look for cognitive impairments,
confusion, or memory issues.
• 2. Diagnosis
Examples of nursing diagnoses:
Anxiety related to diagnosis of HIV as evidenced by
restlessness and fear of death.
Risk for social isolation related to stigma and fear of
rejection.
• 3. Planning
Develop individualized care plans focused on mental health
stabilization, adherence to ART, and psychosocial support.
• 4. Implementation
a. Pharmacological Interventions:
• b. Psychosocial Support
c. Education
d. Crisis Management:
Address suicidal ideation or severe depression
promptly.
Provide immediate care for psychotic symptoms or
aggressive behavior.
• 5. Evaluation
Regularly assess the patient’s mental health,
adherence to treatment, and overall functioning
Monitor for improvement in coping skills and
reduction in psychiatric symptoms
• Nursing Interventions
1. Build Trust and Rapport
2. Manage Psychiatric Symptoms
3. Promote ART Adherence:Use reminders,
counseling, or motivational strategies to improve
adherence.
4. Provide Emotional Support
5. Facilitate Support Systems
6. Monitor for Cognitive Changes
early.
7. Address Stigma and Discrimination:Educate the
patient about their rights and ways to handle
discrimination.Advocate for policies that reduce
stigma and improve access to care.