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RM
Research Methodology
Lecturer Dr. Mohammed Ameen Rajeh
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Practical Research
11th edition
Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
Chapter 1
The Nature and
Tools of Research
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
What is Research?
Definition:
Research is a systematic process of
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
information to answer questions or solve
problems.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
The Importance of Research
Why Conduct Research?
To improve understanding of phenomena.
To make informed decisions.
To solve practical problems.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Examples of Application:
• Scientific advancements.
• Policy development.
• Educational improvement.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Basic vs. Applied Research
Basic Research:
• Aimed at gaining knowledge for the sake
of understanding fundamental principles.
• Example: Exploring how memory works in
the brain.
Applied Research:
• Focused on solving specific, practical
problems.
• Example: Developing a new teaching
method to improve math scores.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method:
1. Identify the problem.
2. Review the literature.
3. Formulate hypotheses or research
questions.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and interpret data.
6. Draw conclusions and report findings.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Tools of Research
Tools:
• Library and online databases.
• Measurement instruments (e.g., surveys,
experiments).
• Statistical techniques.
• Computer and software tools (e.g., MatLab,SPSS,
Excel).
Examples:
• Using academic journals for literature review.
• Employing software for data analysis.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Characteristics of Good
Research
Good Research is:
• Systematic and logical.
• Empirical (based on observable evidence).
• Replicable.
• Reductive
• Ethical.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Ethical Considerations in
Research
Principles:
• Avoid harm to participants.
• Obtain informed consent.
• Ensure confidentiality and anonymity.
• Report findings honestly and accurately.
Examples of Ethical Violations:
• Fabricating data.
• Failing to obtain consent.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
Summary of Chapter 1
• Research is a structured process for
addressing questions and solving
problems.
• The scientific method underpins rigorous
research practices.
• Ethical considerations are critical for
credible and responsible research.
• Tools like statistical software and
academic databases facilitate effective
research.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
Education, Inc.
Leedy & Ormrod
All Rights Reserved
