Test 3

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 on the following pages.

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A -E .

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs S - E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i- v ii ，in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

L is t o f H eadings

i Economic and social significance of tourism

ii The development of mass tourism

iii Travel for the wealthy

iv Earning foreign exchange through tourism

v Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism

vi The contribution of air travel to tourism

v ii The world impact of tourism

v iii The history of travel

Example Answer
Paragraph A v iii

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D
4 Paragraph E

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 Reading

The Context, Meaning

and Scope of Tourism
A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often
traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing
necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled
for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other
equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high
government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii
and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas
in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages,
has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the
development of civilisations and their economies.
B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century
phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England
during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability
of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline
industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the
jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international
travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn,
international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since
it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of
earning foreign exchange.
C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In
most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been
seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry,
although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel
and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992)，‘Travel
and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure
including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions， . In
1992， the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent
of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest
employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This
industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of
the world’s gross national product and accounting for capital investment in excess
of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a
profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of
travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.

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Test 3

D However, the major problems o f the travel and tourism industry that have hidden,
or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the
industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of
accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and
facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a
large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve
local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or
underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry
involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision
makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry
to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to
estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies.
However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles
for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.
E Once the exclusive province o f the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an
institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and
Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest com m odity in
international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries,
it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in
Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In
addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American
Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number
one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West
Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and
the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect
statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide
precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation
or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are
made to measure domestic tourism.

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 Reading

Questions 5 -1 0

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism
industry.
6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.

7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.

8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance
difficult to ascertain.
9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.

10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.

Questions 11-13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

11 In Greece, tourism is the most im portant.................

12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the m a jo r.................

13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in
the measurement o f .................

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Test 3

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

A utum n leaves
C a n a d ia n w r ite r J a y I n g r a m i n v e s tig a te s the
m y s t e r y o f w h y le a v e s tu rn r e d in th e f a ll
A One o f the most captivating natural events o f the year in many areas throughout
North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent,
but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or
purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.

B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that
captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree.
As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available
declines considerably. For many trees - evergreen conifers being an exception 一
the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis* until the spring. So rather than
maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its
precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree
dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into
the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it
throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn
colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as
the maple or sumac.

C The source o f the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble

plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to
a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling
is that anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as
the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of
anthocyanins - why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s
already scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?

D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical
defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating
birds or increase a leafs tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with
each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively
short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins
would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved.

* photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
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 Reading

E It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince
herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able
to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to
such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller， and
presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof
to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the
brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.

F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves w ould go to the trouble
of making anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the
theory known as the ‘light screen，hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the
idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to
protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does
chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber?
Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as
much of it as possible?

G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture the energy o f sunlight,

can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low
temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity
to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter
by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll
molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful
products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall
leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created
by the excited chlorophyll molecules.

H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn
red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that
are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that,
but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for
decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool
nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess
light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you
travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their
chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.

I What is s till not fu lly understood, however, is w hy some trees resort to producing
red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow
hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to
light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn
out to be as subtle and as complex.

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Test 3

Questions 14 -18

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A -l.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A -l, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves

15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn

16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves

17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll

18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signal

Questions 19-22

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

Why believe the ‘light screen，hypothesis?

• The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the
1 9 .................

• The 2 0 ............... surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.

• Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 2 1 ............
and sunny.

• The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 2 2 ...............

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 Reading

Questions 2 3 -2 5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.

24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about
chlorophyll.

25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by
sunlight.

Question 26

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?

A why conifers remain green in winter

B how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumn
C how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs in
D why anthocyanins are restricted to certain trees

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Test 3

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

Beyond the blue horizon

Ancient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands o f the
Pacific Ocean

An important archaeological discovery on

the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago Hawaii
of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient Guam 識 ：: ■
seafaring people, the distant ancestors of todays
Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. Papua New Guinea
An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of
a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave - the

IHH9
first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 Samoa
Vanuatu ...
years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Tahiti
Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of an HHBM
ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita. the international team digging up the site, Tor it
conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’
They were daring blue-water adventurers
who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. DNA teased from these human remains may
But they were not just explorers. They were also help answer one of the most puzzling questions in
pioneers who carried with them everything they Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring
would need to build new lives —their livestock, from one source or many? Was there only one
taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span outward migration from a single point in Asia, or
of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the several from different points? ‘This represents the
boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad best opportunity we’ve had yet/ says Spriggs, to
volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest find out who the Lapita actually were, where they
coral outliers of Tonga. came from, and who their closest descendants are
today/
The Lapita left precious few clues about
themselves, but Efatd expands the volume of data There is one stubborn question for which
available to researchers dramatically. The remains archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how
of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent
and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six of a moon landing, many times over? No-one
complete Lapita pots. Other items included a has found one of their canoes or any rigging,
Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged which could reveal how the canoes were sailed.
on the rim as though peering down at the human Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later
remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,J Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into
says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at myths long before they reach as far back in time
the Australian National University and head of as the Lapita.

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 Reading

All we can say for certain is that the Lapita easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than
had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its
and they had the ability to sail them,， says Geoff scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop
Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University for mariners riding the trade winds home.
of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were
developed and passed down over thousands of All this presupposes one essential detail, says
years by earlier mariners who worked their way Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the
through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, Australian National University: the Lapita had
making short crossings to nearby islands. The real mastered the advanced art of sailing against the
adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita wind. And there’s no proof they could do any
descendants sailed out of sight of land, with such thing， ，Anderson says. ‘There has been
empty horizons on every side. This must have this assumption they did, and people have built
been as difficult for them as landing on the m o on canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that
is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them assumption. But nobody has any idea what their
from their ancestors, but what gave them the canoes looked like or how they were rigged/
courage to launch out on such risky voyages? Rather than give all the credit to human
The Lapitas thrust into the Pacific was skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El
eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the
Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita,
may have been the key to their success. ‘They Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data
could sail out for days into the unknown and assess obtained from slow-growing corals around the
the area, secure in the knowledge that if they Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El
didn’t find anything, they could turn about Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By
and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade
This is what would have made the whole thing winds for weeks at a time, these super El Nifios’
work.，Once out there, skilled seafarers would might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned
have detected abundant leads to follow to land: voyages.
seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by However they did it, the Lapita spread
the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on themselves a third of the way across the Pacific,
the horizon which often indicates an island in the then called it quits for reasons known only to
distance. them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central
For returning explorers, successful or not, the Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched
geography of their own archipelagoes would have to venture farther. They probably never numbered
provided a safety net. Without this to go by, more than a few thousand in total, and in their
overshooting their home ports, getting lost and rapid migration eastward they encountered
sailing off into eternity would have been all too hundreds of islands —more than 300 in Fiji alone.

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Test 3

Questions 2 7 -3 1

Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A -J , below.

Write the correct letter, A -J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

The Efate burial site

A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found
on an abandoned 2 7 ............... on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a
significant 2 8 ............... .was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.

The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They
took many things with them on their voyages including 2 9 ............... and tools.

The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to
scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National
University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 3 0 ...............
which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 3 1 ............... found
inside are Lapita.

A proof
B plantation

C harbour

D bones

E data
F archaeological discovery

G burial urn
H source

I animals

J maps

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 Reading

Questions 3 2 -3 5

Choose the correct letter，A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet

32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita
accomplished their journeys because

A the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues,
B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research,
C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy,
D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.

33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?
They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.
! Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.
" They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.
# Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.

34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh paragraph?

A the Lapita s seafaring talent

B the Lapita~s ability to detect signs of land
C the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the region
D the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home

35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region
significant?
It played an important role in Lapita culture.
! It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.
" It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.
# It made a large number of islands habitable.

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Test 3

Q uestions 3 6 -4 0

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.

37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.

38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.

39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.

40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.

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