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Evaluation of some Exotic Cultivars of Sweet Orange in Punjab, Pakistan

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY
ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596
10–207/SBC/2010/12–5–729–733
http://www.fspublishers.org

Full Length Article

Evaluation of some Exotic Cultivars of Sweet Orange in Punjab,

Pakistan
MUHAMMAD NAWAZ KHAN, MUHAMAD AZHER NAWAZ1†, WAQAR AHMAD‡, MUHAMMAD AFZAL†, AMAN
ULLAH MALIK‡ AND BASHARAT ALI SALEEM¶
Citrus Research Institute Sargodha (CRIS), Punjab, Pakistan
†University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
‡Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Fasialabad, Punjab, Pakistan
¶Hill Fruit Research Station, Sunny Bank, Murree, Department of Agriculture (Research), Punjab, Pakistan
1
Corresponding author’s e-mail: azher490@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

Citrus industry of Pakistan has been monopolized by a single cultivar Kinnow mandarin. Efforts are being made to diversify
the citrus industry by induction of some suitable species like sweet orange, being the best choice after Kinnow mandarin. In
the present studies 11 exotic sweet orange cultivars (Salustiana, Emby Gold, Lane Navel, Glane Navel, Hamlin, Tarocco-N,
Casa Garande, Hinkley, Marr’s Early, Kozan & Musambi) were evaluated at Citrus Research Institute Sargodha (CRIS)
Pakistan, for prospective cultivation in Punjab province. The studies comprised of plant growth (plant height, plant spread,
stem girth) and development (fruit size, per fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit) and
physiochemical properties [juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TTS/acid ratio, peel thickness, peel weight, rag
weight] of the fruits. The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design (RCBD), consisting of 11
treatments (cultivars) replicated four times and two trees were taken as an experimental unit; the data were collected and
analyzed according to standard analytical techniques. The preliminary results showed that Tarocco-N and Salustiana
performed the best in all respects as against Musambi, which is already cultivated as popular sweet orange cultivar in Pakistan.
On the basis of this study, it can be recommended that Tarocco-N and Salustiana can be inducted as potential cultivars to
diversify the citrus industry of Pakistan. © 2010 Friends Science Publishers

Key Words: Citrus; Pakistan; Performance; Physiological properties; Sweet orange

INTRODUCTION availability of citrus fruits in the market, on the other hand

fruit processing factories/waxing and grading plant have less
Citrus fruits are natives of Southeast Asia (Indonesia time available to process and export the citrus fruits to
& China), but they are now extensively grown almost foreign countries (Albrigo, 2007). In addition to this
throughout the world under tropical and sub-tropical Kinnow has very high number of seeds per fruit (20-30
conditions, where the soil and climatic regimes are quite seeds/fruit) and cannot be used in the processing industry
favorable for its growth (Shah, 2004). Citrus fruits comprise for juice extraction (Anwar & Ibrahim, 2004). Keeping in
of about 40% of the total fruits produced in Pakistan, where view the study was initiated to check the performance of
it is cultivated over an area of 199,400 ha with an annual some sweet orange cultivars under the agro climatic
production of about 2.29 million tons (Anonymous, 2008). conditions of Sargodha, Punjab province to diversify the
More than 95% of citrus is being produced in the Punjab citrus industry of Pakistan.
province and 70% of citrus grown in Punjab is Kinnow
(Niaz et al., 2004), while in rest of the world the share of MATERIALS AND METHODS
sweet orange cultivars is more than 70%, owing to its more
choice of varieties ranging from early maturing to late The study was conducted on 6 years old cultivars of
maturing and very less number of seeds per fruit. sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck L.) trees growing at
Kinnow has monopolized the citrus industry of the Experimental Fruit Garden, Citrus Research Institute
Pakistan. If some problems occur with this cultivar then Sargodha (CRIS), Punjab, Pakistan. The sweet orange
citrus industry of Pakistan may collapse. Moreover, Kinnow cultivars included Salustiana, Emby Gold, Lane Navel,
is a very late maturing that reduces the total span of Glane Navel, Hamlin, Tarocco-N, Casa Garande, Hinkley,

To cite this paper: Khan, M.N., M.A. Nawaz, W. Ahmad, M. Afzal, A.U. Malik and B.A. Saleem, 2010. Evaluation of some exotic cultivars of sweet orange
in Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 12: 729–733
 KHAN et al. / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 12, No. 5, 2010

Marr’s Early, Kozan alongwith Musambi. The experimental dividing the total soluble solids with acidity. Total soluble
trees were spaced at about 7 m × 7 m, grafted on rough solids per tree (kg) were calculated by multiplying the total
lemon rootstock (Citrus jambheri L.), growing under similar fruit weight per plant, juice percentage/100 and total soluble
agro climatic conditions and received same cultural solids/100 (Bassanezi et al., 2007).
practices during the period of investigation. Eighty four The response of experimental trees to different
uniform trees with no apparent disease incidence were parameters studied was evaluated by statistical analysis of
selected for the experiment in the form of a block. A data using the computer software MSTAT-C (Freed & Scott,
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was followed 1986), while DMR test was used to compare the differences
with four replications and two trees were selected as a among the treatment means at 5% probability level.
treatment unit.
The vegetative behavior of the experimental trees was RESULTS
assessed by recording height of the plants that was measured Various vegetative and reproductive growth
by telescopic pole. It was measured from soil level to parameters showed significant differences for various sweet
highest top branch of the tree. To measure the spread of the orange cultivars.
tree, two observations were taken from East to West and Vegetative growth parameters: Plant growth is measured
North to South at right angle with the help of measuring in terms of plant height, plant spread and stem girth, all
tape in a cross section up to the maximum out growth of the these parameters showed significant differences among
plant in each direction and average spread was calculated. various cultivars.
Stem girth was measured by a measuring tape, just above Plant height is important vegetative characteristic of
the rootstock and scion joint. Fruit weight per tree and total citrus trees, as there will be more height, there will be more
number of fruits per plant (yield) were recorded by number of branches and total number of leaves and the
weighing and counting total number of fruits per tree at the leaves serve as the food manufacturing factories of plant.
time of harvest. Fruit diameter was measured by measuring Maximum plant height (280.30 cm) was observed in
the 10 fruits per cultivar with the help of digital verneir Tarocco-N followed by Salustiana (275.50 cm) and
caliper and average fruit diameter was calculated (Nawaz et Musambi (272.36 cm), whereas minimum plant height
al., 2008). (208.50 cm) was observed in Glane Navel and Lane Navel
Average fruit weight was calculated by weighing ten (223.80 cm). It is very much clear from the results that
fruits per tree on digital electric balance and average was Tarocco-N, Salustiana and Musambi performed very well
calculated at the time of harvest. regarding plant height, while Navel Oranges (Glane Navel
Juice was extracted and weighed; average juice weight & Lane Navel) were found to be poor for plant height
was calculated separately for each treatment. The average whereas, all other cultivars were in between them as shown
juice percentage was obtained from the following formula: in Table I.
A verage juice weight Maximum plant spread was observed in Salustiana
Juice % age= ×100
A verage fruit weight (235.50 cm) followed by Emby Gold (234.80 cm) and
Musambi (232.50 cm), though all the three were statistically
To determine number of seeds per fruit, ten fruits was at par with each other, while minimum plant spread was
taken as a sample from each tree of the respective cultivar, observed in Glane Navel (197.50 cm).
fruits were circumcised and the seeds were extracted, Similarly stem girth, which is an other important
counted and average number of seeds per fruit was indicator of vegetative performance of plants showed that
calculated. Peel weight and rag weight was also taken with highest stem girth was found in Kozan (29.13 cm) closely
help of electric balance and the data were recorded in grams. followed by Marr’s Early (28.75 cm), Salustiana (28.37 cm)
Peel thickness for every fruit was measured in millimeters and Tarocco-N (28.36 cm), whereas minimum stem girth
by using vernier caliper for selected ten fruits from each was observed in Hamlin (26.13 cm) as shown in Table I.
treatment and then average peel thickness was calculated. Reproductive parameters: The results for number of
After filtration of juice 2-3 drops were placed on the fruits per plant indicated significant differences among
prism of digital refractometer and the reading was noted. cultivars. Highest numbers of fruits per plant were
Acidity in juice was determined by taking 10 mL of juice observed in Musambi (345.75) followed by Salustiana
from each sample and diluted with distilled water in a 100 (321.75) and Tarocco-N (298.75), while lowest numbers
mL beaker, 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein were added for of fruits per plant were observed in Glane Navel (87.25)
end point. The samples were titrated against N/10 NaOH and Lane Navel (89.50). Similarly, results for total fruit
(Hortwitz, 1960). The results were expressed as percent weight per plant also depicted significant differences,
citric acid. maximum fruit weight per plant was found in Tarocco-N
N /10 N a O H u s e d × 0.006 4
(69.34 kg) closely followed by Salustiana (67.85 kg) and
A c id ity %a g e = ×10 0 Musambi (61.59 kg), while lowest fruit weight per plant
Vo lu me o r w e ig h t o f s a mp le us ed
was observed in Glane Navel (23.42 kg) and Lane Navel
Total soluble solids (TSS)/acid ratio was calculated by (24.23 kg) (Table II).

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Table I: Vegetative growth parameters of different Juice percentage in the citrus fruit is considered to be
cultivars of sweet orange very important. The ultimate demand of customer is higher
juice percentage in the fruit. Results regarding the juice
Cultivar Plant height (cm) Plant spread (cm) Stem girth (cm)
Salustiana 275.50 ab 235.50 a 28.37 abc percentage revealed significant differences among different
Emby Gold 260b c 234.80 a 26.88 cd cultivars. Salustiana proved to be superior with a juice
Lane Navel 223.80 d 214.30 bcd 27.63 abcd percentage of 50.70%, which was statistically at par with
Glane Navel 208.50 d 197.50 d 28.25 abc Tarocco-N having juice percentage of 50.69% followed by
Hamlin 260.50 bc 219.00 abc 26.13 d
Tarocco-N 280.30 a 225.00 abc 28.36 abc Musambi (49.80%), Glane Navel (48.93%), Emby Gold
Casa Garande 257.30 c 206.80 cd 28.50 ab (48.60%) and Lane Navel (48.11%). Minimum juice
Hinkley 257.50 c 219.80 abc 27.25 bcd percentage was recorded in the fruits of Hamlin (41.06%).
Marr’s Early 243.50 c 231.50 ab 28.75 ab Juice recovery is a qualitative parameter, Salustiana and
Kozan 245.50 c 225.50 abc 29.13 a
Musambi 272.36 ab 232.50 a 28.16 abc Tarocco-N proved themselves as meritorious cultivars
Means in the column followed by like letters are non-significant; means not regarding this aspect (Table III).
followed by like letters differ statistically at 5% level of significance Peel thickness of citrus fruit is also important fruit
Physio-chemical characteristics: Total soluble solids quality parameters and in citrus cultivars it varies from
(TSS) are an important measure of the sugar contents of the cultivar to cultivar. The results for peel thickness depicted
fruits as sugars constitute approximately 85% of the soluble significant differences among various cultivars of sweet
solids in citrus fruits (sweet oranges & mandarins) oranges. Maximum peel thickness was observed in the fruit
(Wardowski et al., 1979). Significant differences of TSS of Emby Gold (5.27 mm) followed by Hinkley (5.13 mm)
were observed among various sweet orange cultivars. and Marr’s Early (4.94 mm), while lowest peel thickness
Maximum TSS was observed in Salustiana (9.50%) was observed in the fruit of Salustiana (4.29 mm).
followed by Musambi (9.19%) and Tarocco-N (9.12%), Peel weight per fruit was also measured, which
while lowest TSS was found in the fruits of Lane Navel and depicted significant differences among various cultivars,
Glane Navel, 7.35% and 7.55%, respectively. maximum peel weight per fruit was observed in the fruits of
The data pertaining to acidity showed significant effect Lane Navel (98.66 g) followed by Glane Navel (94.85 g)
of cultivars on acidity. Highest fruit juice acidity was and Hinkley (89.33 g), whereas minimum peel weight per
observed in Kozan (1.24%) followed by Hinkley (1.20%) fruit was observed in Musambi (55.47 g). It is important to
and Hamlin (1.11), whereas minimum acidity was found in note that the peel weight was more in the fruits having
Musambi (0.55%) and Salustiana (0.39%) (Table II). It larger size and per fruit weight, while less in the fruits
indicates that fruits of Musambi and Salustiana are less having smaller fruit size and per fruit weight.
acidic compared to other cultivars. The data for rag weight per fruit showed differences
Total soluble solids (TSS) per plant were also among the cultivars. Maximum rag weight was observed in
calculated, which showed significant differences among the the fruits of Musambi (41.97 g), Hamlin (41.96 g) and Lane
cultivars. Maximum TSS per plant was observed in Navel (41.81 g), all the three cultivars were statistically at
Tarocco-N (3.04 kg) followed by Musambi (2.87 kg) and par with each other followed by Glane Navel (39.36 g),
Salustiana (2.65 kg), while lowest TSS per plant was whereas minimum rag weight was observed in the fruit of
observed again in Lane and Glane Navel (0.81, 0.83 kg, Casa Garande (24.57 g). Here it is imperative to note that
respectively) (Table II). the rag weight was more in Musambi fruits, while its per
Maximum fruit size was observed in Lane Navel fruit weight and diameter was very less compared to other
(80.30 mm) closely followed by Glane Navel (77.87 mm) cultivars which indicate that the fruits of Musambi have
whereas, minimum fruit size (67.65 mm) was found in more fiber contents (roughages).
Hamlin. The fruit size of all other cultivars was in between The numbers of seeds per fruit were significantly
them. Similarly per fruit weight is also another important different in various cultivars. Highest numbers of seeds per
quality parameter in citrus fruits, the results for per fruit fruit were observed in Kozan (22.87), Musambi (22.50) and
weight also depicted significant differences. Hinkley (21.25) followed by Casa Garande and Emby Gold
Highest per fruit weight was observed in the fruits of having 11.62, 10.12 seed per fruit, respectively whereas
Lane Navel (270.73 g) and Glane Navel (268.48 g), both minimum numbers of seeds per fruit were found in the fruits
were statistically at par with each other followed by Hinkley of Tarocco-N (0.75), Salustiana (3.12) and Lane Navel
(236.77 g) and Marr’s Early (235.03 g), whereas lowest per (3.12).
fruit weight was observed in the fruits of Musambi (178.14
DISCUSSION
g). The heaviest fruits were observed on the plants of Navel
Oranges (Lane Navel, Glane Navel), while lightest fruit Vegetative growth has a profound impact on the
were on Musambi trees, but it is worth to mention here that reproductive growth of citrus because citrus bears on current
on Navel Oranges (Lane Navel, Glane Navel) the total season growth emerging from one year old branches
number of fruits per plant were very less compared to (Ahmed et al., 2006). So keeping in view the bearing habit,
Musambi (Table III). plant height, plant spread and stem girth were included as a

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Table II: Chemical characteristics and yield of different cultivars of sweet orange

Cultivar Total soluble solids (TSS) Acidity (%) TSS/acid ratio TSS per plant (kg) (Fruits/plant) Total fruit weight/plant (kg)
Salustiana 9.50 a 0.39 g 24.29 a 2.65 ab 321.75 b 67.85 a
Emby Gold 8.62 bcd 0.85 de 10.16 cd 1.83 c 212.75 c 48.22 c
Lane Navel 7.35 f 0.79 e 9.22 cd 0.81 e 89.50 f 24.23 e
Glane Navel 7.55 f 0.79 e 9.55 cd 0.83 e 87.25 h 23.42 e
Hamlin 7.75 ef 1.11 bc 7.03 ef 1.79 c 225.50 c 48.47 c
Tarocco-N 9.12 ab 1.05 c 8.72 de 3.04 a 298.75 bc 69.34 a
Casa Garande 8.96 abc 0.85 de 10.61 c 1.73 c 185.00 fg 39.69 d
Hinkley 8.19 de 1.20 ab 6.84 f 1.85 c 195.25 d 46.23 c
Marr’s Early 8.30 de 0.89 d 9.34 cd 1.68 c 172.50 e 40.54 d
Kozan 8.44 cd 1.24 a 6.81 f 1.32 d 143.50 ef 30.80 de
Musambi 9.19 ab 0.55 f 17.01 b 2.87 ab 345.75 a 61.59 b
Means in the column followed by like letters are non-significant; means not followed by like letters differ statistically at 5 percent level of significance.

Table III: Physical characteristics of fruit of different cultivars of sweet orange

Cultivar Fruit size (mm) Per fruit weight (g) Juice percentage Peel thickness (mm) Peel weight (g) Rag weight (g) Number of seeds/fruit
Salustiana 72.91 d 210.89 d 50.70 a 4.29 c 76.06 de 34.22 bc 3.12 cd
Emby Gold 73.31 d 226.64 bcd 48.60 ab 5.27 a 88.45 abcd 32.63 bc 10.12 b
Lane Navel 80.30 a 270.73 a 48.11 ab 4.78 abc 98.66 a 41.81 a 3.12 cd
Glane Navel 77.87 ab 268.48 a 48.93 ab 4.92 abc 94.85 ab 39.36 ab 3.50 cd
Hamlin 67.65 e 214.96 cd 41.06 cd 4.68 abc 84.87 bcde 41.96 a 4.37 c
Tarocco-N 77.53 ab 232.09 bcd 50.69 a 4.86 abc 87.95 abcd 33.46 bc 0.75 d
Casa Garande 74.56 cd 214.56 cd 46.69 b 4.49 bc 79.07 cde 24.57 c 11.62 b
Hinkley 73.19 d 236.77 b 44.08 c 5.13 ab 89.33 abc 37.91 b 21.25 a
Marr’s Early 76.73 bc 235.03 bc 45.31 bc 4.94 abc 82.35 bcde 36.612 b 9.50 b
Kozan 74.39 cd 214.65 cd 47.61 b 4.38 c 74.58 e 38.06 b 22.87 a
Musambi 69.71 e 178.14 e 49.80 ab 4.57 bc 55.47 f 41.97 a 22.50 a
Means in the column followed by like letters are non-significant; means not followed by like letters differ statistically at 5 percent level of significance.
parameter of study. It was observed that various sweet insipid tasting juice (Wardowski et al., 1979). Here it is
orange cultivars depicted different results regarding worth to note that although acidity of Tarocco-N was higher
vegetative growth parameters, Salustiana, Tarocco-N and compared to Musambi and Tarocco-N but TSS per plant of
Musambi performed very well, whereas Navel Oranges Tarocco-N was more compared to both of these cultivars
(Glane Navel & Lane Navel) were found to be poor because the juice recovery (%) was more and the total fruit
performer (Table I). The reason of better performance of weight per plant on the plant of Tarocco-N was higher
Salustiana, Tarocco-N and Musambi might be due to their compared to Musambi and Salustiana. Our findings were
better compatibility with soil and environmental conditions found to be in close consonance with that of Augusti et al.
and better absorption of the various nutrients from the soil, (2002).
as the optimum concentration of the nutrients in plant body Fruit diameter and per fruit weight are of commercial
is much more important for proper growth and development importance for citrus fruits marketing and trade/business. It
of plants (Malik, 1994). Nutrients affect the photosynthetic is generally considered that in citrus with excessive increase
rate, production of carbohydrates and proteins, which in turn in size the quality is impaired, while on the other side small
control plant growth and development (Taiz & Zeiger, sized fruits are of low quality (Nawaz et al., 2008). As for as
2002). fruit size and per fruit weight are concerned Navel Oranges
As for as yield parameters (number of fruits per plant were found to be at top but the yield of Navel Oranges was
& fruit weight per plant) are concerned, Tarocco-N, very less so they can not be recommended for commercial
Salustiana and Musambi excelled other cultivars where as cultivation on the other hand Tarocco-N and Salustiana
Navel oranges (Glane & Lane Navel) performed very showed meritorious properties having better fruit size
poorly (Table II). It is also worth to note that although alongwith reasonable yield potential and can be cultivated
Tarocco-N was at 3rd position as number of fruits per plant as commercial cultivars to get better returns and to fulfill the
was concerned, but it was at the top in the total fruit weight orange requirement of our country.
per plant, indicating its heavier fruits. It might be due to Generally citrus fruits with less number of seeds per
better in built character (genetic make up) or might be due fruit are processed, because most efficient processing
to the better adaptability of Tarocco-N to the soil and machines fail to extract juice from highly seeded citrus
environmental conditions (Nawaz et al., 2007). The TSS to fruits. Processing machines separate seed core from fruits,
acid ratio is crucial, as it constitutes a measure of balance but even then, some seeds are crushed in juice that requires
between sugars and acids. TSS/acid ratio serves as an de-bittering, which is a costly process and makes the juice
indication of palatability of the juice. High values indicate expensive (Anwar & Ibrahim, 2004). Internationally, the
sweeter fruit whereas, very high values may be indicative of citrus fruits having less than five seeds per fruit are

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