-

Lelation Y
6
Is population growth responsible for poverty or poverty Briefly discuss the factors responsible for failure
responsible for population growth. Discuss 10 m
& associated issues of Natonsl population policies in India.

of
In recent times there have been debates wrt New
National Population Policy being the ened of the
Negative impact of globalisation hour. In context of this statement discuss what
1. Changing value system should be the prime concerns of new policy.
2. Isolation
3. Disintegration of family
4. Fixation with material
Demo - population; Graphy - characteristics— characteristics of population success

~ ~ V I ↓ Impact of globalisation on old age

1. Better access to technology which helps
2

T%
you to stay connected with your extended ↑

Vulnerable sections Populal

Demography
&
-
family.

sulation
con

9
Debate wit -
changes
2. Health facilities- infra have improved
3. The supranational orgn WHO -
implementation of active ageing- result of

society policy
globalisation.

high population Demography consists of the trends and process associated

with population e.g. population size, birth, death, migration,
Y ↑ of 4. New job opportunities which are not
physically labourious.
5. Example - Uber health to take parent to
WAY FORWARD
1. Discontinuation of monetary incentive
[access wealth
concerned doctor and drop them home

I
by Females
+educ
literacy, structure ( age ) and composition. ↓ to
safely. 2. Democratic decentralised planning
--

Jerbell
f erb
-
· S Ral
Zal2
·
Old
Age
->
Concept 3. Checking the trend of putting entire onus on

i ~old
agen
ell Causes for High Fertility Rate
Ey
-

e
- -
-

women.
a <Types of demography 1. Poverty and illiteracy

Liability
Mathisia
- According to Census 2011 8.6% 4. Broader coverage wrt composition of the
2. Religious ideologies
3. Universality of institution of marriage. population is above 60 years. It is defined as purposeful measure which population
Fertility refers to actual reproductive performance
of an individual. Currently our total fertility rate is
4. Early marriage or child marriage.
5. Preference for a male child, son meta
-c
?
hild who a
is child
1. Critically examine to what extent urbanisation has
aggravated the vulnerability of old age population.
Within this decade 2001-2011 has
increased by 35.5%. is aimed at affecting demographic 5. Checking the trends of migration wrt
2.2 which is expected to reduce to replacement. 70% living in Rural areas - processes such as fertility, mortality and
Creates pressure on existing
-> Formal preference - desired no. of male child. ) Child
· Labour
National
2. What do you mean by longevity dividend ?
Enumerate teh steps that should be taken by the Ruralisation of old age.
migration.
concentration of population in few pockets in
6. Lack of awareness among women wrt prohibition
A Policy for children 2013
<
India.

wrt definition of child

Act
Regional variation:- UP , Bihar , Jharkhand,
,
government to reap the potential of longevity dividend. Feminisation of old age - No. females
resources
>

Lack of uniformity
reproductive health. 3. Discuss the +ve and -ve impact of globalisation on the > no. of males in old age bracket —
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland- fertility 6. Promoting the culture of geriatric care.

Factories
It refers to statistical component of population
-

Responsible for relative deprivation & old age population. Kerala has highest share of old age
Types of
7. High Infant and Child mortality rate 1. The policy was introduced in 2013 to give National plan of Action
rate more then national average. Juvenile Justice Act population - 12.6% share in total. 7. Entire burden of family planning is on
social unrest change. 8. Lack of availability and affordability of effect to UNCRC. 1. Survival:- Universal Maternal &
Child health, Universal Immunisation, ISSUES · user health
Implications:- contraceptive methods. ( 4A’s ). 2. It declares every individual less than 18 to be
a child. Quality pre natal, peri natal and post natal 1. Failing health - ageing is synonymous with declining
Y bureaucracy rather active participation of
GOVERNMENT PROVISIONS
9. Joint family norm ((28)
policies NGO’s , civil society in the process of family
POCSO
-> Social high fertility rate >> resource deificit >> Health
10. Heterosexual forms of marriages. According to United Nations
3. Every child has 4 basic rights — right to
health and survival, right to education &
care.
2. Development:- Universal qualitative health and this provess is further aggravated due to 1. integrated for older person 1992
( malnourishment), education and overall well- Convention on Right of Child early childhood care & education, lack of availability, accessibility, affordability, 2. Indira Gandhi national old age pension planning rather than just bureaucracy.
< Asset Social demography deals with social cause and
being of child would Suffer, attention deficit >> Their is no keener ( UNCRC ) every individual less
than 18 is a child. Every
development, right to participation and right
to protection. secondary education. awareness and quality wrt healthcare. scheme 1995 8. Promoting sex and adolescent education,
chances of juvenile delinquency would be high revealation of the soul of the individual by the virtue of being a To implement the policy Ministry of Women 3. Protection:- strengthening legislative,
2. Income insecurity - absence of assured and sufficient 3. National policy for older persons 1999. There sre two types of population policies
consequences of the statistics. >> child labour >> worst sufferer would be girl Nation than the treatment child has four rights. India is
signatory and has ratified this
and Child development will prepare National administrative & institutional mechanism
for child protection . income created the feeling of insecurity among the 4. Maintenance and welfare of senior citizen 1. ANTE - NATAL :- to reduce the birth rate and stabilise Alternative methods of contraception, delayed

mid ce
plan of action for children.
child.
given to its children
~ Nelson Madela
convention.
1. Right to Survival National coordination and action group is 4. Participation:- active participation of older generation. The older population is unable to act 2007. the population. pregnancy, proper spacing etc.
If it gets transformed into Human capital It has been observed that the emergence of female vote bank in children in planning & implementation of compete with young minds due to following factors
the recent elections has made political parties and leaders take On Women :-
2. Right to development
3. Right to participation
responsible for implementation of the policy.
programs concerning them. 5. National program for healthcare for elderly 2. DISTRIBUTIONAL :- deals with concentration, 9. Culture of vasectomy needs to be promoted.
1. Cultural capital :- education, skills 4. Right to protection > limited physical and mental capacity 2010.
women related issues seriously. Critically examine in context of 1. Low participation in labour market because
> chronic malnutrition structure and composition of the 10. Changing social norms in the society.
2. Social capital :- source of networking, electoral mobilisation in India in recent times. most of her productive years she is busy or Issues According to the study of Ministry of Women and Child NATIONAL POLICY FOR SENIOR CITIZEN, 2011 11. Checking the trend of skewed sex ratio.
mutual trust and harmony. involved in the task of birth giving. Family :- Standard of living gets impacted, social Development 53% of the children sre subjted to some kind of > family and social mindsets population.
( WAY FORWARD)
2. Health suffers Nash the physical capacity of cohesion in family gets negatively impacted.
sexual abuse out of which in more than 90% cases the abuse > limited access to resources In Context of India population policies have always been 12. Improved access , education and
3. Economic capital :- work opportunity, Sabarimala Temple entry, Ujjwala scheme, banning is committed by a known person however only 6% cases are > lack of awareness wrt the rights and entitlements. 1.Mainstream the concerns of senior citizens
the women comes under threat, high chances >Child Sexual House reported. specifically the older women. ante natal rather than distributional. Now that the fertility empowerment of women.
environment at workplace, wages. of liquor shops, banning of casinos in Goa. of anaemia or maternal mortality rate. According to NCRB there is 336% increase in child rape
3. Isolation and Neglect ( agewell foundation - 43% of old
Nation :- if women I am not participating, children people are suffering from isolation and neglect). 2. Promote income security, pension , rate is about to reach the replacement level so we have
3. if women is not financially independent and cases from 2010-2014.
or unhealthy the quality of the workforce gets
physically not fit her social status will be low.
CAUSES
ECONOMIC CAUSES
# disintegration of joint family healthcare, insurance etc. controlled the Birth rate , the need of the hour is to shift
There has been a contrast in the demography of the North compromised demographic dividend will turn into PSYCHOLOGICAL # dual career families 3. Promote the care of old people in the family the focus towards distributional policies. West Bengal’s Kanyashree scheme offers financial aid

Demographic
and south India. Explain this phenomenon and Discuss its -> dividend 4. Ultimately neither she is socially empowered a disaster, economic development will suffer, 1. Psychopath
2. Relative deprivation there is an urge to
1. Poverty - easy victim and also relative dep.
2. Caste rigidities # changing value system where older generation is and to consider the institutional care as the to girls wanting to pursue higher studies. Bihar and
nor financially empowered so inability to Status of India and global level would be considered as a liability rather than an asset.
policy implications. 3. Failure of education system - last resort.
bring about change in society. negatively impacted.
impose your hegemony.
# emergence of specialised institutions of knowledge other States have been implementing a cycle scheme
Evolut ion
of
3. Victim - that person him/herself has been lack of moral values - corrupt value system. 4. Consider old people as the valuable resource -

victimof the same. Lack of sex and adolescent education which has reduced the importance of older people and efforts shoukd be made to make them to ensure girls reach safely to school
It is referred as potential of economic growth created due to Government efforts :- Mission Parivar Vikas - targeting those districts 4. Broken window theory - lack of deterrence 4. Lack of space spaces - as the source of wisdom. ->
Fertility rate is high in North India whereas in where fertility rate is high, Vasectomy fortnight - to promote male sterilisation, if a person is not punished for petty crimes economically productive ( vocational trainers,

olicy
5. Lack of proper institutional care of children 4. Abuse - since they are perceived to be passive, weak
the bulge in working age population P

cutionsaddressing
South India it has already reached the Contraceptive pills through PM Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana, involvement of Asha the chances of committing heinous crimes without functional families e.g. shelter homes. their experience can be used in think tanks,
and dependent they are prone to different types of
replacement level. workers at ground level- to create awareness about family planning. at later stage of life are high. 6. Lack of awareness among parents wrt they can be recruited as counsellors,
ratio declines abuses e.g. physical, financial, emotional and sexual.
Death rate has also declined due to better Got dependency Indirectly:- Beti Padhao Bet Bachao, Sukanya Samridhi Yojana to encourage GOVERNMENT EFFORTS
1. POCSO :- Protection of Child against Sexual Offence
different types of abuses.
5. There is lack of formal awareness program in India encourage self employment, SHG’s and
cooperative ventures can play a significant
small families. LIMITATIONS OF POCSO which prepares an individual for old age. It sets in
health infrastructure. 4
Exped It is Gender neutral. It defines different types of sexual
role in strengthening the capacity of old
V

----59
Income 1. Lack of awareness

empowerg creating
abuse. Any person having any awareness of child quitely and suddenly. LONGEVITY DIVIDEND
Age structure also undergoing a change
Pre-Independence
Infant Mortality
,
2. Stigmatisation of the issue population. ->
15
Savings
4
- Rate
sexual abuse it is mandatory to reports such cases. In
case of aggravated assault onus of innocence on 3. Lack of infrastructure high number of pending cases. The economic growth potential
5. Promote geriatric care - specialised old care. cocietal
-2 ---
created due to increase in life
-

↑ accused. 4. Insensitive attitude of police officials. Dereliction of

expectancy. In other words
↑ duty - not performing tehir duty well. 6. Multigenerational homes needs to be
Capital formation It provides for child friendly procedures e.g. special economic benefits associated with In India birth rate is closely associated with your norma

proper public
5. Lack of hospital staff both in quality and quantity. encouraged on lines of Germany.
-

courts, prosecutors in camera recording , relief and promotion of active ageing.

yourop
215 rehabilitation of the child , time bound completion of religious sentiments, culture. So after the revolt of
for WAY FORWARD
.
eco ~
creates
scope Causes of High Mortality Rate:-
-Persona 1857 Britishers decided they will not intervene in
Infant Mortality rate is the most important trial. 1. Sensitisation of police officials given by who

Disabilitymi infrastructure
1. Early marriage Persons
groute
-

↓ indicator of socio-economic status of the Nation

National Commission for protection of Child rights and
2. Better infrastructure. ⑧
with
disability any matter of India which is related to the culture
2. Pressure to concieve. State Commission for protection of Child rights are the weth
↑ since the survival of the infants depends upon the 3. In case someone is not performing duty
supply of implementing agencies. that is why this period is called period of

E
Domestic demand 3. Female foeticide and infanticide
socio economic environment. Only 3 states have Children’s court - Goa, Telangana well - punishment should be there.
4. Lack of girl education INDIFFERENCE — They were least bothered
picked
officers
easom Currently IMR is 33. 5. Lack of institutional deliveries - concept
and Delhi.
Prohibition
Labour demand
me
· CAUSES - PUSH FACTOR to recourse
emica
whether the population is increasing or decreasing. Child
-

u PULL FACTOR # Disability refers to lack of ability to eventy

Implications remains the same of purity and pollution. 1. Poverty 1. Cheap labour
child labour perform an activity which is considered & ↓
L

Disacutai
->
Average age in india is 29 years as against Japan 47 , There is a social stigma attached to infant 6. Superstitious belief system i.e. lack of 2. Unemployment of the parents.
2. Easy to hire and fire
limited access
to

normal for an individual.

water
safe drinking
,
3. Lack of educational infrastructure.
Europe 46, US 40. deaths which leads to harassment, domestic scientific temper. However Indian leadership always knew that the
Panchayato
4. Lack of awareness among parents 3. To meet the domestic lack
of accessibility
sanitation
occupational
According to ILO the work which deprives the # It is a negatively connoted term which is
,

violence and women falling prey to superstition. 7. Slums of lack of safe neighbourhood ( infra hazards
Gram
↑

demand of New middle to health health

population explosion would be detrimental to the

It is expected by 2020 116 million people in India will Lack of basic facilities for survival e.g.
children of their childhood potential, dignity and wrt negative impact of child labour.
class , max demand for often used in context of developing immunicatio
,
is harmful for their social and mental 5. High fertility rate.
be in the age bracket 22-24 - ILO. Government efforts :- safe drinking water, sanitation and development is referred as child labour. 6. Lack of utility of the educational child labourers. nations as against differently abled. growth prospects so there were two committees

community support
1. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritatve Abhiyaan
Y hygiene — WASH . India has highest no. of child labourers in the content 4. Some industries do not need # A differently abled person is disabled not The 2.21 % of population is disabled established by Indian National Congress
world. 7. Socio- cultural constraints e.g. skilled labour e.g. bidhi rolling due to physical or mental impairment but There is lack of uniformity wrt definition of
‘Demographic dividend if not nurtured properly will turn ( ante natal care - during pregnancy) 9th day
a
eay 8. Avoiding vaccination, immunisation due cultural acceptance of girl child due to the social perception of the society disability due to which there is lack of credible
1. R.K. Mukherjee
2. Janani Surakhsha Yojana ( perinatal care - to various belief system. Critically examine the social and economic bangle , garment packing ,
into a demographic disaster’ Discuss the statement in - doing domestic chores, bonded
cotton plucking, tea plucking which stigmatised the disability. data >> lack of effective policy making. 2. Bhore committee.
institutional deliveries). 9. The economic status or the household consequences of abolishing child labour.
labour. 12 000 child
old There is lack of reporting due to stigma associated ,
pop? L context of Indian society. 3. Janani Shishu suraksha Karayakram - post income is also an important determinant Birth rate would decline , eco. families more 8. Lack of state run juvenile homes mines etc. # Disability in India is considered as
Disability in India is treated as a medical problem
ODISHA -

marriage free villages

Y
↓ of infant mortality rate. both wrt quality and quantity. retribution of past Karma from which
natal care. vulnerable, juvenile delinquents wld increase rather than being treated as a social problem.
↑
of
deman
Demographic dividend to be a dividend depends
upon quality of workforce and opportunities to
WAY FORWARD:-
MSME’s would loose cost competitiveness,
adult emp. would increase, long run family’s Every policy needs to do
limited access to there is not respite.
# There is an attitude of pitty and sympathy
Lack of infrastructure socio-political & economic.
->
Post-Independence
1. One size fits all aproach cannot be the solution - so std of living will increase, formalisation of SWOT analysis, eradicate ) education LIMITATIONS

Rorau
towards differently abled.
·

Fertility rate more then the religious economy. child labour. A series of such interventions — and recommendations of
absorb that workforce. depending upon what is the cause there can be a scheme. factors is closely related to
PERSON WITH DISABILITY ACT
1. 40 % disability must for reservation,
1. Period of neutrality ( 1947- 51 ) the Shivraj Patil Committee report in 2011 — have helped
destination Efforts taken by government: – 2. Bottom up approach - community participation is the need education level and socio economic which involves subjectivity and what bring down the percentage of child marriages in
development within a state. 1. It clearly defines what constitutes about people who have 39% disability. Indians realised that controlling population is the need of the hour but
Stand-up India, start up India, make in India, skill of the hour.
3. There should be proper awareness wrt scheme.
Elaborate. Enumerate the steps that Party discrimination. However there is a 2. 4% reservation is way too less as in the initial five years India was undergoing so many problems that they
Karnataka (from 42% in 200506 to 21.3% in 201920).
↓ development programmes – Pradhan Mantri can be taken to stabilise the caveat that discrimination is allowed cases are under reported.
4. The medical staff needs to be improved both quality and population.
if it is a proportionate means of didn’t had time to create a policy for population control like integration
Policy implication: – Kaushal Vikas Yojana. quantity for proper implementation of the schemes. 3. No provision for National Commission
achieving legitimate aims . for Disabled people & advisory bodies of princely states, Kashmir issue, first war with Pakistan, partition on
Control the fertility rate in north India But this is not sufficient more needs to be done 5. Proper social audits needs to be conducted. CHILD LABOUR PROHIBITION ACT
6. Ambit of education should be broadened- sex education The child labour is banned less than 14 years of age except family 2. Number of disabilities have increased are toothless tiger. communal lines.
whereas geriatric care for the old-age Agriculture sector needs to be developed, from 7 to 21.
enterprise, audio-visual industry barring circus. In the 14-18 it is allowed M.S. Swaminathan Report 1994
-

Critically discuss to what extent recently amended

and adolescent education. WAY FORWARD
in South India. manufacturing needs to be developed, self
-

but prohibited for mines, inflammable substances, hazardous process. child labour prohibition act will be effective in reducing 3. However there is a benchmark clause of
( it is against the secondary edu - imp. Linking pin b/w primary and the incidences of child labour in India. 1. Promoting teh culture of e-learning, 2. Period of experiment ( 1951-61) 1. Discontinue monetary incentive
Focus more on education in north India employment needs to be promoted, robust 40% to avail the benefits of reservation.

Mu
f
higher education by allowing work in 14-18. ) Dual burder on children , family enterprise can be misused, 4. It provides for reservation of 4% in proper training of care givers on > National Family Program 1952 2. Decentralised and democratic family

grainnem
because younger crowd. education at primary secondary and higher levels, ->
O
There is a provision for child and adolescent rehabilitation fund. The missing secondary edu will kick in vicious circle of poverty, - -
lines of National Skill Development
-
-
central government may omit the list of prohibited occupation just by an Lack of accountability wrt to the operations of fund, government jobs and 5 % in higher > Clinical approach- government decided to provide services to bottom
-

up should be

Focus more on health in South India as executive order without any parliament’s approval. educational institutions. authority guidelines.
people -

Sterlisa-
Complete eradication of child labour - Indian society is not
those who were already motivated to visit the family planning approach choice
given should not
well as stable job opportunities - There are penalties both in terms of jail term and finein case of ready for it - significant dent on economically depressed. 2. Promote inclusive education be

5. To provide barrier free access in all kinds of tion

infringement or breach of any provision.
physical infrastructure and transport system. without labelling. centres set up the government. forced on
.
couple

Types ex Migration planning measures:-

It is defined as disapproved behaviour of child or adolescent
is referred as geographical or spatial mobility from one unit to another which 6. There are special provisions for women and 3. Special disability court for faster
for which some kind of punishment is justified in public

How can India use its demographic dividend for its

involves cahnge in residence for a considerable period of time. It is the 3rd component of
population change apart from mortality and fertility.
-> Juvenile
delinquency interest. CAUSES- SOCIAL
children with disability. disposal of cases.
7. There is a provision for Chief Commissioner 4. Special incentives to pvt employers to
3. Expanding efforts ( 1961 - 71 ) 3. To check the trend of putting the entire
onus of family planning on women.
1. Poverty, unemployment, relative deprivation. recruit person with disability.
in the censes 1961 it was found that the decadal growth rate of
-
JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT - it deals with INDIVIDUAL FACTORS 2. Globalisation has created culture of consumerism and advisory bodies.
development and also examine and also examine the E basis population for 1951–61 was 21.6%. This was the same perood when 4. Setting up of population and social
on E
bases
1. Crime committed against child
1. Feeling of insecurity 3. Dysfunctional family e.g. strict parenting, negligent 8. There are penalties if the provisions of the act 5. Provision for spending atleast 20%
challenges involved destination
on
of 2. Lack of self control parenting Lack of democratic parenting. are braeched. of CSR for infrastructure development agricultural crisis was going on feminine’s and food shortages. development fund.
of duration 2. Child legally available for adoption 3. Emotional conflict- 4. Disintegration of joint family + dual career families ( both
9. There is a provision for National and state for person with disability.
e PUSH FACTOR
PULL FACTOR
( Central Adoption Resource Authority ) impulsiveness parents are working)
level fund for person with disability. 6. Early identification and intervention to
Internal migration Agricultural distress 3. Child in need of care and protection 5. Subculture theory > Extension approach:- it was adopted during 3rd five year plan. It
Why do most of the ↓ ↓ Lack of availability of cultivable land , Industrialisation
( orphan, surrendered, abandoned ) - 6. Negative Reference group >> anticipatory socialisation refuce the incidences of disability.
is governed by not Permanent Lack of alternative employment opportunity, Commercialisation of agriculture
-ve high chances of committing crime. 7. Assistive aid and technology should be emphasised on adoption of educational approach to family
prosperous Internal
International Lack of irrigation facility ( monsoon dependent Globalisation which has led to
they are taken care by Child Welfare
only pattern of nature of agriculture ), Proliferation of informal sector 7. Labelling theory (associating label to a person). Howard
provided at subsidised cost. planning so as to change the attitude and behaviour of people.

j
regions have migration Low remunerative character of agriculture, Emergence of new middle class leading to committee. becker
development but )
·

Temporary Demand of domestic workers has increased

4. Crime committed by child 8. Inspiration from Cinema > Cafeteria approach - to make extension approach more attractive,

~Transgende
adverse sex ratio? Lack of basic infrastructure- health and education
High standard of living

↑Rural-wason
Due to existence of traditional structure based on 9. Over obsession with goals. You do not shy away from
also social - Rural-rural Better opportunities for higher education cafeteria approach was adopted under which couples were given
Semi-permanent
rigid caste system accepting illegitimate means to achieve the goal.
) > petty crime ( less than 3 years )
-

Urbanism - heterogeneity, anonymity , individualism

Differential access to resources due to linguistic,
advice on different types of Family planning methods, however
&
10. Negative impact of social media - fear of missing out.
structure of the S ethinic and religious identities Better status for women
> serious crime ( 3 < 7 years )

i
Absence of caste rigidities etc. 11. Vicious cycle due to stigmatisation.
# less than 16 When the sex assigned at the final choice was left to them.
-

Lack of freedom to pursue individual ambitions

society. In context Due to high cost of living in the destination due to social compulsions Political freedom, safety and security , better
> heinous crime ( > 7 years ) 99% of transgenders have suffered social rejection.
areas when a person is forced back to the implementation of government schemes CRITICAL ANALYSIS birth is not in sync with
of this statement Urban-urban
Patriarchy
> Selective spproach - there is a certain age bracket ( 25-35) where
96% are denied jobs and are forced to accept
->
native place it is referred as semi permanent Violence, corruption, poor governance, state led - 1. Justice Verma committee- the bifurcation
gender identity it is reproductive behaviour is maximum so you’re selectively
>
migration. persecution

-
discuss the
# cent Child
to a Rehab
. Centre should not happen because according to
->
"urban-rural undignified jobs. referred as transgender.
causes of internal Temporary/ circular or seasonal ECONOMIC CAUSES
> petty crime ( less than 3 years )
UNCRC every person below 18 is a child. targeting them.
50-60% transgenders have never ended schools
?
SOCIO- CULTURAL 2. Crime committed by juvenile is only about
migration in India.
wo m e n
> serious crime ( 3 < 7 years )

e
POLITICAL FACTORS # 16 < 18 Male >Transwomen
sent to a Child Rehab
. Centre 4% . They do not figure on the agenda of sny political 4. First National Population Policy ( 1978 )
3. Asish Nandi - sociologist — No child is a born
PULL BACK parties. Female men
Tra n s m e n

ll
PUSH BACK >
Government schemes:- MGNREGA , NRLM,
Congestion
> heinous crime ( > 7 years ) criminal it is the circumstances that make him The censes 1971 it was found that the decadal growth rate of
Only 2% transgenders live with tehir family.
Impact
Counter magnets :- development of Chandigarh and Intersex
criminal, if a child is committing serious and
Overcrowding
Juvenile population for 19 61–71 was 24.6%.
Migrants
Jaipur to reduce pressure on Delhi, development of
Health cost has increased Justice Board heinous crime then society needs to introspect.
on Pune and Nashik to reduce pressure on Mumbai,
Quality of life has declined
development of Hyderabad to reduce pressure on
Bangalore, Noida example of sub urbanisation- Unemployment or underemployment 4. Lack of infrastructure- place of safety NALSA JUDGEMENT CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Greater noida is counter magnet. Intolerance child adult 5. Tool of measurement is subjective- child
1. Transgenders should have right to Self The government approach shifted from family planning to family
Sense of belongingness/ feeling of nativism Lack of trust between natives and migrants capacity capacity capacity or adult capacity and if the child has 1. To obtain identification from DM so
Family reunification Lack of cultural integration
identification welfare.
reformed their behaviour or not. no right to self identification nor
Cine
Replication of inequalities wrt caste, religion etc.

Mildren Implementation of Child Marriage restrain Act where the minimum age
Marriage
NEGATIVE ↓ ↓ Change in political leadership Son of soil policy Rehab 2. They should be treated as third gender. OBC reservation in the bill.
POSITIVE
.

Migrants constitutes the largest part of India’s unorganised sector, there centre + people who use child as a shield to commit
3. Tehy should be given reservation under OBC of marriage was increased to 21 and 18 for boys and girls respectively.
entry in labour market is marked by several disadvantages 1. Social mobility:- upward
-> ↓
crimes cannot do so now. 2. None of the laws of adoption,
IMPLICATIONS FOR SOURCE REGION place of safety status. Making sterilisation voluntary.
1. Devoid of critical skills, information and bargaining power the migrant
movement wrt social status of an
IMPLICATIONS — DESTINATION AREAS property & marriage have been
workers are often caught in exploitative labour arrangement. ECONOMIC 1. Migrants are perceived to take away the
till
yes
21
Including population education as a part of study curriculum.
Si
amended to incorporate
individual.
favour Monetary incentives for sterilisation.
-

2. Lack of identity and documentation further aggravates their problem. 1. Loss of Human Resource if migration is of jobs of locals. It creates competition for if n o a te
3. Hardship magnifies when the state borders are crossed. Intrastate 2. Social tolerance: accommodative basic amenities, feeling of relative
AIL th en J TRANSGENDER BILL transgenders.
Use of media for spreading awareness.
employable people however if migration 3. Begging has been criminalised for
migration is 4 times the interstate Eco. Survey 2017 of diversity and dissent . draws upon the surplus labour then it is the deprivation, increase in crime rate.
According to Census 2011 30.2% of married
1. It defines the concept of transgender. Encouraging research in field of contraceptives.
4. Migrants become easy victim of identity politics and parochialism.
5. They are denied social and economic benefits both in destination and
3. Social Capital:- network and PR
4. Innovation
win win situation.
2. It orovides opportunity to the state to employ
2. Mismanaged migration also result into
slum proliferation which has public cost
-> Child
women were married before the age of 18.
CHILD MARRIAGE PROHIBITION ACT
Marriage 2. Transgenders have to obtain a
certificate of identity from District
them which was the only source of
livelihood and alternative source
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000
source areas - Eco. Survey 2017 suggested portability of benefits— BPL associated. of livelihood has not been created.
at pan Indian basis. greater focus in improving economic DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCE This practice of child has its roots in traditional, cultural child marriage is a nin bailable and cognisable offence. It clearly Magistrate It was introduced with the objective of economic and social
condition of reduced population and religious practices. However is sustained by poor defines who is a child and what is a child marriage. It clearly lays
4. Molestation of transgenders at
6. Migrants are usually out of the bounds of government and civil society Skewed sex ratio- male specific migration. economic condition. That is poverty and dowry system down a punishment for an adult male marrying a minor. There is 3. Transgenders are protected against the hands of police officials have development.
because they are invisible due to lack of credible data. 3. Benefit of remittances. To improve the quality of life of people
are considered as two main reasons behind this practice.
a provision for a Child marriage prohibition officer. For some any discrimination wrt education, neither been recognised nor

Way forward
7. There is one act wrt migrants— Interstate migrant workmen act 1979. It is POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES
not being properly implemented. z 1. Lack of incentive among political
SOCIO - PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES special ocassions on which mass child marriages takes place DM
employment, access to public spaces punished under the act. To provide them opportunity to become productive assets in the
intermixing of diverse cultures, broadening of 1. Poverty is given spevial powers to prohibit child marriages. society.
leaders to work for the welfare of
mental horizons of people, insulation on the 2. Dowry system Child marriage per say is not null and void until and unless any etc. It had three fold objectives :-
population.
1. Government should provide basic opportunities wrt education, skill, 2. Reduced representation e.g. ghost
part of natives against cultural synthesis with 3. Girls being a symbol of prestige for party approaches the court for its nullification. 4. They have the right to household i.e. a Immediate - to address the unmet need for contraception, healthcare
jobs in source region so as to reduce the incidences of migration. hamlets in Uttarakhand. the migrants e.g. North East exodus.
family + lack of safety and security.
4. It is a customary practice which is existing
WAY FORWARD transgender child cannot be Transgenders infrastructure, workforce and integrated service delivery
2. Destination areas should be developed with an aim to accommodate The political leadership gets the opportunity since ages hence any effort to move away 1. Proper law enforcement separated from the family until the wrt reproductive and child health ( RCH).
migrants.
DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCE
1. Male specific migration
to mobilise people on the issue of from it will lead to social ostracisation. 2. Empowerment of girls with respect to life skills and
protection skills. court intervenes otherwise.
a re
defeated Medium - to reduce TFR to 2.1 by 2010 ( missed it to be achieved by
3. Active participation of NGOs, civil society to drive away the mistrust competition for scarce resources such as son 5. The orime objective of the existence of 2020)
2. Low Borth rate women is to bear and beget a male child. 3. Community mobilisation through media and effective 5. There is a provision for National
between natives and migrants. 3. Increased dependent population of soil policy. 6. In the backdrop of skewed sex ratio the Long term — to stabilise population by 2045.
leadership.
4. Judicial implementation of the Migrant Act both in letter and spirit. 4. Feminisation of workforce young brides attract a decent bride price. 4. Convergence of various schemes to ensure efficiency in council for transgenders.
5. Portability of benefits. 5. Incidences of child labour increased 7. Entrenched gender inequality and a
eradication of child marriage. 6. Begging is a criminal offence wrt
6. Mandatory registration of migrants both in source and destination perception that girl child is economic High prevalence

·
SOCIO - PSYCHOLOGICAL liability has resulted into increased no. Of 5. A social movement should be initiated on the lines of transgenders. could arrage
8
~

areas. Migration is an agent of social change, New ideas related to child marriages. Bachpan Bachao Andolan - Kailash Satyarthi ) to of
technology, family planning, girl education gets diffused to create social awareness wrt negative effect of child
⑮
-

Beti B achad
~
the source areas. Absence of male for a very long period of ↑
marriages e.g. Mukti Carvans. Data shows that child marriage is a key determinant of high ~ ~

Hoverty -

fertility, poor maternal and child health, and lower social status of
time may cause dislocation of family. 6. Conditional cash transfers. ---
~

Beti Padhao women. Among the bigger States, West Bengal and Bihar have the
7. Mandatory registration of marriages.
~

highest prevalence of girl child marriage. States with a large

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, 8. Use of IEC — information , education and population of tribal poor have a higher prevalence of child
&
~
which aim at protecting children from violation of communication campaigns to create awareness. marriage. In Jharkhand, 32.2% of women in the age bracket 2024
human and other rights. A parliamentary standing
got married before 18, according to NFHS5; Assam too has a high
committee is weighing the pros and cons of raising
prevalence of child marriage (31.8% in 201920 from 30.8% in
the age of marriage for women to 21, which has been Poverty , dowry system, safety and security needs to be
cleared by the Union Cabinet. 201516). MP RJ HR d
targeted. , ,