iii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Communication as known everywhere has developed over a
number of centuries. The sophisticated and complexity
which characterized human communication in the modern
world are the result of a very long and sustained effort by
human beings to improve on one of the most fundamental
aspects of their existence.
Thus, referring to this evolution, the McBride commission has
noted that, “As the world has advanced the task of
communication has become even more complex, in
explaining this complexity, McBride and his colleagues
(McBride et al, 1981, P.3), have this to say “ throughout
history, human beings sought to improve their ability to
receive and assimilate information about their surroundings
at the same time to increase the speed, clarity and variety of
their methods for transmission of information”- quoted in
(Okunna, 1994 Page 1-2). Therefore, following the above
assertion it can be submitted that, the origin of the media
and its responsibility to disseminate information, most
importantly in Nigeria context dates back to the era of the
early press in the year 1800-1929. It was the very first time
Newspaper emerged in the country in the name of “Iwe
Irohin”.

However, the development of Nigerian press is purely

classified into three as follows, from 1800-1920 (Early press),
1927-1960 (National press), 1960-date (Modern or
Contemporary press). These were viewed as the
chronological order of the evolution of print media.

Thus, in 1940, the Presbyterian Mission established the first

printing school in Calabar the reason for this, is to increase
the literacy level of the people as of then. And, in 1845, an
Anglican Missionary Rev. Henry Townsend, established
PAGE

another printing press as well as printing school at the

mission compound in Abeokuta. Five years later (1859), Rev.
Townsend moved forward to establish the first newspaper
called “Iwe Irohin fun awon era Egba at Yoruba”, Meaning
newspaper for the Egba people and Yoruba. Reverend
Townsend’s major aim of establishing the newspaper was to
increase the reading culture of the Egba and Yoruba people
so as to instill literacy desire in them. He also, wanted to
embark on Christian stewardship through impacting
education and literacy. Iwe Irohin also served as a potent
political tool against the British government, thereby
informing the mass on the need to know why the British
must go.

As the paper was making waves and facing all sorts of

criticism, another paper was also established by the Anglo
West India, Robert Campbell, he follows Iwe Irohin up with
Anglo African with the year 1863. It was printed in Lagos
states Campbell’s objective of setting up the newspaper was
to exploit the growing interest in Western Education and
Enlightenment in Lagos state in 1860 by providing cheap
and accessible materials which would educate, inform and
entertain its reader. It was the first paper in the country to
present another side of the story as it constituted on open
competitor with Iwe Irohin.

After that, Richard Beale Blaiz established the Lagos Time

and Gold Coast Colony Advertiser in the year 1803-1883. The
name of the paper reflected the joint administration of Gold
Coast and Lagos at the time. Thus, newspaper establishment
journed through the time, Zik established the West African
Pilot, up till this day. It is important to note at this juncture
that, from the period of the early press and now, there have
been an immense function played by the media in order to
restore the dilapidating and retrogressing state of Nigerian
society.

Interestingly, as the year went by, there was a tremendous

dawn in the broadcast media. The radio and television
emerged, thereby making waves in the dissemination of
iii

information. Radio as a means of communication relies on

the use of electro-magnetic waves propagated through
space at the speed of light, radio messages were first
received in Nigeria through the empire service of the British
Broadcasting Commission (BBC) in 1932, At this time,
Prospective owners of radio had their transmission through
their sets which was wired to the post office. In 1936, radio
transmission was established with the commencement of
transmission through the RDS (i.e. Radio Distribution service)
in Lagos. One feature of the program transmitted at this time
was low content of Nigeria or coral productions.

By 1948, there were ten “Wire” Wireless stations serving

about 80,000 subscribers in the country. This followed until
television came to Nigeria for the first time in 1956. When
Queen Elizabeth II came to Nigeria same years, the BBC
came with a large contingent. The BBC placed TV screens
outside the assembly to enable those outside the gallery of
the house to watch what was happening. Nigeria takes credit
as the pacesetter in Africa in regards to television
broadcasting. That notwithstanding, television broadcasting
started in Nigeria as a result of intense political and ethnic
rivalry. Account has it that, the first television in Nigeria was
the Western Nigeria television (WNTV); Ibadan, it is thus
readily clear that, the colonial maters did not make much
use of television during their period of rule as television
came toward the end of colonialism in Nigeria. This was in
operation when Chief Obafemi Awolowo established the
WNTV. He was said to have has permission for access to the
government owned national broadcasting commission (NBC)
so that he would reply to the allegation of act of perfidy
leveled against him by the actual grievance that eventually
gave rise to regional Broadcasting dates back 1953.

From the year 1953-1960, the Eastern Nigeria television

(ENTV) was established, then in April 1962 the federal
government started the Nigeria television service, channel
10 Lagos, which was headed by T.O.S. Benson. After the civil
war in the country there was significance increase in
television broadcasting. Almost all the twelve states of the
PAGE

federation (as at 1972) had their own TV station. Then in

1976, the number of stations had risen to nineteen. In 1977,
the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) was established to
function as an independent body. NTA was given charge over
television broadcasting in Nigeria; however, the 1979
constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria later remover
the exclusive power of the NTA in television broadcasting in
Nigeria. The constitution rather allowed for the
establishment and operation of broadcasting and stations by
different state governments, organization or individual
subject to the president’s permission (Okunna 1993, page
55).

At this point, it can be submitted that right from the first day
the mass media emerged in Nigeria starting with the print
media; the media have been playing the watch dog role in
the society, performing a number of functions which benefit
the individual as a member of the society. These range from
“serious” information and educational functions to “higher”
functions like entertainment, information, dissemination,
education, advertising, socialization, promotion of culture,
motivation, mobilization, integration. They also play the role
of agenda setting based on issues that are controversial in
nature, here the mass media set the political agenda for the
society by deciding what political topics people talk about
etc. NTA as one of the media organization has of the mass
media to the audience, e.g. election, child abuse,
Kidnapping, issue of flooding, crime, war, fire disaster,
conflict, fuel subsidy etc; also print media e.g. Newspaper,
magazine, Journals, books are not left out.

But suffice it to say that, there are some challenges on the

part of the media in using all these channels listed above to
send information, thus making the actualization of the noble
dream stressful, even NTA a government owned channel has
its own shortcomings in the area of playing its roles
effectively. Albert, it has been enslaved to the whims and
caprices of the political leaders and the government.

Another challenge that weakens the power of Nigeria

 iii

television Authority (NTA) and other media organization is

poor infrastructural facilities. As sobowale (1989: page 304)
quoted in Okunna (1994. P. 36) has observed with reference
to Nigeria, such basic infrastructural facilities as roads and
transport system are in an abysmal state of development;
and this limits the work are the media practitioners in
gathering information. One can also consider the state of
technological expansion and advance in communication
technology, with this media have found it difficult to work
effectively.

In conclusion, it is submitted with respect that Nigeria

television Authority (NTA) has been disseminating
information to the masses. But, at the same time has in one
way or the other demonstrated the challenges facing its
discharge of duties. Despite all odds, this research study will
definitely bring changes.

1. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS:

Despite all efforts made by the media to tackle the
challenges facing them, especially during military
government era, there are still Kinds of other problems which
constitute threat to the power of disseminating information
to the masses. Indeed, it seems as if to say that much has
been not achieved in the area of their performance.
For this reason, this research seeks to expose the extent the
Nigeria media, NTA in particular is tackling the challenges
and the extent they have gone in keeping the masses
informed on the day to day events.

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The research work tends to know

1. If political interest or sentiment imposes serious threat to

effective disseminating information on media?
 PAGE

2. If economic factor takes precedence in the coverage of

program by media?

3. If technology factor restricts media from disseminating

information to its target audience.

4. If the level of literacy of the audience help media in

gathering and reporting issues of the day.

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

One of the basic functions of the media is to provide the
society with information based on accuracy, facts, truth, and
objectivity and to uplift our cultural heritage. The task of the
researcher is to find out the challenges facing the media
most especially in the developing countries like Nigeria.
This study will serve as a basic for carrying out further
research and evaluation of how the challenges in the media
can be faced bearing in mind that, what is obtainable in NTA
station will also be applicable in other media stations in the
country. Therefore, there is hope that the finding posted in
the work will be beneficial to other students and researchers
attempting to research on a similar project.

1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

· What is the nature of challenges facing the media in

information dissemination?

· Do the media have sufficient freedom needed for their

operational efficiency?

· Do the media work enough in reporting issues in high places

 iii

of government administration?

· What is the possible measures that should be used to

enhance operation of the media.

1. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H1 There are serious challenges facing the media
information dissemination.
H0 There are no serious challenges facing the media in
information dissemination.

H2 The media have sufficient freedom needed for their

Operational efficiency.

H0 The media do not have sufficient freedom needed for

their operational efficiency.

H3 The media work enough in reporting issues in high

places of government administration.

H0 The media do not work enough in reporting issues in

high places of government administration.

H4 There are possible measures to be used to enhance

operation of the media.

H0 There are no possible measures to be used to enhance

operation of the media.

1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This research study will be based on one of the theories of
the press which is libertarian theory. The reason why it is
suitable for the study is that, the theory is concerned on the
perception for freedom of the press; liberal philosophers like
John start mill, Milton greatly advance the advocacy for press
freedom (Okoro, et al 2003, p.21).
PAGE

In the main, libertarian theory prescribes that; an individual

should be free to hold and express opinion freely and publish
same. The theory does not see need for censorship since it
acknowledge the great potentials of human as rational being
who can distinguish between truth and falsehood, it further
believes in the “self brightening process of the free market
place of idea”, where good ideas will eventually eliminate
the bad ones if all were granted free expression.

Therefore, the researcher used the theory to back up the

media especially the media in Nigeria

1. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The scope of the study is covered within Nigeria television
Authority (NTA).

1. LIMITATION OF STUDY:
The researcher chooses to limit the sample population to
students and civil servants who watch television
programmes drawn from Enugu Network station, because
majority of the government owned media like NTA are
situated in the state. The students of the institute of
management and technology (IMT), Enugu and the students
of Enugu state university of science and technology (ESUT),
also some students from other higher institutions were
included; secondary school students were taken into
account, because they are greatly influenced by what they
watch.
Also, the sample of civil servants was drawn from both the
federal and state civil services.
 iii

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Operational Definition of Terms.

· Challenges: It means the hindrances or constrains which

make the media not to execute their duties effectively and
efficiently.

· Media; In this research study, the media simple means

those medium or channel via messages or information are
passed across from the source to the heterogeneous
audience e.g. Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), Enugu state
Broadcasting services (ESBS), Federal Radio commission of
Nigeria (FRCN) etc. for print media we have newspaper,
magazines like the Guardian, Daily Sun, Tell, Punch etc.

· Dissemination; In this research, it means a way by which

the media carry out their social responsibility in order to tell
their audience what is happening within and outside their
society.

· Information; Programmes of the media which are used to

educate, entertain, mobilize, sensitize, inform and socialize
the masses concerning everyday activities within and
outside the society.
PAGE

REFERENCES

Ibid (1993). Small Handbook on Communication. Enugu:

Glanic Ventures Publishers.

Ibid (1993). Small participatory Media Technology in

Development Communication in Nigeria (A Non- Existent

Option. Enugu: New Generations Books.

MacBride, S et al (1981). many voice, one world (Nigeria

Edition) Ibadan: University press.

Okoro, N and Agbo B. ( 2003). Writing for the media

society Enugu: Prize Publisher Nsukka.

Okunna, C.S (1994). Introduction to mass communication

Enugu: ABLC Publishers.

Ukonu, M.O. (2006). Dynamics of Mass Communication

Development in Nigeria, Enugu: Rhyce Rerex Publisher.

iii

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 SOURCE OF LITERATURE

The studies of the literature were variously selected, which

includes excerpts from opinion of experts, articles that are
related to the course of study.

Thus, the primary source include data collected from

questionnaire which is one hundred and thirty three in
number distributed to a carefully selected secondary source
includes other close related materials, internet, library,
books, newspaper, magazines and project written by the
graduate students, news commentaries on radio,
documentaries that bordered on the issue on television.

2.2. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE

The researcher believes that it is the responsibility of the

media to always report the truth and put the interest of the
public at heart, when writing sensitive news reports and local
programs that portray our culture to the public.

According to Tony Adibe (2007: P.4) he opined thus, “Let the

fire of controversy rage but let it beget ashes of very useful
debate, criticism and solution”. What this means is that, the
press have the duty to reveal what is hidden if it is of public
PAGE

interest.

However, the duty of the government owned media is to

seek out the truth, above all things, so as to present to the
masses nothing but the truth. To this effect, the government
broadcast media have being achieving all these in this
regard. They have being unrelenting in reporting issues such
as corruption, fraud, political malpractice, embezzlement of
public fund, war, conflict, terrorism, and all other issues that
cause damages within the society, also they have other
issues that improve the growth of the society.

Since, the media have tried in their pursuit of truth; it is

good to note that those in authority should endeavor to allow
media operators to fulfill their roles to the members of the
society. The act of using the press by the government to
project government official image pose as a great challenge
to this course. Even though they are government, there is
need for the press to be allowed to operate freely without
any interference; also the press must not dance to the tune
of the government by always supporting every action and
policy of the government.

Therefore, it is their sole responsibility to always adhere to

the ethical code of conduct and report policies of the
government that are of public interest and not become
sycophants, just as it is rightly put forward by Tony Adibe,
the day you (journalists) write to please one you are no
longer a journalist, you are in show business. (Quoting frank
Miller your).

To this effect, the concept of press freedom will be given an

interpretation here, it is also a challenge facing the
pressman because journalists are also expected to enjoy
freedom to operate in their own capacity.

According to the then chairman of the board of NBC

(National Broadcasting commission), Alhaji Abrahim Najune
Musa, he said that the plurality of radio and television
stations also automatically translates to more choice for
iii

viewers, especially in these days, when all you hear on

national radio and television is what government officials or
their wives are doing. Thus, the potential of broadcasting in
Nigeria was never fully realized because of ownership control
interestingly, other constraints that face the media are
financial constraints that limits their performance, regular
power failures from PHCN which prevent the media operators
from sending reports after they have returned from the field,
poverty in the land, insecurity on the part of the pressman,
poor recognition of talents and professionals, Urban
centeredness of development rather than rural areas
development which discourage community journalism.

It is pertinent to explain more, this major challenge facing

the media in dissemination of information, which is epileptic
power supply. This has become a big constraint in passing
information across to the target audience. Nigeria cannot
boast of one month un-interrupted power supply, this affect
the spread of information because when there is no power
supply, the target audience will miss the programmes meant
for them. Though generator could be the alternative to
power supply, but the question now is how many people own
generator.

In fact, this has posed a serious challenge to the media in

dissemination of information. More so, poor recognition of
talents and professionals in the field. This also has posed
challenge in dissemination of information, when someone
who is not capable of handling report has been sent to a
beat, he would not know what exactly to know and he will
return with no useful information, this hampers the
dissemination of information because in this regard, there
would not be anything or information to pass across the
masses.

It is paramount to note that, those in the media should

employ professionals and talents that know the onions and
ethics of journalism; it will go a long way in disseminating
useful information to the masses.
PAGE

Urban centeredness of development rather than rural areas

poses also challenge to the media when disseminating
information and hampers development, the nation’s budget
is mainly for the urban, just little is allocated to the rural
and, the community journalist or media finds it so difficult to
disseminate information in terms of rural development
information in terms of rural development like electricity,
social amenities that aids spread of information (e.g. good
roads).

According to Sam Okechukwu Omeje (2010: p: 19) he opined

that obstacle to rural oriented media are the dearth of
amenities and infrastructural facilities which are essential in
the production and distribution of any media programmes.
The rural media cannot effectively work or disseminate
information when all these are lacking in the area. It will be
of great advantage to the media if the government should
increase the rural areas budget, it will aid the dissemination
of information and also enhance rural development. All these
posed as challenges facing the media in the dissemination of
information. However, despite all odds, the Nigeria
television. Authority (NTA) has stood firm despite the
challenges, that is why it still remain the first and the only
station that disseminate information fairly to the public, NTA
Enugu Network centre in the eastern region of Nigeria has
been proudly named, NTA channel 8 Enugu, (2 nd to none), and it has
up to data transmitters. In 1982, NTA Enugu took delivery of a 10kw Thomason C S F transmitter and a

brand new Rhode and Schwartz 10kw transmitter was installed for the station at Abor in November 2000.

The studio was equally equipped with ultra modern digital state of the art studio facilities, as a zonal

network centre, it took delivery of outside broadcast facilities made up of OB van, utility van and DSNG

van with which it has effectively linked up news and programs emanating from the zone. Also, a 10kw

liquid cooled R and S transmitter was brought in 2008 and installed in 2009. For this great achievement,

NTA has really taken the bull by the horn in order to meet up to expectation.

That notwithstanding, there are myriad of problems facing them in their operation. There are high cost of

production, Lethargy on the sponsor, obstacles facing the industry; in support of this opinion, Tony Adibe

quoted Dr Robert Dardenne of the journalism and media studies, university of south Florida St. Petersburg

U.SA thus he said, “A healthy journalism and healthy government give people what they need to make

decisions that lead to better journalism better government, and better lives.
iii

Addressing the issue of insufficient funding which is always like as excuse for the near total absence of

quality locally produced programs, Dr Tom Ana of NBC called on the media to establish a pool from where

they can source programs. He said, if you have money to single handedly produce, a program do it once

you want to reach a particular Target audience, but if you don’t, join forces with other stations to get what

you want” this suggested opinion he believes will help the media a lot to avert the challenges.

Interestingly another factor to be considered as one of the challenges facing the media is that of

environmental factor. Thus, in a public lecture presented by Mr. Tony Adibe, former Assistant Editor,

Saturday champion and Daily trust correspondent in Enugu state which he submitted on the occasion of

the One-Day workshop organized by print student Group (PSG) of mass communication department, IMT,

Enugu, on Thursday, May 12,2011. At the Nigeria union of journalist (NUJ) press centre, Enugu, he opined

“Don’t forget that you, the reporter is operating in an environment earlier described as full of all sorts of

ugly and wicked creatures that are not the best of the reporter’s friend”.

In order to agree with this point of view, it can be submitted that NTA has seen such friends in their daily

reportage of events. For instance, on Thursday may 11, 2011 at INEC Headquarters at independence

Layout, Enugu, it was recorded that some journalist were officially invited to cover the handing over of

“certificate of Winning” to the governor-elect, Br. Sullivan Chime and other elected officials in Enugu state

at the past general election 2011, some violet drama occurred, some members of the state security

service (SSS) descended heavily on one of the reporters of Daily independent Newspaper, in Enugu, Mr.

Emmanuel Nzomiwu, they beat him up and in the process inflicted some injuries on him. This caused a

heated argument between the security men and other reporters, this eventually led to the reporters

being rough handled, in this case, we can attribute this as one of the major challenges facing the media

because most a times, the environment and the people are unfriendly to the press.

In addition, the welfare of journalists, when taken care of, goes a long way in depleting the cog in the well

of “sycophancy journalism”. Perhaps those who fan the embers of witch hunting in journalism in order to

earn a dime or two will look the other way (Tony Adibe, 2007: P. 68). This is a fact and a big challenge

facing journalists in the gathering and reporting of information.

Despite, all these, NTA and other media organization are still surviving and marching forward this goes

with the Igbo saying which simply means “you do not say you won’t go to war because people are being

killed. You cannot say because some soldiers were killed during war, and therefore, nobody should go or

join the nation’s army. Just as it is stipulated in section 22 of the 1999 constitution of the federal republic

of Nigeria actually entrusted upon the reporters that responsibility. The constitution states inter- alia.

“The press shall not at all time be free to uphold the fundamental objectives contained in this chapter

and uphold the responsibility and accountability of government to the people “. These kinds of

constitutional provision sometimes make people see the press as the fourth Estate of the realm. But the

issue is that, whether reporters are being killed or not, whether they are being harassed, the struggle

must continue for if the struggle stops, some society will be stopped.
 PAGE

During Biafra-Nigeria war, then leader of Biafra, General Chukwuemeka Ojukwu usually conclude his

speeches with the statement: the struggle continues.

To this effect, the zonal Director of NTA Enugu, Network centre, Mr. Philip Uwa-ezuoke Oforegbu gave a

thumb up for all staffers to continue to do good work in terms of giving up to date news documentaries

and good quality of local programs because he beloved that consciously or unconsciously NTA will

measure up with CNN standard in set, style and concept, and viewers will continue to see NTA as the best

station in town.

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

Though, the scope or knowledge of this literature being reviewed is in exhaustible, but to this

extent, that has been reviewed, it has enabled the researcher in understanding information to the

members of the society. Thus, the findings of this literature review implicate that.

The first responsibility of the press especially the broadcast media is to uphold the truth at all times
·
because the public have the right to be informed and get facts about the truth on the activities of events

within and around them.

Government and NBC should allow the media stations the free hand to operate in an environment devoid
·
of control measures, harassment and censorship which is detrimental to the growth of the nation.

That stations who cannot get big amount of money to operate or produce programs can join with others
·
so that the industry can move.

That the media should try harder so as to compete very well with CNN.
·

REFERENCE
iii

Adibe, T. (2011). “Constraints and Hazard of covering

specialized Beats in our Environment”. A publish lecture delivered on Thursday, May 12,

Adibe T. (2007). Secret letter to journalist. A Revealing

insight into unethical practices, Enugu snap press Ltd.

Nigeria (1999). Constitution, section22.

Nigeria Television Authority Enugu Network centre,

program of Event Published on the occasion of 50 years television Broadcasting in Nigeria, 17th October,

2009.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHOD DESIGN

This is the process of collecting information and data for the purpose of making or ascertaining relevant

information that will aid a research work or project. There are various research method a researcher can
PAGE

adopt to aid, get useful information like survey method, a research can embark on survey method when

the population he is studying is too large.

In this research, the researcher adopted the survey method for collection and analysis of data. Survey is a

vital method of collecting data for the purpose of describing the population too large to be observed

directly.

According to Eze (2008: p.4). “Survey is also excellent vehicle for measuring attitudes and orientation in a

large population.

Ohaja (2004) asserts that “many students find the survey method convenient because it does not involve

extensive observation and monitoring of research subject. Even the research instrument questionnaire or

interview schedule can be administered by others in the researcher’s behalf (as cited by Eze, 2008: P. U).

“Survey is chiefly used in studies that have individual, people as the unit of analysis (Eze 2008: P. 60).

The survey design also use questionnaire as measuring instrument. Survey research was adopted

amongst the other types of research method like experiment, content analysis etc to measure the public

assertions about the global challenges facing the media in dissemination of information especially the

media organization in Nigeria.

3.2 AREA OF THE STUDY

The researcher limits the study to Enugu urban residents due to some constraints. Also, the

researcher focuses on the global challenges facing the media in dissemination of information. In acquiring

data from the respondent, the researcher relies on facts that relates to the under study.

3.3 RESEARCH POPULATION

It is certain that, there is rarely enough time and money to gather information from everyone living in

Enugu metropolis. The population of Enugu as at 2006 is 3,267, 837; therefore, the global goals become a

subset or representative sample of the wider population. The researcher with the use of non-probability

sampling method, otherwise known as (judgment method) decided to study a population of four hundred

people; the occupation and other demographic questions replied by the respondents were considered to

match the expected population needed by the researcher for the study.

3.4 RESEARCH SAMPLE

Taro-Yamane formula was adopted by the researcher since, the population is known, and this formula is a

suitable mathematical approach to obtain the subset of the entire population.

Taro-Yamane formula according to Eze (2008:p.94).Yaro-Yamane is used where the population is known.
iii

The formula is written as thus;]

S= N

1+N(e)2

Where S = sample size

N =Population size

E = Level of significant or erro

Then S = 400

1+ 400 (0.05)2

S = 400

1+400 (0.0025)

S = 400

1+1

S = 400

S = 200

The research population sample is two hundred respondents.

3.5 SAMPLE TECHNIQUE

The researcher used stratified random sampling technique because of the division of the population into

four strata, which enabled her distribute questionnaire to respondent and collect them back easily.

3.6 INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION

Out of the method of data collection such as mail, telephone, interview and participation, the researcher
PAGE

adopted questionnaire as a major means of collecting data for this study.This is because, information

collected through questionnaire are mainly guided which will prove general view of the term under study,

equally questionnaire enable proper analysis of data and make test of hypothesis easily. In the

questionnaire, close ended and multiple forms of questions are used in the questionnaire to eliminate

influence on the response from the respondent.

3.7 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The researcher gathered data from both primary and secondary sources. In the primary original form,

natural setting which is called first hand information. The researcher also adopted the interview method

and questionnaire to enable her obtain reliable and direct source of data.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The researcher adopted chi-square method to analyzed the hypothesis. Also percentage and table

analytical method were equally used to analyze data collection from the questionnaires. This method was

found adequately by the researcher because it will enable her to calculate the responses generated from

the questionnaire.

3.9 EXPECTED RESULTS

Working in line with the questionnaire administered to respondents, interview from some authorities and

analysis of data generated from the study, it is expected that the facts and figures the researcher states

in this work will prove all the questions, objectives significance of the study and hypothesis formulated in

the research. Also from the result, students of mass communication, the media and the entire public will

benefit from the results.

iii

REFERENCES

Eze, M.A (2008). Dynamics of communication Research,

Enugu: Cheston Agency Ltd.

Ohaja, E.U.(2003). Mass Communication Research and

Prefect Report Writing, Lagos, John Letterman Ltd.

CHPATER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.

1.
In this chapter, the researcher shall present and analyze the data generated from the respondents.

Thus, all the observation was subjected to empirical test. The researcher made effort to critically interpret

results generated from the questionnaires.

PAGE

Tables were used to present and analyze the collected data, also chi-square was used at the inferential

level in testing the research hypothesis

Chi-square is computed thus:

X2 = ∑ (O-E)2

Where X2 = Chi-square

∑ = summation sign

O = observed frequency

E = expected frequency

Df = Degree of freedom (2-1) = 2-1=1

P = Level of significance or result 0.05 (table valve =3.841).

Decision rule: If the calculated X2 value is greater than the table value, alternate hypothesis will be

accepted. And, if the calculated X2 value is less than the valve, null hypothesis will be accepted and

alternate hypothesis is rejected

Analysis of Research Question/Hypothesis

1.
Demographic Question

Table 1

Age Number Percentage

20-30yrs 60 30%

31-40yrs 115 51%

41-above 25 19%

Total 200 100

Source: Field Survey, 2013

From the above table, sixty (60) representing (30%) of the respondents are within the age of 20-30 yrs,
iii

hundred and fifteen representing (51%) of the respondents are within the age of 31-40yrs and twenty-five

representing (19%) of the respondents are within the age of 41yrs. And above.

Table 2: Marital status of the respondents.

Response Number Percentage

Married 137 40%

Single 63 60%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013.

Looking at the table above, one hundred and thirty-seven representing (40%) of the respondents are

married while sixty-three representing sixty (60%) of the respondent are single.

Table 3.: Occupation of the respondents.

Response Number Percentage

Civil servant 70 38%

Students 60 30%

Public servant 60 30%

others 10 2%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013.

The table above shows that seventy representing 38% respondents are civil servant, sixty representing

(30%) are students, then sixty representing (30%) respondents are public servants while ten representing

(2%) are others. Who engage in business or any other occupation?

Table 4: Do You Watch Television?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 200 200%

No 0 0

Total 200 200%

PAGE

Source: field survey 2013

The above indicates that two hundred representing 100% of the respondents watch television.

Table 5: If yes, How often

Response Number Percentage

Often 170 90%

Very often 25 9%

Rarely 05 1%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The table shows that one hundred and seventy representing (90%) of the respondents watch television,

then twenty-five representing (9%) respondents watch very often while five representing (1%)

respondents rarely watch television.

Table 6: Which programme is your Best programme on television.

Response Number Percentage

News 90 33%

Soap opera 33 24%

Interviews 27 18%

Documentaries 50 22%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

In the table above, ninety representing 33% of the respondents said that news is their programme, thirty-

three (33) representing twenty-four (24) said soap opera, while twenty-seven representing 18% said

interviews and fifty representing (22%) said documentaries.

Table 7: Do you think that there are serious challenges facing the media in information dissemination.

Response Number Percentage

iii

Yes 200 100%

No 0 0

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The above indicates that all the respondents two-hundred of 100% agree that they are aware of the

various challenges facing the media in information dissemination.

Table 8: Do you think that the media have sufficient freedom needed for their operation?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 153 74%

No 47 26%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

Tables above show that one hundred and fifty-three of the respondent said yes that the media have

sufficient freedom needed for their operation while forty-seven of (26%) said No.

Table 9: Do you think that the media work enough in reporting issues in High places of Government

Administration?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 86 14%

No 114 86%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

PAGE

The above shows that eight-six (86) of (14%) respondents agreed that the media work enough in

reporting issues in high places of government administration while one hundred and fourteen

respondents do not agreed.

Table 10: Do you think there are possible measures to be used to enhance the operation of the media?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 200 100%

No 0 0

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The above indicates that only two hundred agreed.

Table 11: Is it true that NTA is better than other Broadcast media in Nigeria?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 120 60%

No 80 40%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

From the above, hundred and twenty representing (60%) of the respondent said that NTA is better than

other broadcast media in Nigeria while eighty representing (40%) said it is not true.

Table 12: Do you prefer watching Local programmes on television?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 146 83%

No 54 17%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The above shows that one hundred and forty-six prefer watching Local programmes on television, while

fifty-four representing (17%) do not.

iii

Table 13: Do you think NTA Television station abides by the 60% local programmes content as stipulated

by NBC.

Response Number Percentage

Yes 192 97%

No 8 3%

Total 200 100%

In the above table, hundred and ninety-two representing (97%) said yes that NTA abides by the NBC

programmes content while eight representing (3%) said No.

Table 14.: How would you rate the presentation of NTA Broadcast?

Response Number Percentage

Good 69 22%

Very Good 115 68%

Poor 16 10%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

Looking at the table above sixty-nine representing 22% rated the presentation of NTA broadcast Good.

One hundred and fifty representing sixty-eight (68%) rated them very good, while sixteen representing

(10%) rated them poor.

Table 15: Do you think NTA coverage of events are good enough?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 196 97%

No 4 3%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The table shows that one hundred and ninety-six representing (97%) of the respondents said that NTA

coverage of events are good enough while, four representing (3%) said No.

Table 16:Is there any changes you want NTA To adopt in their programme schedule.

Response Number Percentage

PAGE

Yes 162 76%

No 38 24%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The above indicates that one hundred and sixty-two representing. (76%) respondent agreed that there

will be changes which, they would like NTA to adopt in their programme schedule while thirty-eight which

represent (24%) respondents said No, they do not have.

Table 17: Do you think, it is possible for NTA to meet up with CNN?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 200 100%

No 0 0

Total 200 100%

Form the above table, two hundred representing 100% said Yes, it is possible for NTA to meet up with

CNN while none respondent to it .

Table 18: Do you think that NTA Enugu slogan is suitable for the organization?

Response Number Percentage

Yes 192 98%

No 8 2%

Total 200 100%

Source: field survey 2013

The above indicates that one hundred and ninety-two representing (98%) respondent agreed that NTA

Enugu Slogan is suitable for the organization, while eighty representing (2%) said No.

4.2 Testing of Hypothesis

H0: There are serious challenges facing the media in

Information dissemination.

Hi: There are no serious challenges facing the media in

Information dissemination.
iii

Response Observed Expected O-E O-E2 O-E2

frequency frequency E
Yes 162 100 62 3844 38.44

No 38 100 62 3844 38.44

Total 200 76.88.

Source: field survey 2013

From the above table, the calculated value X2 =76.88.

Df=2-1 =1

P> = 0.05

Chi-square table valve is 3.841

Since, the calculated valve is greater than the square table value, the researcher accepts the “Null

hypothesis which say that there are serious challenges facing the media in information dissemination

(Ho) and reject the alternate” hypothesis (Hi) which states that there are no serious challenges facing the

media in information dissemination.

Table two.

Ho: The media have sufficient freedom needed for their

Operational efficiency.

Hi: The media have no sufficient freedom needed for their

Operational efficiency.

Response Observed Expected O-E O-E2 O-E2

frequency frequency E
Yes 153 100 47 2209 22.09

No 47 100 47 2209 22.09

Total 200 44.18

Source: field survey 2013

From the above table the calculated valve is 44.18

PAGE

Df = 2-1

P> = 0.05

Chi-square table valve = 3.841

Since the calculated table is greater than the chi-square table valve, the researcher accept Null

hypothesis (Ho) and reject the alternate hypothesis (H1).

Hypothesis three

Ho: The media work enough in reporting issues in High places of government administration.

Hi: The media do not work enough in reporting issues in High places of government administration.

Response Observed Expected O-E O-E2 O-E2

frequency frequency E
Yes 86 100 14 196 1.96

No 114 100 14 196 1.96

Total 200 3.92

Source: field survey 2013

From the above table, the calculated valve is 3.92.

Df = 2-1 =1

P> = 0.05

Chi-square table valve 3.841

Since the calculated table valve is 3.92, is greater than the square table valve, the researcher accept the

null hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis Hi.

HYPOTHESIS FOUR

Ho: Is there any changes you want NTA to adopt in their

Programme schedule.
iii

Hi: Is there any changes you don’t want NTA to adopt in

Their programme schedule.

Response Observed Expected O-E O-E2 O-E2

frequency frequency E
Yes 162 100 62 3844 38.44

No 38 100 62 3844 38.44

Total 200 76.88

Source: field survey 2013

From the above table, the calculated valve 76.88

Df = 2-1 =1

P> = 0.05

Chi-square table valve 3.841

Since the calculated table valve is greater than the square table valve, the researcher accepts the null

hypothesis (Ho) and rejects the alternate hypothesis (Hi).

Hypothesis five

Ho: Do you think NTA coverage of events are good enough.

Hi: Do you think NTA coverage of events are not good

Enough.

Response Observed Expected O-E O-E2 O-E2

frequency frequency E
Yes 196 100 96 9216 92.16

No 4 100 96 9216 92.16

Total 200 184.32

Source: field survey 2013

From the above table, the calculated valve is 184.32

PAGE

Df = 2-1 =1

P> = 0.05

Chi-square table valve 3.841

Since the calculated table valve is greater than the square table valve, the researcher accepts the Null

hypothesis (Ho) and rejects the alternate hypothesis (Hi).

4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

In analyzing the result, the researcher found from the research question that the people between the

ages 31-40 watch television more and in table two married people have or one more.

It was also found that 200 representing 200% do watch television and 170 representing 9%

watch often, 25 representing 9% very often while 5 representing 18 respondents rarely watch in table 5.

It was gathered by the researcher that 90 representing 30% of the respondent 30% of the

respondent said that news as their best programme. Thirty three representing 18 said interview and fifty

representing 22% said documentation.

In table 7 all respondents, 200 of 100% agree that they are aware of various challenges facing

the media in information dissemination.

In table 8 one hundred and fifty three of the respondent said yes that the media have sufficient

freedom need for the operation while forty seven of 26% said no.

Table 9 showed that eight six of 14% respondent agreed that the meida work enough in

reporting issue in high places of government administration while one hundred and fourteen respondent

do not agreed. Table 10 indicate that only two hundred agreed that there are possible measure to be

used to enhance the operation of media. Furthermore, table 11 showed that one hundred and twenty

representing 60% of the respondent said that NTA is better than other broadcast media in Nigeria while

eighty representing 40% said it is not true. In table 12 one hundred and forty six prefer watching local

programmes on television while fifty four representing 17% do not. Table 13 shoed one hundred and

ninety two representing 97% said yes that NTA abides by the NBC progrmme content and eight

representing 3% sad No. in table 14 sixty nine representing 22% rated the presentation of NTA broadcast

good. One hundred and forty representing 68% rated them very good, while sixteen representing 10%

rated them very good, while sixteen representing 10% rated them poor.

In table 15, one hundred and ninety six representing 76% respondent agreed that NTA courage

of event are good enough while four representing 3% said No.

iii

Table 16 showed one hundred and sixty two representing 76% respondent agree that there are

will be changes which they would thirty NTA to adopt in their programme schedule while thirty which

represents 24% respondents said not they do not have. 17 showed two hundred representing 100% said

yes it is possible for NTA to meet up with UNN while none respondent to it table 18 indicates that one

hundred and ninety two representing 98% respondent agreed that NTA Enugu slogan is suitable for the

organization able eight representing 2% said No.

The researcher also gained support the hypothesis I there are serious changes the media is

facing in dissemination of information.

Also hypothesis two proved that media have sufficient freedom needed for their operational

efficiency as regarded to freedom of information bill that was passed to low, this pose a question, if this

law is actually been implemented of course with the government system in the country. The law has not

been dully implemented, reporters still have challenging when sent to ascertain information especially

from the high place of government.

Hypothesis three, result here show that the media work enough in reporting issue in high place

of government administration from the finding of the researcher, this is to an extent.

Hypothesis four result here, it is observed that respondents have changes that they want NTA to

adopt in their programme schedule that will better their presentation and progrmme schedule in NTA.

Hypothesis Five: From the finding in table, the researcher observed that NTA courage of events

are enough going by their equipment and timeliness of featuring recent happening in the country.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

This work is aimed at finding out the reviews of people on the challenges facing the media in

dissemination of information. Thus, opinion of some experts in different fields of studies and some

students were sought using the survey methods as the questionnaire served as the instrument of data

collection. From the research concluded, it is obvious that Nigerians are in support of the media

operations. This study also shows that media should be free from government control. All these have

proved the fact that if the media should be regulated, it will be only to ensure order and discipline in the

coverage and reportage of issues. But, while we regulate, we should not restrict the media operators to

an extreme because this will make them not to have the needed information for the masses.
PAGE

Based on this fact, it can be submitted that the twenty-first century witness intensified struggle for the

democratization of the mass media this goal of attaining human freedom was aimed from the chains of

government regulations. Also, there is need for the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) to keep on

encouraging the media especially the broadcast media so as to ensure a free flow of information.

However, this study has some limitation in sense that it did not cover all media stations in the country.

5.2 CONCLUSION

Finally, the study concluded that media broadcasting should be allowed by the government to be free

without fear of persecution by the government.

Relatively, the broadcast should also bear in mind that they will be doing the nation good if they report

issues that could bring about changes in the attitude and behavior of the government and the masses by

reporting every hidden fact that is of interest to the nation without any fear. On the other hand, the

freedom that will be given to them by the government should go with responsibility.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS.

- The following recommendations are presented on these finding.

- That to further enhance or complement the role of the media, especially the broadcast media

and the challenges facing them in the dissemination of information. Thus, the government should ensure

that the law which was passed on the freedom of information Bill (FOI), that is begging for attention of

the national Assembly be actualized. So that the media will be at most free accessing information. If this

is done, ethical standards would be further be enhanced.

- Journalists are not to present acts of violence in a manner that supports or glorifies them. Thus,

they should bear this fact in mind while compiling the final report after their field work. Also, those

covering a particular beat should not relax on the already existing knowledge but should continue

enhancing their knowledge on issues bordering the society. This can be achieved through doing related

research, attending seminar or even taking up courses in their specialized beat. Because, this will make

them look more authoritative and further widen their horizon.

The media official should remember that they are socially responsible to the society and as such, should

promote universal tents of human rights, democracy, justice, peace, unity and national growth and

development.

There is need for every journalist not to see or copy other people’s work verbatim with attribution thus,

the journalist should adhere to the rules of copy right and ensures that proper acknowledgement is given

to originators of works and even sources that give out information to them.
iii

BIBLOGRAPHY

Adibe, T.U.(2013). constraints and Hazards of covering

specialized Beats in our Environment “. A publish lectures delivered on Thursday, May 12,

Adibe, T. (2007). Secret letter to journalist: A Revealing

insight into unethical practices, Enugu: snap press Ltd.

Eze, Mark Akunna (2008). Dynamic of communication

Research, Enugu; Cheston Books.

Ibid (2008). Fundamentals communication theories Enugu:

His Glory publications.

MacBride, S. et al (1981). Many voice, one world (Nigeria

Edition) Ibadan: University press.

Micheal, U. K. (2006), Dynamic of mass media

development in Nigeria; Enugu: Rhycen Rerx publications. Nigeria 1999 constitution, section 22.

Nigeria television Authority Enugu Network Centre program of Events Published on the Occasion of 50

years Television Broadcasting in Nigeria, 17th October, 2009.

Nwodu, L.C. (2006). Research in social science and other

PAGE

Behavioral science, Enugu: Rlycen Rerex

Ogbuoshi, M.O. (2004). Understanding methods and thesis

Writing, Enugu. Lince Enterprises.

Ohaja, E.U (2003). Mass communication research and

project report writing, Lagos. John Letterman Ltd

Okoro N. and Agbo B. (2003). Writing for the media society

Enugu, Prize Publishers, Nsukka.

Ibid (1993). Small Handbook on communication, Enugu:

Glanic Venture Publishers.

Ibid (1993), Small participatory media Technology in

Development Communication in Nigeria (A non sitent option). Enugu: New Generation Books.

Okunna, C.S (1994). Introduction to mass communication

Enugu: ABIC Publishers.

Oukonu, M.O. (2006). Dynamics of Mass Media

Development Nigeria , Eungu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers.

iii

APPENDIX

Department of Mass Communication

Dear Respondent,

I am a student of the above department in the _______________.

I am carrying out a research study on the topic “Challenges facing the media in Dissemination of

information and its focus is on NTA”

I therefore solicit for your maximum corporation as you answer the questions contained in the

questionnaires, for the purpose of this research study which is meant for the partial fulfillment of my

Award of Higher National Diploma in Mass Communication, you are hereby assured that your answer will

be treated in confidence.

Thank you

Your faithfully,
 PAGE

QUESTIONNAIRE

Please, tick ( ) where appropriate

Section A

Gender: (a) male [ ] (b) female [ ]

1.

Age: (a) 20-30 [ ] (a) 31-40 [ ] (c) and above [ ]

2.

Marital status: (a) married [ ] (b) single [ ]

3.

Occupation:
4.
(a) civil servant [ ] (b) student [ ]

(c) public servant [ ] (d) others [ ]

Do you watch television

5.
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

If yes, how often? ]

6.
(a) often (b) very often [ ] (c) rarely [ ]

Which programme is your best programme on television

7.
(a) News [ ] (b) soap opera [ ] (c) interview [ ] (d) documentaries [ ]

Do you think that there are serious challenges facing the media in information dissemination?
8.
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

Do you think that the media have sufficient freedom needed for their operational efficiency?
9.
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

10. Do you think that the media work enough in reporting issues in high places of government
administration?

(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

11. Do you think there are possible measures to be used to enhance the operation of the media ?
(a) yes [] (b) no [ ]

12. Is it true that NTA is better an other broadcast media in Nigeria?

 iii

(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

13. Do you prefer watching local programmes on television?

(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

14. Do you think that NTA television station abides by the 60% local programme content as stipulated by
NBC?

(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

15. How would you rate the presentation of NTA broadcast?

(a) Good [ ] (b) Very good [ ]

(c) poor [ ]

16. Do you think that NTA coverage of events are good enough?
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

17. Is there any changes you want NTA to adopt in their programme schedule?
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

18. Do you think that it is possible for NTA to meet up with CNN?
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

19. Do you think that NTA Enugu slogan is suitable for the organization?
(a) yes [ ] (b) no [ ]

CHALLENGES FACING THE MEDIA ORGANISATION

IN DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION

(A STUDY OF NIGERIA TELEVISION AUTHORITY, NTA)

PAGE
iii

ABSTRACT

The subject matter of this work is “challenges facing the media in Dissemination of information” in

carrying out the research work, the researcher adopted the survey design using the questionnaire

measuring instrument; this was to measure the public’s opinion, to ascertain about the media in

information dissemination. The researcher further the study by adopting representative sample of the

wider population by using non-probability sampling method or judgment method to find out from the

public the challenges facing the media in dissemination of information. The researcher used chi-square to

analyze the data that was collected from the respondents; it is observed that, there are challenges faced

by the media in dissemination of information. Some of the challenges facing the media are posed by the

government. The government should allow the media to exercise the law of “freedom of information” this

will go a long way in aiding the media to gather information and disseminate to the heterogeneous

audience.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page ii

Approval Page iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Table of Content vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

1.
Statement of the Research Problem 10
2.
Objectives of the Study 11
3.
Significance of the Study 12
4.
Research Questions 13
5.
Research Hypothesis 13
6.
Theoretical Framework 14
7.
Scope of the Study 15
8.
PAGE

9. Limitation of the Study 16

10. Definition of the Terms 17References

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Sources of Literature 20

2.2. Review of Relevant Literature 20

2.3. Summary of Literature 33

References

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design 36

3.2. Area of the Study 38

3.3 Research Population 38

3.4. Research Sample 39

3.5. Sample Technique 41

3.6. Instrument of Data Collection 41

3.7 Method of Data Collection 42

3.8 Method of Data Analysis 43

3.9 Expected Result 43

References

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis 45

4.2 Analysis of Research Questions/Hypothesis 60

4.3 Discussion of Result 67

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary 72

5.2 Conclusion 73

5.3 Recommendation 74

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaires
iii