GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ,PEN

CERTIFICATE
Submitted By

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.

1. Rohit Ashok Landage 3318

2. Bhavesh Subhash Mali 3320

3. Harsh Dnyaneshwar Patil 3329

4. Mahesh Uttam More 3360

This is to certify that, of “Fifth” semester of diploma in Computer Technology of institute

Government Polytechnic Pen(code:0129) has completed the Micro-project satisfactorily in
course “Advance Java Programming ” (course code: 22516) for the academic year 2024-
2025 as prescribed in curriculum.

Mrs. G. B. Garud Mrs. G. B. Garud

(Micro-project Guide) (Head of Department)

Dr. M. R. Chitlange
(Principal of collage)
Govt. Polytechnic ,Pen
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the world of competition there is race of existence in which those are having to come
forward succeed project. Is like the bridge between theoretical and practical working
with this willing. I join particular project. The satisfaction completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it
possible, whose constant guide and encourage crown all effort with success.
With this willing, I join particular project. The satisfaction that accompanies that the
successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention of
people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible, whose constant guideline and
encouragement crown all effort with success.
First of all, I would like to thank one has always guided us to work on these grace project
could not become reality. Our project coordinator Mrs. G. B. Garud for the internal guidance
and constructive suggestion that help to the preparation of the project. In particular, I would
like to thank to you for blessing to our principal Dr. M. R. Chitlange who has always been the
inspiration. I wish to thank Mrs. G. B. Garud (Head of Department Computer Technology) for
having faith in this project idea and granted support in all direction.
I am grateful and thankful to all my teachers who share their years of experience, excellent
support and blossoms of suggestion with me. We have helped in successfully completion
of this project.
 Part –A
Micro Project Proposal prepare a report on
“Electricity bill Management System”

1.1 Brief Introduction :-

The Electricity Bill Management System is a software application developed in Java designed to automate the
process of managing electricity billing, customer account management, and payment tracking. This system
aims to simplify and streamline the tasks involved in generating bills based on electricity consumption,
tracking payments, and managing customer data. It provides both customers and administrators with an
efficient way to interact with billing information.

The system is built using Java and utilizes Swing, a part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC), to create a user-
friendly graphical user interface (GUI). Customers can easily view their electricity consumption, receive bills,
make payments, and track their payment history, while administrators can manage customer records,
generate bills, and monitor payment statuses.

By automating these processes, the Electricity Bill Management System reduces the chances of human error,
saves time for both utility providers and customers, and ensures accurate billing and timely payments. With
secure login, real-time updates, and comprehensive reporting features, the system offers a seamless and
reliable solution for managing electricity billing tasks.

1.2 Aims of the micro project:-

1. Automate Bill Generation and Payment Tracking

2. Streamline Customer Account Management
3. Improve Operational Efficiency
4. Enhance User Experience
5. Provide Real-Time Data and Transparency
6. Improve Payment Collection and Timeliness
7. Ensure Data Security
8. Facilitate Reporting and Analytics
9. Reduce Human Error
10. Offer a Scalable Solution
1.3 Action Plan

Sr. No. Detail of activity Planned start Planned end date Name of team
date member

1. Searching of subject of 20/7/2024 25/7/2024 All group

microproject member

2. Confirm a subject of 25/7/2024 29/7/2024 All group

microproject member

3. Searching a subject information 30/7/2024 12/8/2024 Bhavesh Mali

of microproject (3320) ,
Harsh Patil
(3329)
4. Collect the information about 13/8/2024 22/8/2024 Harsh Patil
microproject (3329) ,
Mahesh More
(3360)

5. Write the information of 23/8/2024 31/8/2024 Rohit Landage

microproject (3318) ,
Bhavesh Mali
(3320)
6. Divide work of students 2/9/2024 18/9/2024 Harsh Patil
(3329) ,
Mahesh More
(3360)

7. The prepared micro-project to 19/9/2024 30/9/2024 All group

be shown to teacher members

8. All typing of project 1/10/2024 22/10/2024 Bhavesh Mali

(3320)

9. Print of micro-project 25/10/2024 25/10/2024 All group

member
1.4 Actual Resources used:-

Sr. No. Name of resource specification Quna

tity
1. PC I5 processor, 4Gbram 1

2. Software JDK 1

3. Laptop HP , Macbook Air M2 1

1.5 Name of Students

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.

1. Rohit Ashok Landage 3318

2. Bhavesh Subhash Mali 3320

3. Harsh Dnyaneshwar Patil 3329

4. Mahesh Uttam More 3360

Sr. No. Index Pg.no.

1. Brief introduction 1

2. 1

3. 1

4. Aim 3

5. Course outcome 3

6. Conclusion 6
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 Part –B
Micro Project Proposal prepare a report
on
“Segmentation in operating system”

1.0Brief Introduction :-

Segmentation in an operating system is a memory management scheme that divides a process's

memory into variable-sized segments, each of which corresponds to a logical unit, such as a function,
array, or data structure. Unlike paging, which divides memory into fixed-size blocks, segmentation
allows for more flexible memory allocation. Each segment can grow or shrink independently based on
the needs of the process.
Segmentation helps in organizing memory in a way that matches the logical structure of a program,
making it easier to manage and protect. It also allows for better sharing and protection of different
parts of a program. However, it can suffer from external fragmentation, where free memory becomes
scattered in small blocks, making it difficult to allocate contiguous segments.
Segmentation is a memory management technique where a process is divided into variable-sized
segments based on its logical components, like code, data, and stack. This allows for more flexible
memory allocation and better reflects the program's structure. Each segment is managed independently,
offering improved protection and easier sharing, but it can suffer from external fragmentation.

1.1 Types of Segmentation in Operating Systems :-

• Virtual Memory Segmentation: Each process is divided into a number of segments, but the
segmentation is not done all at once. This segmentation may or may not take place at the run
time of the program.
• Simple Segmentation: Each process is divided into a number of segments, all of which are
loaded into memory at run time, though not necessarily contiguously.

1.2 Concepts of segmentation:-

1) Logical Division:-
In segmentation, the memory is divided according to the logical needs of a program, like its different
sections (code, data, stack). This is different from paging, where memory is divided into fixed-size blocks
called pages.

2) Segment table:-
The operating system keeps a segment table that holds the base address and the length of each
segment. The base address is the starting point of the segment in physical memory, and the length is the
size of the segment.
It maps a two-dimensional Logical address into a one-dimensional Physical address. It’s each table entry
has:
• Base Address: It contains the starting physical address where the segments reside in memory.
• Segment Limit: Also known as segment offset. It specifies the length of the segment.

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 3) Logical Address Space:-
A logical address or virtual address in segmentation is represented by two components:
• Segment number: Identifies which segment in the program (e.g., code, data, stack).
• Offset: Specifies the position of a data item within the segment.

1.3 Importance of segmentation in operating system:

• Logical Memory Organization: Segmentation allows the operating system to divide a
program's memory into logical segments (e.g., code, data, stack). This mirrors the way
programs are naturally structured, making memory management more intuitive and efficient.
• Flexibility in Memory Allocation: Unlike paging, which divides memory into fixed-size
blocks, segmentation divides memory into variable-sized chunks. This allows for more
efficient use of memory, reducing wasted space due to the varying size of program
components.
• Improved Process Isolation: Segmentation enhances process isolation by separating
different parts of a program (such as the code and data segments). This helps protect the
integrity of each process, preventing one process from accessing or modifying another's
memory.
• Support for Growing Programs: Segments can grow or shrink dynamically, allowing the
operating system to allocate memory to segments as needed. This is particularly useful for
stacks and heaps, which often change size during program execution.
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 • Sharing and Protection: Segmentation allows for easy sharing of code or data between
processes by mapping the same segment to different processes. Additionally, it supports
protection mechanisms, where each segment can have different access rights (e.g., read-only
code segment, read-write data segment).
• Ease of Debugging and Maintenance: Since segmentation aligns with the logical structure
of a program, it makes debugging and maintenance easier. Developers can focus on specific
segments (e.g., debugging the data segment without interfering with the code segment).

2.0 Aims of the micro project:-

1. Logical Organization of Memory
2. Ease of Program Management
3. Support for Dynamic Memory Allocation
4. Improved Memory Protection
5. Facilitates Sharing and Communication
6. Implement Segmentation in an Operating System

3.0 Course outcome:-

1. Understand the Concept of Segmentation
2. Explain the Working of Segmentation
3. Understand the Address Translation Process
4. Analyze the Advantages and Disadvantages of Segmentation

4.0 Real Time Application:-

1. Memory Management in Embedded Systems
• Real-time constraints: Embedded systems (such as those in automotive, industrial control, or
medical devices) often have strict real-time requirements, where timing and resource
constraints are critical.
• Segmentation in memory management: In embedded systems, segmentation can be used to
logically divide memory into regions like code, data, stack, and heap. This allows for efficient
memory use and faster access times, which are crucial in real-time systems where
predictability and low latency are needed.
2. Segmentation in Virtual Memory Systems
• Real-time application in virtual memory: In systems with virtual memory, like Unix or modern
real-time operating systems (RTOS), segmentation helps isolate different areas of memory
(e.g., text, data, stack). This isolation helps in managing memory efficiently in environments
where multiple processes are running concurrently, such as multitasking or multi-threaded
applications.
• Example: In a real-time operating system used for robotics, different segments (e.g., code
segment, data segment) are allocated to separate regions of memory. This separation ensures
that real-time tasks (like control loops) can access their code and data without being
interfered with by other non-real-time processes.
3. Real-Time Video and Audio Processing
• Memory segmentation for media processing: In real-time applications like video streaming,
live broadcasting, or audio processing, memory segmentation can be used to isolate and
protect critical sections of memory. For instance, the code responsible for real-time
encoding/decoding and the data buffers for media storage can be placed in separate
segments.
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• Example: In a live streaming system, the real-time video encoding and the buffer
management (which holds frames for processing) are kept in separate segments, ensuring
that the critical encoding operation has uninterrupted access to memory.
4. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) for IoT
• Segmentation in IoT devices: In IoT (Internet of Things) systems where multiple devices or
sensors are involved in monitoring and controlling processes, segmentation can be used to
partition memory for different modules. For example, real-time data collection modules and
control tasks (such as sensor readings, motor control, or alarm systems) can be kept in
separate segments.
• Example: In an autonomous drone system, the flight control code might reside in one
segment of memory, while the sensor data and signal processing algorithms could reside in
another segment. This separation ensures that the real-time flight control system is not
delayed or interrupted by other non-real-time tasks.
5. Safety-Critical Systems (e.g., Aerospace or Automotive Systems)
• Memory segmentation for fault isolation: In high-assurance, safety-critical systems (such as
those used in aerospace or automotive applications), segmentation is often employed to
isolate different parts of the system for fault tolerance and protection. This ensures that if one
part of the system fails (e.g., a control loop), it doesn't corrupt or disrupt other segments of
memory that might be critical for safety or real-time performance.
• Example: In an avionics system, the flight control software might be isolated in its own
segment, separate from navigation data, communications, and sensor management systems.
This helps prevent system-wide failures by preventing one failure from affecting other critical
tasks.
6. Segmentation in High-Performance Real-Time Databases
• Real-time database management: For systems like high-frequency trading platforms or
realtime database systems, segmentation can be used to separate different types of data
(transaction logs, real-time query data, etc.) into logical memory regions. This allows for faster
data access and real-time processing while preventing data corruption in shared memory
regions.
• Example: In a financial application, the transaction processing segment might be separated
from the historical data storage segment to ensure that real-time operations can be executed
with minimal latency while large data sets are processed or stored in the background.
7. Multimedia Systems (Audio/Video Synchronization)
• Real-time multimedia processing: In multimedia systems that require synchronized audio and
video streams, segmentation can ensure that code and data for audio processing and video
rendering are allocated separately. This guarantees that processing tasks for both streams can
be handled concurrently without interference.
• Example: In a video conferencing system, segmentation can be used to isolate the video
rendering code from the audio encoding/decoding code, ensuring each process can run
smoothly and with predictable timing.
8. Segmentation for Kernel Space and User Space Isolation
• Real-time OS kernel and user applications: In real-time operating systems, segmentation is
often used to separate the kernel space from the user space. This isolation ensures that
critical kernel operations (which may require real-time processing) are not disturbed by user
applications, and vice versa.
• Example: In a real-time embedded system, segmentation could help keep kernel memory for
interrupt handling and device drivers separate from user applications that handle less
timecritical tasks.
9. Segmentation in Network Protocols (RTOS Communication)
• Segmented communication buffers: In communication between nodes (e.g., in a distributed
real-time system), segmentation can be used to divide the memory buffers used for sending

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 and receiving network packets. This is particularly useful in real-time protocols, where data
integrity and timely delivery are critical.
• Example: In a real-time communication system for emergency services, segmentation could
help ensure that data sent between devices (e.g., GPS locations, medical data) is kept in
separate segments, preventing delays in high-priority communications.
10. Segmentation for Multi-threading and Task Isolation
• Task isolation in multi-threading: In real-time systems with multi-threaded applications,
segmentation can be used to isolate different threads' memory regions to avoid interference.
Each thread's stack and heap might be placed in its own segment, ensuring that one thread
doesn't corrupt the data or stack of another thread.
• Example: In a real-time operating system managing a robotics platform, different tasks (e.g.,
sensor processing, motor control, navigation) can be segmented to run concurrently without
memory conflicts, ensuring real-time task deadlines are met.

5.0 Conclusion:-
the microproject on segmentation in operating systems has provided insights into
how memory is managed by dividing it into variable-sized segments based on
program needs (e.g., code, data, stack). Segmentation offers advantages like
improved flexibility, process isolation, and efficient memory usage. However, it also
presents challenges, such as fragmentation and increased system complexity. Overall,
the project helped deepen understanding of segmentation’s role in memory
management while highlighting the balance needed between its benefits and
limitations.

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6.0 Skill Developed
• Leadership Quality
• Communication Skill
• Working in group
• Co-ordination skill
• Decision making skill
• Understand google functionality
•
7.0 References

• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
• https://www.javatpoint.com/os-segmentation

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