1.
3BANGLADESH
1.3.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
One of the world's most densely inhabited nations, Bangladesh (also known as the "Land of the Bengals") is a riverine
nation with a majority Muslim population. The region, together with what is now the Indian state of West Bengal, originally
made up the province of Bengal in British India as the eastern half of the historical territory of Bengal. When India was
divided in 147, East Bengal became one of Pakistan's five provinces, East Pakistan, which was separated from the other
four by 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of Indian territory. Bangladesh gained its independence as a nation in 1971, with its capital
located in dhaka.
After two years of emergency rule under the caretaker administration, Bangladesh conducted its first democratic
parliamentary election in seven years in December 2008. Despite having 158 million people, the nation still has substantial
developmental challenges, particularly with regard to how women are treated and treated in general. Bangladesh is home to
significant gender inequality, a lack of respect for and enforcement of women’s rights and, most dramatically, high rates of
domestic violence. According to scholarly research, there is a very high frequency of domestic abuse in rural Bangladesh,
with between 32 and 72 percent of married women reporting violence in the marital relationship. However, just 1% of
women really ask for help, which is extremely low.
1.3.2 BRIEF HISTORY
However, there were weak ties between the two wings of Pakistan, and the East was immediately endangered by
Mohammed Ali Jinnah's ardent advocacy for Urdu as the country's official tongue. Discontent among the Bangla people
grew, especially when the military gained control of Pakistan in 1958. Mujibur Rahman (also known as Sheikh Mujib), who
was constantly imprisoned by the military while advocating for autonomy, served as the focal point of the resistance. In East
Pakistan, Mujib's Awami League won 167 of the 169 seats in 1971. West Pakistan's army launched a genocidal offensive,
murdering thousands of people, while also detaining Mujib, during crisis negotiations meant to stop independence. India,
where the Awami League leaders proclaimed independence on March 26, received almost 10 million refugees. Dogged
guerrilla resistance began until finally, in December 1971, the Indian army invaded and ejected Pakistani forces. The war
had cost three million lives. Mujib became leader of an independent Bangladesh.
Bangladesh War of independence
On 23 March 1971, the Bangladeshi flag was raised for the first time. Operation Searchlight was, however, launched on 26
March 1971 by the Pakistani military junta who massacred Bengali politicians, students, intellectuals, military defectors, and
civil servants during the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.
During the liberation war, Bengali locals proclaimed a declaration of independence and created the Mukti Bahini, the
Bangladeshi National Liberation Army. During the war, the army held Bengali's countryside and waged guerilla operations
against the Pakistani forces. India offered support to the army during the war. The United States and the Soviet Union also
sent naval forces to the Bengal Bay to offer support. The war lasted for nine months and it came to an end when the
Pakistani military surrendered to the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces on 16th December 1971.
After gaining its independence, Bangladesh became a republic within the Commonwealth and a secular democracy. in
1973, Bangladesh joined the OIC and the Non-Aligned Movement, and later joined the United Nations in 1974.
In 1973, Bangladesh, Pakistan and India signed a tripartite agreement calling for stability and peace in the sub-continent.
The government at that time was led by Mujib who was assassinated together with the majority of his family members on 15
August 1975. In the same year, two army uprisings took place and they led to a reorganized system of power.
In 1977, Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman took over the presidency and in 1979 he restored civilian rule and reinstated
multi-party politics. He formed the Bangladesh National Party and promoted free markets. He also reinstated the country's
foreign policy and sought out closer ties with the West. His tenure ended in 1981 when he was assassinated by the military.
His successor was Abdus Sattar, whose tenure ended in less than a year.
Lieutenant General Hussain Muhammad Ershad was the country's next big ruler and as president he pursued executive
reforms, including a devolution scheme which partitioned the nation into 64 districts and 5 divisions. in 1985, he held the
founding summit of SAARC in Dhaka, bringing together 7 South Asian nations, including the Maldives, Bangladesh, India,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, into a regional union. He also extended Bangladesh's road network and began significant
projects, for instance, the Jamuna Bridge. He reinstates civilian rule in 1986 and established the Jatiya Party.
In 1991, former first lady Khaleda Zia led the Bangladesh Nationalists Party and was elected as the first female Prime
Minister in the country's history.
The next general elections were held in 1996 and the Awami League led by Sheikh Hasina came back to power after 20
years. In 1999 the Sheikh held a trilateral summit between Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India and helped form the D8
grouping with Turkey. The League, however, lost power again to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) in the 2001
election and Khaleda Zia was once again elected as the Prime Minister.
BNP's tenure came to an end in October 2006 and a caretaker government led by President Iajuddin Ahmed worked to
ensure that the parties would take part in the elections within ninety days. The Bangladesh Armed Forces intervened on 11
January 2007 so as to support a state of emergency and a neutral caretaker government under Chief Advisor Fakhruddin
Ahmed. The Awani League won the 2008 general elections.
Over the years, Bangladesh has reduced poverty a lot with the rate lowering from 57 % in 1990 to 25.6% in 2014. Per-
capita income has doubled and the country has acquired success in human development. Bangladesh, however, still faces
challenges of climate change, inequality, religious extremism, and unstable politics.
The area that is now Bangladesh has been settled for many thousands of years. There have been a series of ruling
dynasties including the Buddhist Pala dynasty and the Hindu Sena dynasty. By the 12th century, Arab merchants had come
to Bengal and the religion of Islam had begun to spread. In the 16th century, The Mughal Empire took control of Bengal and
the city of Dhaka became an important center of the Mughal administration.
The first Europeans to visit Bangladesh were Portuguese traders. Soon the French, British, and Dutch followed. The British
became the dominant presence primarily through the East India Company. In 1859, Britain took over and Bengal became
part of the British Empire as a region of India.
In 1947, the region of Bengal was divided along religious lines. The mostly Muslim eastern half was called East Pakistan
and became part of Pakistan. The mostly Hindu western part was part of the country of India and was the state West
Bengal.
There were many arguments and wars between Pakistan and India. As a result the new country of Bangladesh was created
in 1972. It was a parliamentary democracy with a constitution. The capital was in Dhaka. Justice Abu Sayeed Choudhury
was the first President and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib) the first Prime Minister.
II. METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research Method and Design
Data mining was used as a research approach in this study, which entailed using sophisticated data analysis tools to identify
previously unknown, valid patterns and correlations in large datasets. Furthermore, this study employed a descriptive
research methodology in order to obtain quantifiable information for statistical analysis of the population sample.This study
also employed a quantitative approach. It is intended to be used to go deeper into the topic of interest and to investigate
information connected to the situation at hand. The design has evolved as the investigation progresses. The data was non-
numerical, and the sample was chosen on purpose. Data collecting methods included interviews, observations, and
document analysis, and no statistical tests were required because data analysis occurs concurrently with data collection.
2.2. Ethical Consideration
In obtaining and presenting data, researchers evaluated underlying aspects such as honesty in reporting data, outcomes,
methodologies and processes, and publication status. They did not make up, falsify, or distort the information. Furthermore,
researchers did not misrepresented colleagues, research funders, or the general public. In study design, data analysis, data
interpretation, and other areas where objectivity was anticipated or necessary, researchers attempted to prevent bias.
Researchers also prevented or reduced prejudice and self-deception.Researchers avoided careless errors and negligence
when gathering valuable information via the internet, carefully and critically examined every detail of a site or any source to
avoid including useless data and information that will support the study and give proper acknowledgement Or credit for all
contributions to research. They never plagiarized.
3.1 Bangladesh and its finest
Bangladesh is a country located in South Asia. It shares borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar
(Burma) to the southeast. The Bay of Bengal lies to the south of Bangladesh. The Riverine country of Bangladesh “Land of
the Bengalis is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and its people are predominantly Muslim. As the
eastern portion of the historical region of Bengal, the area once formed, along with what is now the Indian state of West
Bengal, the province of Bengal in British India.
3.1.1. People (Population)
Bangladesh has a significant population, making it the eighth most populous country in the world.
The current population of Bangladesh is 169,380,181 as of
Monday, May 15, 2023, based on World meter elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
Most of the population of Bangladesh is Bengali
The Bengali people are historically of diverse origin, having emerged from the confluence of various communities that
entered the region over the course of many centuries.
The Vedda peoples were perhaps the earliest group to settle in the area. According to some ethnologists, they were
followed by people from the Mediterranean and neighboring areas, particularly those who spoke Indo-European languages.
During the 8th century CE, persons of Arab, Persian, and Turkish origin moved in large numbers to the subcontinent. By the
beginning of the 13th century, they had entered what is now Bangladesh.
Non-Bengalis, only a small portion of the population is non-Bengali, which is mainly made up of smaller indigenous
communities.
The Chittagong Hill Tracts in the southeast, which is the region of the country with the fewest settlers, are home to most of
these peoples and The Santhal people reside in Bangladesh's northwest, the Khasi in Sylhet in the Khasi Hills close to the
country's border with Assam, India, and the Garo and Hajang in the northeast.
3.1.2 Language & Culture
The official and widely spoken language in Bangladesh is
Bengali, also known as Bangla.
English is also used as a second language and is often spoken in educational institutions and by professionals.
Beyond the sphere of influence of the Aryan Brahman society is where Bengali emerged. Bengal's Pala monarchs, who
were Buddhists and spoke Pali as their religious language (8th–12th century), did not prevent the establishment of the
Gaudiya Prakrit dialect, which gave rise to Bengali.
Nearly the whole population of Bangladesh speaks Bengali as their first language. The indigenous minority tribes do,
however, speak their own dialects and languages, some of which are Tibeto-Burman. Urban areas and educated groups
speak the Indo-European language English.
3.1.3 Economy
Bangladesh is classified as a developing country with a mixed economy. It has experienced significant economic growth in
recent years, with a focus on sectors like textiles and garments, agriculture, and remittances from migrant workers abroad.
Bangladesh's extensive reliance on agriculture has long contributed to a generally low level of living in many areas as well
as to seasonal unemployment among rural farmworkers. A policy of industrialization was implemented in the middle of the
20th century to address this mismatch.Priority was given to businesses based on domestic raw materials like as jute, cotton,
hides, and skins under the Pakistani administration's rule (1947–1971). The idea of private sector free business was
embraced, but there were some restrictions, one of which was that public utilities must be owned by the government. In
order to reduce reliance on imports, the industrial policy also attempted to boost consumer product production as rapidly as
feasible.
Fishing and Farming
Nearly half of the people of Bangladesh was still employed in agriculture at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The
main agricultural commodity is rice, but jute and tea are also significant because they are also vital sources of foreign
exchange. Indeed, the nation is among the top producers of raw jute in the entire world. Wheat, pulses like peas, beans,
and lentils, sweet potatoes, various oilseeds and spices, sugarcane, tobacco, and fruits like bananas, mangoes, and
pineapples are some of the other significant agricultural products. The nation is also a top producer of goat meat and milk.
Agriculture was at one time wholly dependent upon the vagaries of the monsoon. A weak monsoon always meant low
harvests and the prospect of hunger; agriculture was formerly completely dependent on its whims. Numerous irrigation
projects, including the building of dams to control floods and store rainwater for use in the dry months, have been
undertaken to lessen the risk of crop loss as a result of such unfavorable weather circumstances. The Tista Barrage Project
in the north, the Ganges-Kabadak Project to service the southwest, and the Karnaphuli Multipurpose Project in the
southeast have been among the most significant of these endeavors. Economic planning has promoted intercropping,
double and triple cropping, and increased fertilizer use.
3.2.4 Bangladesh Tourist Attractions
https://pathfriend-bd.com/explore_bd/paharpur-buddhist-bihar/
1.Paharpur
Is a pint-sized town which is most well-known for the Naogaon District where you will find UNESCO World Heritage Site
ruins called Somapura Mahavihara. This location, which resembles a vast red-brick square divided by alleys and chambers
that were likely once meditation spaces, is regarded as one of the most remarkable Buddhist archeological sites in South
Asia. Paharpur is the most spectacular and magnificent monument in Bangladesh and the second largest single Buddhist
monastery on south of the Himalayas.
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/cox-bazar
2.Cox’s Bazar
Spilling out into the Bay of Bengal is Cox’s Bazar, an area covered in salty fishing skiffs and bustling jetties. This small town
in the far south-east of Bangladesh is famous for its breathtaking beach, which is the third longest beach in the world and
stretches for an amazing 120 kilometers from north to south along the side of the warm Indian Ocean. Local fishermen can
be seen reeling in the day's catch here, and there are also bubbling rock pools and crashing turquoise waves that make this
a great place for surfing.
https://www.virtualbangladesh.com/visiting-bangladesh/destination-bangladesh/destination-chittagong/
3.Chittagong
Has a population of 2.5 million which is nothing when you compare it to other cities like Dhaka.
Despite this, it is still worthwhile to explore this bustling port city, especially if you are heading to Bangladesh's stunning Hill
Tracts. These stunning paths, which feature the charming Foy's Lake, are tucked away along picturesque valleys, and
Chittagong is frequently recommended as the starting place if you are considering a walk.
In the city proper you will find Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard where you can see hulking tankers being ripped apart, and
other spots of interest include the shrine of Sufi Amanat Khan, one of the most revered saints in Bangladesh.
https://nijhoom.com/gaur/
4.GAUR
The ancient city of Gaur sits on the Indian border and is located in north-eastern Bangladesh.
Nowadays the city is ruined and uninhabited and you will see red-hued arches as well as towers and crumbling monuments
You should be careful not to overlook the town's remnants, including the carved stone reliefs in the Eunuchs' Mosque and
the royal tombs, as a result of power battles between the Afghans and the Mughals in the sixteenth century.
https://www.wmf.org/project/mosque-city-bagerhat
5.BAGERHAT
Bagerhat is not as famous as Dhaka or Srimangal but this peaceful city in the south west of the country has an array of
historic attractions that you can enjoy at a slower pace. The Shait Gumbad Mosque is located in the city, which was
established in the 15th century by the Sufi Saint Khan Jahan Ali. Towering domes can be found here, and you may also visit
Saint Khan Jahan Ali's tomb, which is frequently surrounded by chanting pilgrims and covered with donations.
Bangladesh a nation known for its vibrant festivals. Through a wide range of fairs and festivals that are planned with
unrelenting excitement and minute attention to detail, we celebrate our faith, life, liberty, nature, happiness, and
accomplishments throughout the year. Some Bengali fairs and celebrations date back more than 2000 years in written
records.
In Bangladesh, there are four main types of celebrations: religious celebrations, national events, cultural celebrations, and
tribal celebrations.
Despite the fact that some festivals are primarily targeted towards specific demographic groups, all of them now have a
national following.
On the first day of Falgun, the 11th month of the Bangla calendar, which falls in the middle of February on the Gregorian
calendar, it is the first day of spring, which is celebrated in a very colorful fashion across the nation. People dress in colorful
attire for the occasion, and colorful festivals and cultural events are planned. Women typically dress in yellow sharis and
accessorize with floral jewelry. On this day, greetings and presents are frequently exchanged.
