Jahander shah – Puppet of Zulfiqar Khan (Powerful noble)
During this time 2 brothers were rising in popularity Hussain Ali (Mir bakshi) and Sayyid Abdullah
(Wazir) ------- > Had the power to remove and replace the emperor
Thus they were called king makers
I
I ------- > Example-They replaced Jahander shah with Farukhsiyar
Farukhsiyar was incapable and weak. 1719-Farukhsiyar was killed .
Muhammed shah became the ruler-He was incompetent and could not control the provinces- Power of
Mughals declined-Independent kingdoms were established in different areas.
Invasions of ---- > Nadir shah in 1739
---- > Shah Abdali in 1761 – These invasions shook the mughals
Largest provinces to break free of the mughals = Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad
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Awadh
Muhammed shah appointed –Saadat khan in 1722 as governor of Awadh
I ----- > He streamlined revenue system
I ----- > He suppressed zamindars who did not pay revenue
He was succeeded by Safdarjung(Son-in-law)
He died and was succeeded by his son.
Rulers of Awadh : Improved financial condition of government
They had an efficient and organized army
Developed Lucknow as major centre of culture and art ‘
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Bengal
Gradually broke away from Mughal rule under the control of Murshid Quli Khan(Governor of province)
Murshid Quli Khan -Seized command
-Brought revenue administration
-Brought about changes and ordered reassessment and revenue of Bengal
Order of rulers : Murshid Quli khan Shuja-ud-din (1727-1739) Alivardi khan Siraj-ud-daulah
These ruler took care of administration, agriculture, industry, trade. Because of this Bengal became
prosperous
-This attracted the British
I
I ---- > Battle of Plassey (1757)
Battle of Buxar (1764)
These battles helped British maintain control over Bengal
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Hyderabad
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah – Founder of Hyderabad
-Noble of Mughal Dynasty
-Governor of Deccan.
-Gathered power and established control becoming the ruler of that region
-He was intelligent and ruled the state independently without declaring independence
-He brought skilled soldiers from northern India who accepted opportunities in the south
-Appointed officials (mansabadars) and granted rights(jagirs) to them.
I
I----- > The mughal emperor Muhammed Shah was so weak he couldn’t control Asaf-jah
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Rajputs
Rajput kingdoms of Amber and Jodhpur served with loyalty under the mughals
During the reign of Aurangazeb’s reign, Rajputs revolted
By 18th century-Rajputs become independent
1722-Sawai Raja Jai Singh was given the role of Subedari in Agra
I
I --- > Founded the new capital-Jaipur (Pink City)
Rajput power decreased due to : Disunity and infights, Marathas rise to power also caused the downfall
of the Rajputs.
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Sikhs
Sikhs of Punjab became powerful and organized a political community under sikh gurus
Tegh Bahadur (Ninth guru) – Raised his voice against Aurangzeb
I
I --- > Imprisoned and beheaded
Succeeded by Guru Gobind Singh(Last sikh guru)
I
I --- > Began the khalsa movement againt Mughals.
-Died in 1708
Banda Bahadur (Disciple of Guru Gobind Singh)-He fought against the Mughals for 7 years
Death – 1715
Sikhs in 18th century organized themselves into different bands known as Jathas, later known as Misls
End of 18th century-Maharaja Ranjit Singh(Of sukerchakiya misl) Brought the whole area , to the west of
river Satluj under his rule, Thus the Sikh kingdom was established at Lahore in 1799
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Mysore
Haider Ali Ruler of Mysore (1760 to 1782)
I
I --- > Great administrator
I --- > Excellent warrior (IMPORTANT example : 1st Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69) Haider Ali defeated the
English.
-He went to Madras, Gave a tough fight to the British.
2nd Anglo-Mysore (1780-84)-He proved his mettle but died in 1782.)
-Succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan
In Tipu Sultan rule:
I
I --- > Trade and industry were encouraged
I --- > Farmers were well looked after
Historians describe the state as prosperous where development of cities and town took place.
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