Cell Biology
1. Q: What is the basic unit of life? A: The cell.
2. Q: Name two organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells. A: Chloroplasts and cell wall.
3. Q: What is the function of ribosomes? A: Protein synthesis.
4. Q: Define osmosis. A: The movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration
to a region of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
5.
6. Q: What is active transport? A: The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against a
concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Genetics
6. Q: What is DNA? A: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material of most organisms.
7. Q: What are alleles? A: Different versions of a gene.
8. Q: Define homozygous and heterozygous. A: Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a gene.
Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a gene.
9.
10.Q: What is a Punnett square used for? A: Predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes of
offspring.
11.Q: What is the role of meiosis? A: To produce gametes (sex cells) with half the number of
chromosomes.
Ecology
11.Q: Define ecosystem. A: A community of living organisms interacting with their physical
environment.
12.Q: What is a food web? A: A network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
13.Q: What are the roles of decomposers in an ecosystem? A: To break down dead organic matter,
releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem.
14.Q: What is a limiting factor in an ecosystem? A: A factor that restricts the growth or
distribution of a population.
15.Q: Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. A: Biotic: living factors. Abiotic:
non-living factors.
Physiology
16.Q: What is the main function of the circulatory system? A: To transport substances (e.g., oxygen,
nutrients, hormones) throughout the body.
17.Q: Name the four chambers of the human heart. A: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left
ventricle.
18.Q: What is the role of the lungs in respiration? A: Gas exchange (oxygen intake and carbon
dioxide removal).
19.Q: What is the function of the digestive system? A: To break down food into absorbable molecules.
20.Q: What is the role of the excretory system? A: To remove metabolic waste products from the
body.
Plant Biology
21.Q: What is the function of chlorophyll? A: To absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
22.Q: Describe the process of transpiration. A: The evaporation of water from plant leaves.
23.Q: What are the functions of roots? A: Anchorage, absorption of water and minerals.
24.Q: What is pollination? A: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
25.Q: What is the role of xylem and phloem? A: Xylem: transports water and minerals. Phloem:
transports sugars.
Evolution
26.Q: What is natural selection? A: The process by which organisms with advantageous traits are
more likely to survive and reproduce.
27.Q: What is adaptation? A: A heritable trait that increases an organism's survival and
reproductive success in its environment.
28.Q: What are fossils? A: Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.
29.Q: What is comparative anatomy? A: The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of
different organisms.
30.Q: What is meant by "common ancestor"? A: An ancestral species from which two or more species
are thought to have evolved.
Reproduction
31.Q: What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? A: Sexual: involves the fusion
of gametes. Asexual: does not involve the fusion of gametes.
32.Q: What are gametes? A: Sex cells (sperm and egg).
33.Q: What is fertilization? A: The fusion of a sperm and an egg.
34.Q: Describe one method of asexual reproduction in plants. A: Vegetative propagation (e.g.,
cuttings, runners).
35.Q: What is the role of hormones in human reproduction? A: To regulate the development and
function of reproductive organs and processes.
Other Important Topics
36.Q: What is homeostasis? A: The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
37.Q: What is immunity? A: The body's ability to resist infection.
38.Q: What are pathogens? A: Disease-causing organisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses).
39.Q: What is a vaccine? A: A substance that stimulates the immune system to produce immunity to
a specific disease.
40.Q: What is the importance of biodiversity? A: Provides ecosystem services, resources, and genetic
diversity.
More Specific Examples
41.Q: Explain how guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata. A: Guard cells change
shape due to water pressure, opening stomata for gas exchange and closing them to reduce water
loss.
42.Q: Describe the role of enzymes in digestion. A: Enzymes catalyze the breakdown of large food
molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules.
43.Q: Explain the nitrogen cycle. A: The process by which nitrogen is converted between various
chemical forms and circulated in the environment.
44.Q: What are the effects of pollution on the environment? A: Can cause air, water, and soil
contamination, harming living organisms and ecosystems.
45.Q: Explain the process of blood clotting. A: A complex process involving platelets and clotting
factors to stop bleeding.
Short Answer/Definitions
46.Q: Define tropism. A: A growth response of a plant to a stimulus.
47.Q: What is a hormone? A: A chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands.
48.Q: Define respiration. A: The process of releasing energy from food.
49.Q: What is excretion? A: The removal of metabolic waste products from the body.
50.Q: Define mutation. A: A change in the DNA sequence
