MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL) HANDOUT

Evolution of Traditional to New Media

Overview

The way in which people consume, create, and share information has drastically evolved due
to technological improvements, particularly the internet and mobile devices. These
advancements have enabled real-time interaction, user-generated content, and tailored
experiences. The transition from traditional media, such as TV, radio, and newspapers, to
new, dynamic, and interactive digital platforms like social media, streaming services, and
apps, is a clear reflection of how media has evolved.

Traditional Media

(Media formats existing before the internet)

Examples:

 Print (newspapers, magazines)

 Radio
 Television
 Film

Characteristics:

 One-way communication
 Limited audience interaction
 Centralized production

Shift to New Media

(The transitioning of the new media)

Catalyst:

 Digital technology and the internet

Key Changes:

 Content is digitized
  Widespread internet access
 Rise of mobile devices

New Media

(Digital media allowing real-time interaction and content creation)

Examples:

 Websites
 Social Media
 Streaming Platforms
 Apps

Characteristics:

 Two-way communication
 User-generated content
 Global reach with instant updates

Comparison Table: Traditional vs. New Media

Traditional
Aspect New Media
Media

Communicati
One-way Two-way
on

Audience Active
Passive
Role (creators)

Global and
Accessibility Limited
Instant

Evolution of Media

Social media has significantly changed the way we live. Our ways of living reflect the
boundless limitations of media, stretching from the prehistoric age to the digital age. Media
evolution can be described through four key periods:
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)

 Cave Paintings (35,000 BC)

 Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
 Codex in the Mayan Region (5th Century)
 Printing Press using Wood Blocks (220 AD)
 Dibao in China (2nd Century)
 Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
 Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)

Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)

 The development of steam power, machine tools, and iron

production led to mass production, including books through the
printing press.

Examples:

 Printing Press for Mass Production (19th Century)

 Newspaper – The London Gazette (1640)
 Motion Picture Photography/Projection (1890)
 Commercial Motion Pictures (1913)
 Motion Picture with Sound (1926)
 Punch Cards
 Telegraph
 Telephone (1876)
 Typewriter (1800)

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

 The invention of transistors led to the creation of the transistor

radio, electronic circuits, and early computers. Long-distance
communication became more efficient.

Examples:

 Transistor Radio
 Television (1941)
 OHP, LCD Projectors
 Mainframe Computers (e.g., IBM 704, 1960)
 Personal Computers (e.g., Hewlett Packard 9100A, 1968)
Information Age (1900s-2000s)

 The internet revolutionized communication, creating faster means of

connecting with others and introducing social networks, personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.

Examples:

 Web Browsers: Mosaic (1993)

 Blogs: Blogspot (1999), Wordpress (2003)
 Video Platforms: YouTube (2005)
 Hangouts (2013)
 Smartphones

Media and Communication

Lesson 1:

Communication

 Communication is a process that changes according to the

communicators' environments and needs. It is a systematic process,
involving interrelated and interacting parts. Communication is also
symbolic, with symbols (verbal or nonverbal) forming the basis of
language.

Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1948)

Components:

 Sender
 Encoder
 Noise
 Decoder
 Receiver
 Channel
 Feedback

This model shows communication as a linear process. Originally intended to demonstrate

radio and telephone technologies, it is the foundation of many communication models.
Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication (1954)

This model explains how meaning is transferred between individuals, organizations, and
others. It emphasizes the dynamic, cyclical nature of communication.

Components:

 Message
 Encoder
 Interpreter
 Decoder

Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication (1960)

David Berlo's model expanded on Shannon-Weaver's theory by introducing the importance of

encoding and decoding before the message is transmitted and after it's received.

Components:

 Source (Sender)
 Message
 Channel
 Receiver (Audience)

Additional Elements:

 Communication Skills
 Attitudes
 Knowledge
 Social System

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle’s linear model of communication, developed in 384–322 BC, is one of the earliest
models and is particularly suited for oral communication.

Elements:

 Speaker: The person delivering the message

 Speech: The message being delivered
 Occasion: The setting for the communication
 Audience: The receiver of the message
 Effect: The intended outcome of the communication
Lesson 2: Introduction to Media and Information Literacy

Overview

Media and other information providers play a central role in information and communication
processes. Today, media is a common outlet for self-expression and creativity, and its
influence spreads rapidly across the globe. The connection between technological advances
and people's connectivity has significantly impacted the lives of today's generation. This
module covers all the above-mentioned concepts.

What's In

Communication

 Communication refers to the act or process of using words, sounds,

signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express
your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.

Media

 Media refers to the combination of physical objects used to

communicate or mass communication through physical objects such
as radio, television, computers, or film. Media are a source of
credible information, with content provided through an editorial
process determined by journalistic values, and editorial
accountability can be attributed to an organization or a legal person.
 Media serve as a channel in communication.

What Is It

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

 Media and Information Literacy (MIL) are essential skills and

competencies that allow individuals to engage with media and other
information providers effectively, as well as develop critical thinking
and lifelong learning skills to socialize and become active citizens.
Media:

 Refers to the physical objects used to communicate, such as radio,

television, computers, etc.

Information:

 Refers to processed data, knowledge from a study, experience,

instruction, and symbols.

Literacy:

 The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, compute, and

communicate using printed and written materials.

Types of Literacy in MIL:

1. Media Literacy: The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and

create media in a variety of forms. It aims to empower citizens by
providing them with the competencies (knowledge and skills)
necessary to engage with traditional media and new technology.
2. Information Literacy: The ability to recognize when information is
needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate
information in its various formats.
3. Technology Literacy: The ability of an individual, either working
independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and
effectively use technological tools. Using these tools, an individual
can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate
information.

Digital Citizenship and Its Elements

Digital Citizenship
Digital citizenship refers to the norms of appropriate, responsible, and empowered use of
technology.

Nine Elements of Digital Citizenship:

 Respect Yourself/Respect Others

o Digital Etiquette: Electronic standards of conduct or
procedures. This includes thinking about others when using
digital devices and recognizing the importance of proper
conduct online, often referred to as "Netiquette."
o Digital Access: The ability to fully participate in digital
society.
o Digital Law: Electronic responsibility for actions and deeds.
  Educate Yourself/Connect with Others
o Digital Literacy: The ability to use digital technology,
communication tools, or networks to locate, evaluate, use,
and create information.
o Digital Communication: Electronic exchange of information.
o Digital Commerce: Electronic buying and selling of goods.

 Protect Yourself/Protect Others

o Digital Rights and Responsibilities: Those freedoms
extended to everyone in a digital world.
o Digital Safety (Security): Electronic precautions to
guarantee safety.
o Digital Health and Wellness: Physical and psychological
well-being in a digital world.

Netiquette Rules (Proper Online Conduct)

Netiquette refers to a set of rules about the proper and polite way to communicate with other
people when using the internet. It is crucial to follow these rules to maintain respectful and
ethical behavior online.

Rule 1: Remember the Human

 Treat others as you would face-to-face. Always remember that

there's a real person behind the screen.

Rule 2: Adhere to the Same Standards of Behavior Online that You Follow in Real Life

 Online conduct should mirror your real-life behavior. Respect,

politeness, and kindness should extend to the digital world.

Rule 3: Know Where You Are in Cyberspace

 Be aware of the context of the platform you are using. Different

platforms have different etiquette.

Rule 4: Respect Other People's Time and Bandwidth

 Don’t overload others with unnecessary messages or files. Be

concise in your communication.

Rule 5: Make Yourself Look Good Online

 Be mindful of the image you present. This includes how you

communicate, what you share, and how you treat others online.

Rule 6: Share Expert Knowledge

  Contribute useful, accurate, and insightful information. Don’t be
afraid to share your knowledge with others.

Rule 7: Help Keep Flame Wars Under Control

 Flame wars are online arguments that escalate quickly. If you find
yourself in one, try to stay calm and avoid contributing to the
conflict.

Rule 8: Respect Other People's Privacy

 Don't invade others' privacy. Respect personal boundaries and never

share others' personal information without consent.

Rule 9: Don’t Abuse Your Power

 If you have power over others in an online setting (e.g., as a

moderator), don’t misuse it. Use your influence responsibly.

Rule 10: Be Forgiving of Other People's Mistakes

 Remember that everyone makes mistakes. Be understanding and

give others the benefit of the doubt.

Types of Media

Print Media:

 Includes paper and ink, typically produced through a mechanical

printing process. Examples: newspapers, magazines, books.

Broadcast Media:

 Includes radio and television, which use airwaves to reach

audiences.

New Media:

 Digital content organized and distributed through platforms like

social media, websites, and apps.

Media Convergence:

 The blending of traditional media (print, broadcast) with new digital

media (websites, mobile apps), allowing content to flow across
various platforms and devices.
Responsible Use of Media and Information

With the rise of technology, there has been an increase in the misuse of media. Ethical use of
media should be prioritized to avoid conflicts, misinformation, and digital harm. Responsible
digital citizenship starts with understanding the importance of digital access, which means
the ability to fully participate in the digital world.

Glossary of Terms

 Media Literacy: The ability to decode, analyze, evaluate, and

produce communication in various forms.
 Information Literacy: The ability to locate, evaluate, and use
information effectively.
 Digital Literacy: The ability to use technology to access, manage,
evaluate, and create information.
 Netiquette: A set of rules for proper online behavior.
 Broadcast Media: Media transmitted through airwaves (radio, TV).
 Print Media: Paper-based publications (newspapers, magazines,
books).
 Media Convergence: Integration of different media types into
digital formats.

Elements of Communication

Overview

Effective communication involves several key elements that ensure the message is
transmitted and understood accurately. These elements include the speaker, message,
medium, channel, encoding, listener/receiver, feedback, context, barrier, and decoding.
Understanding these components is essential for fostering clear and meaningful
communication.
Key Elements of Communication

1. Speaker

 The person who delivers the message and initiates communication.

They organize and express their ideas to ensure the listener
understands.

2. Message

 The information, idea, or thought that the sender wants to convey to

the receiver. It is the core of the communication process and can be
expressed through words, actions, or symbols.

3. Medium

 The process of converting the sender's ideas, thoughts, or

information into a format that can be understood by the receiver.
This could involve using words, gestures, or symbols to effectively
convey the message.

4. Channel

 The medium or method used to transmit the message from the

speaker to the listener. It can be verbal (like a phone call), nonverbal
(like gestures), or digital (like emails or social media).

5. Encoding

 The process of transforming thoughts, ideas, or emotions into a

communicable form, such as words, gestures, or symbols. It involves
organizing the message in a way that the listener can easily
interpret and understand.

6. Listener/Receiver

 The person who receives and interprets the message in

communication. They analyze the words, non-verbal cues, and
context to understand the speaker's intended meaning.

7. Feedback

 The response or reaction given by the listener to the speaker’s

message. It can be verbal or non-verbal and helps the speaker
understand how their message was received.

8. Context
  The circumstances or environment in which communication takes
place. It includes factors like the setting, culture, relationship
between participants, and the situation that influence how a
message is interpreted.

9. Barrier

 Any obstacle that interferes with effective communication. It can be

physical, psychological, or semantic (e.g., noise, language
differences, or emotional factors) that prevents the message from
being accurately received or understood.

10. Decoding

 The process of interpreting and understanding the message

received from the speaker. It involves analyzing the words, gestures,
or symbols used to determine the speaker’s intended meaning.

8 Roles of Social Media Effects

1. Information and Knowledge Channels

 Social media act as channels for citizens to communicate with each

other, sharing information and making informed decisions.

2. Facilitating Debates

 They facilitate informed debates between diverse social actors,

allowing for the exchange of different perspectives.

3. Learning about the World

 Social media provide us with much of what we learn about the world
beyond our immediate experience, helping to broaden our
knowledge.

4. Building a Sense of Community

 Social media are essential means by which a society learns about

itself and builds a sense of community among individuals and
groups.

5. Watchdog of Government

 They function as a watchdog of government in all its forms,

promoting transparency and public scrutiny of those in power,
exposing corruption and maladministration.
6. Facilitators of Democracy

 Social media are essential facilitators of democratic processes,

guaranteeing free and fair elections by providing platforms for
discussion and engagement.

7. Cultural Expression and Cohesion

 Social media serve as vehicles for cultural expression, promoting

cohesion within and between nations by sharing and celebrating
cultural diversity.

8. Advocate and Social Actor

 Social media function as an advocate and social actor in its own

right, respecting pluralistic values while engaging in important social
issues.

GOOD LUCK

Prepared By: Criss_Lee Grade 12 Douglas Mcgregor