The J u d i c i a r ' I

w a r m UI'
T h e re w il l b e
ti m e s w h en
s ib li n g s , c o u you arg u e w it
s in s , o r a n y h your
A n s w e r th e o the r fa m il y m
s e q u e s ti o n em b e r.
s p e c if ic in c id s a n d d e s c ri
e n t. b e an y
1. W h o m d id
you a p p ro a ch
I
2. W h a t w a s fo r •just ic e'? o p ic s o f th e
h is /h e r in it ia
l re s p o n s e t C
is s u e ? o y ou r ~ · The Judici
ary
3 . W h a t k in d 1f: The Sup
reme Court
o f d e c is io n o
s h e re n d e r? r "j u s ti ce· did , The High
C ou rt s
he / \
~ Writs
4 . Were y o u
s a ti s fi e d w it h
5 . W h a t d id th e s o l uti o n? • S ub or di na te
Courts
y o u d o a ft e \
r th ~ Lok Adalats
im p le m e n t t a t ? D i d yo u
h e s o lu to n?
W h y or w h y
n o t? ,

THE JUt>ICIAR
Y
W h il e the le g T h e ju d ic ia l sy
is la tu re m a k e st e m o f In d ia is
c a rr ie s th e m s law s a n d th e ape.~ o f th e p y . like a pyramid . A th
ex ec utiv e ra m id .
, th er e 1s t ef
in t e rp re t o r
o u t, it is the
jo b o f th e Ju In d ia . N e xt to th e Suprem e Court o
e x p la in th e m d ic iary to it are th e H.ig .
h Courts O f the sta e5
t
a n d to g ive e a n in g o f th es a n d at th e low
p u n is h me n t to e la w s e r lev el, th er e ar
e D1s. . t Cou rts an d
C o n st it u ti o n th e law b re a k o ther S u b o rd in tn c
o f In d ia also p er s. T h e ate C o u rt s.
a u n if o rm a n ro v id es a n in d T he cases b ro u . ed
d a n inte g ra te d e p e n d e n t, gh t b efore the co
ju d ic ia l se t- u p
in In d ia . in to two ty p es urts can be ·ycailteca
gons
- C ri m in al ca ses.
\:-
__~__ __~ _-T h;-__
____ t~~-__o_r__hi__gh__es_ t__pa_ __rt_of__som ses a..11d Ci
_ ____
et hi
__ng
__._____ --- ---- ------ -- --- --- -- ---------- .. . .,
.
'

126 ------ -- --- --------

History art d C. t,,tCS C'Us.,,-6
(i) Criminal Cases : These cases concern thefts,
robberies, killing, physical injury, rioting, etc. POWERS OF THE SUPREME COURT , -~
(ii) Civil Cases : These pertain to family matters The Supreme Court of India, being the ~~
like property disputes, marriage disputes, contract s, highest court in the country and being at

--
damage to goods, etc. the head of the entire judicial hierarchy in the land,
has to perform many judicial and administrative
THE SUPREME COURT function s.
C'OOE-DPkll

Top of the judicial set-up of the country. It consists

of the Chief Justice and 33 other judges. The number JUDIC IARY
of judges in the Supreme Court is fixed by Parliament
The Supreme Court (The apex Court)
from time to time.

Composition of the Supreme Court

The High Courts (State level)
The Chief Justice is appoint ed by the Presiden t
of India. Other judges are also appointe d by the Subordin ate Courts (District level)
President in consulta tion with the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court. The Chief Justice and other judges
of the Supreme Court hold office till they complete Judicial Functions
sixty five years of age. The judges of the Supreme The judicial functions of the Supreme Court are
both of the original as well as of appellate nature.
Court can be removed by the Presiden t only on
grounds of 'proved m isbehavi our' and ' incapacity' (a) Origina l Jurisdiction : 'Original jurisdiction'
means the authority to hear cases for the first time.
and upon an address to that effect being passed by
All cases, where interpretation of the Constitution is
a special maj ority of each House of Parliament. The
required, can be directly filed in the Supreme Court.
process is called Impeach ment.
Disputes between the Centre and the States or
Qualification of the Judges between two or more States fall within the original
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
ln order to be a judge of the Supreme Court, a person One can also move to Supreme Court in cases
must meet the following requirem ents :
relating to infri ngement, abridging or denying of the
• He must be a citizen of India. Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
• He should either be a distinguished jurist, (b) Appella te Jurisdic tion : Under appellate
• He should have been a High Court Judge for jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can only hear a
at least five years, case after it has gone through the judicial hierarchy
• He should have been an advocate of a High first, that is, the District court and the High Court.
Court for at least ten years. The cases include criminal cases and civil cases.
------- ------ - -- - re lative status or ;~th~-r~~ ~-------- ----- - ,!
( Pertain : Related, o r app licab le to.
' . ) erned with or :
\ Incapacity : Lega l disquali fi cation . Appell ate : (Especially of a court con e . . ,
dealing with appl ications for dec1s1ons to :
: Infringeme nt : Th e action of brea kin~ t he terms o f a law, be reversed. :
agreemen t , et c -, vio lation · Interpretati on : Th e action o f exp 1ainin
• • g the meaning of
;'
Hierarchy : A system ·in which m emd be rs ofd .an t somethi · ng · ______________ / '
~ organisatio n are r anke
1
ac~~~- ~ ~--~ - - -
, ---- ----- ------ ------------ --------- ------ - --- - --------------- - --------- - --- - --

127
History and Civics Class-8
 Court acts to protect the Fundam ental Rights from
The Supreme Court will review the case and the
being encroach ed up on by the state, a person or
underlyi ng legal issues if it has appellate authority. an
institutio n. It issues writs fo r this purpose.
The Supreme Court will alter the decision and provide
a fresh interpretation of the relevant prov ision if it
determin es that the constitut ion has a meaning that Pause and ~hink
differs from what the lower court's understo od. Isn' t i~ funny tha t_ gi~ing advice is optional and 1

acceptmg that adv ice 1s also optional? What th

Administrative Functions is th e utility o f th e advisory powers of the Supre;:
Court? Discuss.
(a) Advisory Functio ns : TI1e Presiden t of India
can seek the opinion of the Supreme Court on any . 00
question of law. He may refer the bill passed by
the Parliament or State Legislatu re to the Supreme
Court for advice. However, the Supreme Court is
THE HIGH COURTS Ii
t
l!l
CODE--Lc.h

Our Constitu tion provide s for the establishment

not bound to give advice on such matters and the of High Courts in th e states of th e Indian Union.
President is not bound to accept such an advice. Parliament may establish a common High Court for
(b) Court of Records : Ap art from these, the two or more states. A Un ion Territor y may have a
Supreme Court acts as the Court of Records. All separate High Court of its own.
the decisions and decrees , issued by the Supreme Composition
Court itself, are duly printed and kept in record for A High Court consists of on e Chief Justice and as
future reference in the court as well as for the use many other judges as the Parliame nt m ay fix from
of lawyers in their pleadings. The judgeme nts of the time to time.
Supreme Court are used as precedents by the High
The Chief Justice of a High Court in India is
Courts and lower courts. The courts are bound to
appointe d by the President in consultation with the
give similar judgements in similar cases.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor
(c) Judicial Review: The Supreme Court upholds of the state. The other judges of the High Court
the suprema cy and sanctity of the Constitu tion. are appointe d by the President after consulting the
The Supreme Court declares a law null and void if Chief Justice of the concern ed H igh Court, that of
Parliament passes a law which is in violation of the the Suprem e Court and th e Governo r.
Constitution.
(d) Guardian of Fundamental Rights: The Supreme
Enrich Your Knowledge
Think and Oo !he C~lcutta H igh Court is the old est High Court
1 · Which court is at apex level? in India . It was establish ed on July 1, t862. It is one •

(a) Supreme Court (b) Lo wer C o urt of the three High Cour ts in India esta blished at the
(b) H' h C presidenc y tow ns by the Br itish Governm ent. Other
(c) District Court
2. How many c . ig ourt two are BorpMy l-ligh Court and Madras High Co4r.f, ,
ourts are there at apex leveP Calcutta High Court has the jurisdicti on over- the state ,
.(a) One (b) Two ·
of Wes t· Benga l and Andaman & N icobar Islands. . ,'.
(c) Three (b) Four
, J
, ... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1,_ Decree : A ~-;ffi~lal-~;d;·-----
- - -- - -- -- - - --- --------- -
------------------------------ ----- ----- - --- - - -- --- - - -- -- -- - -- - ----- •- -- ~-,
r that has th e force of la
I
----- - --- - --- - -
---------W.----- ----------- ------ --------- ---------------- ---
128 8
History and Civics c1ass•
 ~ alcutta High Court

Qualifications of the High Court Judges the decision of the subordina te courts.

To be a judge of the High Court, a person should The High Court supervises the functions of all the
meet the following requirem ents : subordina te courts in the state. It can also transfer a
case from a subordina te court to itself or to another
• He should be a citizen of India. subordina te court if a necessity arises. It can also
• He should have worked as a judge in any court examine their records.
[!] .
in India for not less than ten years,
• He should have worked as an advocate in WRITS
the High Court or High Courts in India The Supreme Court and High Courts protect the
continuou sly for ten years, Fundame ntal Rights from being violated, abridged
• He should be a renowned scholar in the field or infringed upon by any person, group of persons
of law. or the State itself. Th~y can issue the following writs
to the offending party/part ies :
The Chief Justice and the other judges of the High
Courts serve till they attain 62 years of age. (i) The writ of Habeas Corpus; (ii) The writ of
Prohibition; (iii) The writ of Certiorari; (iv) The writ
Powers of the High Court of Mandamu s; and (v) The writ of Quo Warranto.
(i) Habeas Corpus : It means 'to have the body
Like the Supreme Court of India, a High Court has
of' By issuing such a writ, the court can get
to perform many funct ions and duties of judicial
the body of any person released if it has been
and non-judic ial nature. unlawfully captured by any person or a group
~a) Original Jurisdict ion : The original field_o~ the of persons or by the State. The writ is thus a
JUdicial functions of the H igh Court is very lun1ted. great safeguard for the personal freedom of
C_ases relating to Fundame ntal Rights, mar~iage and a citizen.
divorce, wills and laws can be bro ught directly to (ii) Prohibition : It means 'to forb id'. It is issued
a Bigh Court. by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal
(h) Appellate Jurisdict ion : Appeals in civil and to present the latter from exceeding its
criminal cases are made to the High Court against jurisdictio n that it does not possess.

~lst 129
ory and Civics Class-8
 (iii) Certiorari : It means 'to be certified' or 'to
be informed: It is issued by a higher court
Enrich Vour l~nowledge
to a lower court or tribunal either to transfer Co n s u me r co ur ts ha ve also • been se t u , .
' P 1n
ou r co un t ry. Th ese courts deal with cons
a case pending with the latter to itself or um~r
co m p l a i n t s. Th e c onsumer do es not ,
to squash the order of the latter to itself or • nee aJ •i
to h ire a lawye r H e/ she can present the case
squash the order of the latter in case. ,
A nom inal fee is charged for such cases.
(iv) Mandamus : It literally means 'we com m and'.
This writ is thus a sort of com man d fro m a
When the District Judge deals with criminal cases
higher court to a subordinate court or an
he is known as the Session Judge. '
administrative auth ority in case they refuse to >-,..1.,l!l
exercise their jurisdiction an d fail to perform ~ . .
their duty. LOK At>ALATS ~-~ -.
CODE-oyEf

(v) Quo Warranto : It means 'by what authority -

Lok Adalat me ans the People's Court. The Lok
or warrant'. Such a type of wr it is issued by Adalat is a volun tary forum which settles disputes
a court to a public servant to enquire into between the conflicting groups. These Lok Adalats
the legality of his holding a public office and have proved very effective in providing speedy
to oust him if his claim is not well-founded. justice to people. They provide justice without much
Then this writ prevents an unlawful claimant expenditure. The first Lok Adalat was organised at
fro m holding a public office. Junagarh (Gujarat) in October, 1982.

SUBORt>INATE COURTS II
~· ·.
CODE-MDwJ

The courts at the district level and below it are known

The work of the Lok Adalats is managed by retired
judicial officers. The disputing parties are encouraged
to settle their disputes amicably or through dialogue.
as the Subordinate Courts. The administration of Free legal aid is given to people who cannot afford
justice is conducted by two types of courts - Civil to engage lawyers. Those entitled to free legal aid
Courts and Criminal Courts. The Civil Courts are include people belonging to Scheduled Castes,
thos e which decide cases pertaining to money, Scheduled Tribes, women and children.
contracts, laws, etc.

. .\.'
~ ~·~
._ . ': ~ '

-,~-
,,--- -- -E~~~ir_e_~ -A;k t~;~~f;r-~;;i~~- fr~-r~-;~~-e-a-~; _- - - - - - - - - - - - - -v~,-u-r~t~-r;_:_A_c~i_n_g_ ~t-;~;.;-~~~-i"r~~-~11i.---------
', Claimant : A person ma king a cIa ·im Squa s h : Suppress or s u bdu e _____ _
, _____ ____ _______ ___ ____
---- --- ----------- --------- ---- ------ -- ---- ------ --- ---- ---- ------ --- -----
130 · · class-8
Hist ory and c,vics
 POINT S TO REMEMBER
• Courts are needed to interpret or explain the meanin
g of laws, to give punishment to the law breakers
and to settle legal disputes and give justice .
• Cases concerning property, contracts, damage claim,
etc., are called civil cases .
• Cases relating to murder, theft, robbery, violence, etc., are called criminal cases .
• Judges of the Suprem e Court retire at the age of 65
years .
• The Constitution provides for the establis hment of High Courts in different states .
• There may be a common High Court tor two or more
states.
• The President appoin ts the judges to the High Court.
, A High Court Judge retires at the age of 62 years.
, Courts at the district level are known as the Subord
inate Courts/District Courts.
• There are two types of Subordinate Courts - civil
and criminal.
• Lok Adalat is the people's court that settles legal dispute
s expeditiously and at low cost.
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
• Hears cases from all over t he countr y.
The Supreme • Chief Justice of India supervises wo rking of Su preme Co urt.
Court • Chief Justice appoin ted by President.
• Funct io ns - Judicial, Admi nist rative , Adviso ry.
• Hears cases from all over the state.
• Chief Justice of the court supervises the functio ning
THE JUDICIARY The High of the
High Court of that state.
court • Chief Justice appoin ted by Preside nt after consul tation
with
Chief Justice of Suprem e Court and Govern or of the
State
• District Judge/Sessions Judge hears cases from all
over the
Subor dinate dist~i~t. . .
courts • Add1t1onal District Judge's court, First Class Magistrate, Second
Class Magist rate.
~- 131
'story and Civics Class-8
b..._
[ ~ if;:::~ir~: ;r ,~•"
~ .·
.~

~
§§:,"'•••
·

.••:··.:~·-::.·:·:· :.·
. .,._ ....... '-••u • .•• .-•-
~-
► ---~·~~ ···
----~-:.::::~. --; - :--
The United Nations
~
VJarm Up
----"-'~ --
Topics of the Chapter
iii Origin of the UN
;~; 1' Aims of the United Nations
q Facts about the UNO
(I Organs of the UN
f1 Specialised Agencies
~~4.- of the UNO
ff Achievements of the UN
Name the organisation represented in
the given logo. _ __
The United Nations is an international organisation
Which represents practically every nation of the
World. It came into existence on October 24, 1945.
At that time it had only 51 countries as its members.
Today it has 193 members. The UNO is the result

ORIGIN OF THE 1UN -

~
COOE-nNyt
In the early stages of World War II in 1941, President
Roosevelt of America underlined the need for an
of the desire to save the world from still another international organisation to ensure peace. The
catastrophe of the magnitude of the Second World same year, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister
Churchill of Great Britain drew up the Atlantic.
War. India is one of the original 51 members. As
a member of this body, India has always given full Charter, stating the right of all people to choose
support to all aspects of the United Nations activities. their own government.
Ca ta strophe: A sudd en event th at cau ses many peopl e
to suffer.
135
1-tistory a nd Civics Class-8
~
 In February 1945, the Prem iers of the US, lJ K
and USSR met and announced that a confe rence
Two majo r wars disturbed world peace in the 20th
century. After the First World War, an organisation of United Nations would open in San Francisco
called the League of Nations was formed. Its role on 25 April 1945. On this day, just fourteen days
was that of a mediator for prevention of another war. before the surrender of Germany, delegates from 50
However, the League failed in its function and the nations m et in San Francisco and on June 26, 1945
Second World War broke out in 1939. Towards the the Charter of the United Nations was signed. Th~
end of World War II , the major allied powers agreed to
Charter cam e into effect on 24 October, 1945. This
hold a meeting to establish the UNO, an international
organisation of independent countries to work for day is celebrated every year as United Nations Day.
world peace, poverty, hunger, injustice, etc.
A document called the 'Atlantic Charter' was signed
when the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
AIMS OF THE UNITEt> NATIONS II
and President of the Un ited St ates of Amer ica, G.}o save the succeeding generations fr~:~he
Franklin D Roosevelt, met aboard a sh ip in the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has
Atlantic Ocean in 1941. brought untold suffering to mankind.
On 26 June 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco
to sign the Atlantic Charter of the UNO. On 24th
October, 1945 the United Nations was established.
6 To reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,
in the dignity and worth of the human power
Poland, the 51st member, signed the charter later. in the equal rights of men and women, of all
-l the nations.
G To maintain international peace and security.
• To develop friendly relations among the nations
of world based on respect for the equal rights
of people.
c)To cooperate in solving international problems
of social, econoll?-ic, cultural, and humanitarian
character and to promote respect for human
rights and fundamental freedom.
G) To act as a common platform for harmonising
activities of the various nations for the
attainment of the aforesaid activities.

The UN has laid down certain principles to achieve

th e above aims. These principles are also enumerated
in the Charter.
1.£!esident Roosevelt an d Prime Min ister Churchill fl
'-"' The basis of the organisation shall be equality
In January, 1942, the representatives of 26 . of all its member-states.
· d l . nations
s1gne t 1e United Nations Declarat' Tu· nn_
1 0
the fi rst official use of the words "U ~ N 1~ was d V iue member-states shall ful fil their obligations
,---- ------ ---- --- -- ---------- ni e ations." honestly according to the charter of the UNO.
Premi ers: Most important ~;;s~-n-s~--- ---- - ------- - ---- -- -- -- ___ __ ___ ___

Chart er : A_ writte n statem ent of the princi le _ Scourge : A ;h i; ~-;h;; ~a uses trouble or suff;~i~g. :
~- aims of an organisation . p s and Aforesaid : Mentioned befo re
~- ----- ---------- ---- ----- ---- ----- --- ---- ------ -- -
136
------ -- ----- ---------- -------------- ---- ,'
8
History and Civics c1as5 •
 tua l
me mb er- sta tes sha ll so1ve the ir mu
/ •/ All the
eful me an s.
(_ / roblems thr ou gh pe ac · mu tua l
· g th eir
p t us e for ce in sol vm
G States will no
problems.
t' all be mora~l! bo un d
• All the me mb er- sta tes sh
vic es, mtl~t ary or
to off er un co nd iti on al ser
for pr ev en tiv e an d
oth erw ise , to the UN O
UN O ac co rdi ng to
en for ce me nt ac tio ns of the
the UN Ch art er.
O sha ll see tha t ev en
• The me mb ers of the UN
rk for the pe ac e an d
the no n- me mb er sta tes wo
sec uri ty of the world.
erf ere in the int ern al
• No me mb er- sta te sha ll int
er- sta te.
affairs of an y oth er me mb

FACTS ABOUT THE UNO

II
COD E-EA w9

: Al l pe ac e lov ing
• M em be rsh ip of th e UN
be co me me mb ers
na tio ns of the wo rld ca n
is ad mi tte d to the
of the UN O. A ne w sta te
As sem bly on the
org an isa tio n by the Ge ne ral
cu rit y Co un cil .
rec om me nd ati on s of the Se
e UN O : En gli sh ,
• Official La ng ua ge s of th rk 00
Ar ab ic an d Sp an ish ~ N He adq uar ter , Ne w Yo M
French, Russi an , Ch ine se,
Th e sp ee ch es of the ~
are the offici al lan gu ag es.
ult an eo us ly int o ORGANS OF TH£ UN
CO lJ E-1Uq 5

delegates are tra ns lat ed sim

sh an d Fr en ch ?re ga ns of the UN .
all th ese lan gu ag es. En gli Th ere are six pr inc ipa l or
co mm on ly us ed languages.
O is fin an ce d by
• Finance of the UN O: The UN Th e Ge ne ra l As se m bl y
its me mb ers -st ate s.
the co ntr ibu tio ns ma de by ca n be ta ke n as th e
d by the Ge ne ral Th e Ge ne ra l As se m bl y
The am ou nt is de ter mi ne
en da tio n s of its ist s of delegates fro m all
As sem bly on the re co mm Pa rli am en t of UN O. It co ns
mb er-sta te is en titl ed to
co mm ittee on co ntr ibu tio ns
. the me mb er- sta tes . Ea ch me
of the m ca n take pa rt in
Headquarters of the UNO
: The UN O ha s its se nd five de leg ate s an d all
•
nh att an , Ne w York ne ral As se mb ly bu t ea ch
official he ad qu art ers in Ma the p ro ce ed ings of the Ge
te.
(USA). me mb er, ha s on ly on e vo
Th e ses sio ns of the Gene
ral As se mb ly are he ld in
UN Flag rep res en ts
• Flag of the UNO : 1b e ch year regularly. Special
two be nt olive bra nches op
en at the top ov er Se pte mb er to De ce mb er ea
cas e of an emergency. It
a blue bac kg rou nd . 111e bra nc
he s of the wr ea th ses sio ns ma y be ca lle d in
ery ses sio n.
symbolise peace. ele cts its Pre sid en t for ev
--------------------------------- -----~ion
---s.-----------';'\:
---th---e ---
---has --------- Proceedings : An eve nt or a series
: ~ -E~f~~~; ~ ---: ------
-c1a-:- --- ---er--- forc e of law .
of act

~ ,__
, ___ __
_______ ent . An off1 l ord t hat
------- ------------ --- -----------
------------- -----------
----------------------------- · ----
8
13 7
Hi5tory a nd Civics Class-
 whom are permanent members (USA, UK , Franee
Functions . and Russ1a
Ch ma · ) . Th e remain ing ten b ,
mem ers a
• It superv ises the work of other organs of the f
electe d by the Gener al Assembly fior a t erm O tw0re
UN. years on more or less regional basis.
• Adm its n ew memb ers to the UNO on the The five .perma nent memb ers enJ·oy th e power of
recom menda tion of the Securi ty Counc i l. the Security Coun cil cannot
Veto, which means .that
. .
• Appoints the Gener a l Secret ary of the UNO on take any final dec1s10n till all the five per manent
the recom menda tion of th e Secu rity Coun cil. memb ers agree.
• Elects ten (temp orary) m em bers of the Securi ty Functions
Council, memb ers of the Econo mic and Social
Co un cil an d m embe rs of th e Tru steesh ip The Securi ty Counc il's prima ry responsibility is to
maint ain intern ationa l p eace and security.
Coun cil from among st its own memb ers.
• It can ask the fighting states to resolve their
differe nces by bilater al talks.
• The Secur ity Counc il may impose economic
sancti ons agains t an aggressor state.
• It can order milita ry action against a state
which persis ts in under minin g the peace and
securi ty of the world.

Besides this,
• It recom mends the admission of a new member
to the UNO.

~ N Genera l Assembly in Session

• It recom mend s the name of person for his/
her appoi ntmen t as the Secretary-General of
• Recei ves and discus ses the repor ts of its the UNO.
main organ s and takes decisi ons for their • It elects the Judges of the International Court of
impro vemen t. Justice concurrently with the General Assembly.
• Can draw the attenti on of memb er-sta tes to
provid e huma n rights to their citizens.
• Passes the annua l budge t of the UNO and
fixes the share of every memb er count ry in
provid ing those funds.
• Draws the attenti on of the Securi ty Counc il
when ever it fin ds that peace in a partic ular
part of the world is endan gered by the action s
of one or more states.

The Security Council

~ N Securit y Cou ncil in Session
The Security Cou ncil consis ls of J 5 m ember s, five of
( -- --Bil~~~;;j ~ -,~~;j;i~g-;;;~-gr-;~ps-~f-~;~1;1~- ~~ -t~;--------c;~~~;;;~;,~-:- E;i;ti~g ~~-h;~~~~i~g-;t-;h; ~;~;-ti '
~;,··,)
1

_
\ ... ______ ____ ____ countri es.
-----·---- -- -- --- -------- ----------- --- ----- ---- -----------------------------------
. • ctass-8
138 History an d Civics

1
 • It can ask for the cancellation of the membership Namibia was the last to achieve independence with
of a state, if it does not act according to the the help of the Trusteeship Council. Now the council
Charter. is not functional.
• It can recommend to call a meeting of the
General Assembly in an emergency. . International Court of Justice
~] This is the principal judicial organ of the United
The Economic and Social Council - Nations located at the Hague, Netherlands (Holland).
C'ODE-5oxn

The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 The court has fifteen judges from different countries
member-nations elected by the General Assembly, representing various systems of law. No two judges
one third of these members retire every year and can be from the same country. The court elects its
new members are elected by the General Assembly. ,,,. -1 own president after every three years.
\Economic and social council brings people and The International Court of Justice settles disputes
issues together to promote collective action for a between the member-states of the United Nations.
sustainable world.) Even private citizens have the right to approach
the Court whenever they have grievance against

s ~' ·~fla
SUSTAINABLE
another state.
The decisions of the Court are binding upon the
parties in a case. Besides, the Court may give
advisory opinion on legal questions referred to it

~,,,~
\ ; GOALS by the General Assembly or the Security Council.
, '

The main function of this Council is to promote

economic and Social Cooperation, among the
member states of the UN. There are several groups
,.,-i ·~~ '.
r '-- :l ~:,: ! ';' C -~ ~i..'l. 1.l~:t~\dt~ .,
working under the council. They specialise in subjects 1 C

like population, money matters, international trade

and gender equality, crime prevention and control
of narcotic drugs.

The Tru steeship Council ~ ternational Court of Ju stice

The UN Charter provides for an International The Secretariat

Tru~teeship Council. Its main objective is to safeguard
th e interests of those territories that are not yet fully It is in charge of all administrative works. Its
self-governing. Eleven such territories were brought ~eadquarters are at New York. The Secretary General
under the UN Trusteeship Council after the Second ts the chief executive officer of the UN, elected by
~orld War. The Council helped ten of them to gain the UN members for a term of five years.
independence. rThe personnel of the Secretariat are recruited from
,---------- -:---- ------ -------------- ---- --- -------- - all over the world. Attempts are made to have
:,', Dispute : - D ,sagreement between two people, groups or - - --.------ --- --- - - - ----------------------------------,
_____ countries . Grievance : Someth ing that one thin ks is unfai r an d '
------------------ ---- - ------------ complains or protests about ,
-------- ------- --------------------- --- --- -----------;'
HiSt ory a nd Civics Class-8
139
 ·
a balanced represe ntation from all region s and United Nations Educational, Scientific
countries.
and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
The UNESCO cam e into existence on 4th Nove b
rn er
1946. The UNESCO has a General Assembly of . '
own , which consists of all the member-states of t~s
UNO. It has a secretariat of its own which wor~
under a D irector-General. Its headquarters are at
Paris.

UNESCO is trying to educate millions of people,

young or old, and to spread scientific knowledge. It
provides experts in various fields of education to the
member-states in order to solve their problems in this
~ nt oni o Guterres, UN Secretary General field. It also arranges teacher exchange programmes
under which teachers learn new ideas and techniques
The Secretary General holds a key position in the to handle their teaching effectively.
administration of the affairs of the UNO. He organises
conferences, drafts reports, makes correspondence, United Nations Children's Fund
registers treaties, prepares budget estimates.
(UNICEF)
SPECIAUSEt> AGENCIES
[!)Iii!)
~ . Established in 1946 after World War II to meet the
OF THE UNO ~ '" .
CODE-iWl x emergency needs of children in war-torn Europe,
it arranges for nutritious diet for the younger
Besid es the six organs, there are a number of
generations of the world. It also provides medical
specialised agencies of the organisation which are
aid and medicines for the

I
assigned with the specific responsibilities in the fields
benefit of the children,
of health, education, science, trade, culture, labour
force and human rights.
especially of under-
developed and developing
1tz
Pause and ~hink
countries of the world. It
provides help to the children
' 7i
The United States is the largest provider of financial
contributions to the United Nations, providing 22
per cent of the entire UN budget in 2017. From July
of the member-states at the
time of national calamities
like floo ds , eruptions of ~ NICEF symbol
unicef
2016 to June 2017, 28.6 per cent of the budget used volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.
for peace keeping operations was provided by the
United States.
UNICEF celebrated the 'International Year of _the
Does the UN work under the influence of the United Ch 1·1 d ' m
. 1979. Universal c h 1'ld tm
. munisauon .r
States? Discuss. . .
agamst preventable diseases by 1 990 was one maJO
goal of the UNICEF.

',,---------
R ---- ---- ------ -------·---·
T0 f d
---- -- ---- ---- ----- --- - - ------ -- -- - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - -- ------ ---------;--~,\
1
1
't
ecru, : In n~w peop Ie to Joi n an
organ1sat1on
Calam ities · Event that cau se great da mage to p
·
eople 5
:
'
•._ · lives, pro perty, etc. ___ ,'
'------ -- ---- -- --- -----·-------- ----~ ---- ------------ ----- ------------ -- ---------- -- ---- ---· -----
140 . ctass-8
History and civics
 ... ~-~

world Health Organisation

(WHO) Think and Oo
1. The United Nations came into existence on_ _ .
WHO was established in 1948. It has its headquarters
(a) October 28, 1945 (b) October 27, 1945
in Geneva. The main purpose of this organisation
is to promote health in the entire world. WHO has (c) October 22, 1945 (b) October 24, 1945
done substantial work for the promotion of public 2. Who is the Secretary G·eneral of the United
Nations? ·'
health and fighting diseases like cholera, typhoid,
(a) Antonio tuterres (b) Kofi Annan
malaria, small pox and more recently AIDS . A
• (c) Donal Tnimp (b) John Major
number of WHO doctors and nurses have trained
our medical personnel and awarded scholarships to
Food and Agriculture Organisation
students, to go abroad to study advanced medical (FAQ)
technology. It promotes health education among the
masses so that they are able to fight diseases more PAO came into being on 16 October, 1945. Its
effectively and control them. headquarters are at Rome in Italy. Its major concern is
to develop agriculture and thus increase agricultural
Enrich V our l~no~ledge production.
The UN and its agel}c;es supply vaccil)es to 45% ·of th~ 'Freedom from Hunger'
word's chilarea..foP.example, the_UN Cnil4ren's'. Fu!llt campaign was started by the
and the .W~rld Health Organisatio~ are\:ore pattrieis~. ;.J
PAO.
of the Global polio Eradiction initiative, which hal ' '
helped reduce polio cases by over _9 9% since 1988. _/ _' It helps to increase the
. ~ agricultural produce by giving
financial aid, by providing the l_:AO symbol

The International Labour

a latest machines and better
Organisation (ILO)
BCO OE-Vmq
seeds and by lending the services of the specialists,
etc. The experts of FAO are carrying on research
lLO was established in 1919. It was earlier affiliated in fishery, forestry and agriculture thereby raising
with the League of Nations. It was revived again in agricultural output and raising the standard of living.
1946 as a specialised agency of the United Nations. It
has its headquarters at Geneva. It strives to improve The International Monetary Fund
social and economic (IMF)
conditions of the labourers
Every country has its own currency which cannot be
and workers by improving
used in international transactions. For that purpose,
th eir living standards, (1~ an international exchange currency is required.
st0 PPing the exploitation
\i~B In international trade, four currencies have been
of Women and children and recognised as reliable exchange media:
settling disputes between ~
the en t repreneu rs and ~ Osymbol • The pound sterling of Great Britain.
labo urers. It promotes peace • The rouble of Russia
through soc1a . .
. 1 Justice. • The dollar of USA.

Entrepreneur ; A person who makes money by running

Subs ~--- - ----------- .
Ex ta nt1al : Large in amount, valu~ or_importance. businesses.
th ange : An act of giving or taking 1n return .
141
1-tistory and Civics Class-8

..-!"
 ACHIEVE MENTS OF THE UN
• The euro amon g Euro pean countries. • The UN has help ed coun tries which
. Were under
The othe r curre ncies of the worl d have to main tain . gn ru1e to b ecom e mde
forei pende n.
t
an exchange value in relation to these currencies. The • The UN stro ngly oppo sed the .
NAl'_t. 1icy of
IMF helps in this exchange. Apa rthe id in Sou th Afri ca by ~o
llllpo · ~
It unde rtak es the b_uying ~ -- ~'- 0 sing I
sanc tions .
and selli ng of gold m t he ~ ~ I
:" * • The UN mak es efforts to prevent hum .
inter natio nal market. It also viola tions . an rights
help s the mem ber- state s l •IIJJIIJI ~
in the even t of m onet ary ~ ~~ • Toe UN has help ed cbrin g peace to co untnes
. confl'1cts 1or example, Gulf war
.

difficulties th rough the World ~)'A R~ i enga ged m

Bank. l1_MF Symbol • It prom otes the use of nucl ear energy ~or
The Inter natio nal Mon etary peac eful purp oses and work s for disarmament.
Fund has its head quar ters at Washington.

POI NTS TO REM EMB ER

on 24th Octo ber, 1945 .
• The Un ited Nations Organisation came into being
• Today it has 193 members.
ational peac e and secu rity.
• The main aim of the UN is to maintain intern
York.
• The UNO has its official headquarters in New
il,
Econ omic and Soci al Coun cil, the Trusteeship Counc
• The General Assembly, the Security Council, the
at are the six orga ns of the UN.
the International Court of Justice and the Secr etari
are some of the spec ialise d agen cies of the UN.
• UNE SCO , UN ICEF, WHO, ILO, FAQ and IMF

CHA PTE R AT A GLA NCE

, - - - ;igin and Aims Organs and Specialised Agencies

l~ Established on 24th Octob e r 1945 • Gene ral Asse mbly
• Aims • Secu rity Coun cil
,, to preve nt war, main tain intern ation al • Econ o m ic and Socia l Coun cil
peace and secu rity
• Inter natio nal Cour t of Justic e
❖ to co-op erate in solvin g intern ation al
probl ems • Secr etaria t
-:- to ~eve lop fri endly relati ons amon g Spec ialise d Agen cies :
natio ns. nd
UNESCO, UNICEF, FAO, WHO , ILO. IMF a
❖ to dprfomote respect for huma n rights many other s.
an unda ment al freed om .

.s
142 ••. _._.,., J:1nd Civics claSS