DSRRR MIDTERMS

SECOND SEMESTER
c. Earthquake
LESSON 1: DISASTERS, HAZARD, VULNERABILITY, AND
CAPACITY

DISASTER: it is a serious disruption of the functioning of

a community or a society causing widespread human,
material, economic, or environmental losses, which d. Tsunami
exceed the ability of the affected community or society
to cope, using its own resources.

 Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological

disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of
health and health services, on a sale sufficient e. Volcanic eruption
to warrant an extraordinary response from the
outside the affected community or area.

Disasters are a result of the combination of:

 The exposure to a hazard
 The conditions of vulnerability that are present f. Lahar
 Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or
cope with the potential negative consequences

LESSON 2: HAZARDS

HAZARD: it is a situation or an occurrence with the

g. Drought
capacity to bring damages to lives, properties, and the
environment
 It can be natural or man-made or the
combination of the two
 It is a “potentially damaging physical event,
phenomenon or human activity”.
h. Red tide
1. NATURAL HAZARDS: Natural phenomena that
pose threats or cause negative impacts to
people and property.

TYPES OF NATURAL HAZARDS

a. Typhoon + storm surge i. Pestilence

j. Fire
b. Flash flood
 2. HUMAN-MADE: Technological hazards (leakage o Indigenous People
of toxic waste, oil spill) o Persons with disabilities (PWD)
o Women
o Children
o Abused sector
o Lowest level of society

Who are LESS vulnerable?

 They are the community members whose
capacities start from their own ability to acquire
o Environmental degradation (famine,
material resources; skills and trainings; and
drought, fires, and flood) position in society.
o Socioeconomic, political, and security o Professionals
hazards (civil conflict, displacement due o Small entrepreneurs
to development projects)
o Those who belong to higher levels of
o Health hazards (COVID-19)
society
o Chemical and hazardous materials
o ROLE: extend assistance and support to
o Radiological and nuclear events
vulnerable sectors
o Those in high positions in the
3. COMBINATION OR SOCIO-NATURAL HAZARDS:
community
Flash flood in Ormoc in Southern Leyte in
o They are the targets in advocacy work
November 5, 1991
relating disaster issue to structure and
policies implemented by the
government

CATEGORIES OF VULNERABILITIES
 Physical/Material vulnerability
o Location and type of housing/building
materials
o Access and control of land, water,
animals, capital, and other means of
production
 Natural hazards in general can’t be prevented
o Infrastructure and services like roads,
but can be anticipated. Human-made hazards
health facilities, schools, electricity,
can frequently be prevented and anticipated. In
communications, transport, housing,
both cases, the worst effects of hazards may be
etc.
reduced or mitigated.
o Human capital: population, mortality,
diseases, nutritional status, literacy,
LESSON 3: VULNERABILITY
numeracy, poverty levels
o Environment factors: forestation, soil
VULNERABILITY: it is a set of prevailing or consequential
quality, and erosion
conditions which adversely affect the community’s
ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare for, and respond to
 Social/Organizational vulnerability
hazardous events.
o Family structure (weak/strong)
Who are vulnerable? o Leadership qualities and structure
 They are the community members whose o Legislation
capacities are low and not sufficient to o Administrative structures and
withstand and overcome the damaging and institutional arrangements
adverse effects of disasters. o Decision-making structures
o Farmers o Participation levels
o Urban poor o Divisions and conflicts: ethnic, class
o Laboreres caste, religion ideology, political groups,
 language groups, and structures for hazards and to secure the sustainability of their
mediating conflicts livelihood
o Degree of justice, equality, access to Aims to:
political processes  Understand people’s previous experiences with
o Community organization: formal, hazards that enabled them to develop coping
informal, traditional, governmental, strategies, and
progressive  Look into available resources (material,
o Relationship to government organizational, and attitudinal) that the
o Isolation or connectedness community uses to prepare and mitigate the
effects of disaster.
 Attitudinal/Motivational vulnerability
o Attitude toward change Capacity and Vulnerability Analysis (CVA)
o Sense of ability to affect their world,  Useful guide to gather information on both
environment, get things done resources and vulnerabilities of people.
o Initiative
o Faith The CVA Matrix
o Religious beliefs
o Fatalism, hopelessness, despondency,
discouragement
o Dependent/Independent (self-reliant)
o Consciousness, awareness
o Cohesiveness, unity, solidarity,
cooperation
o Orientation toward past, present, future

LESSON 4: CAPACITY AND CAPACITY ASSESMENT

Capacity: It is all the strengths, attributes and resources

available within a community, organization, or society
that can be used to achieve an agreed goal. Physical/Material Vulnerability and Capacity
 Pertains to land, climate, environment, health,
Capacity Development: It is the process through which skills, and labor, infrastructure, housing,
individuals, organizations, and societies obtain, finance, and technologies.
strengthen, and maintain the capabilities to set and
achieve their own development objectives over time. Social/Organizational Vulnerability and Capacity
 How society is organized
1. Ensuring locally generated and sustained  Internal conflicts
capacity  Political structures
2. DRR capacity is the concern of an entire society  Informal systems
3. Development of technical capacities needs to be
combined with other types of capacity Motivational/Attitudinal Vulnerability and Capacity
development  It is how people in society view themselves and
4. An enabling environment their ability to affect their environment

Coping Capacity: It is the ability of people, Hazard, Vulnerability, and Capacity Assessment (HVCA)
organizations, and systems, using available skills and  It demonstrates the mutual dependence of
resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, hazard, vulnerability, and capacity.
emergencies, or disasters.
Has the following goals:
Coping Assessment: People identify resources they rely o To identify elements at risk
on in times of crisis to reduce the damaging effect of o To identify appropriate disaster
preparedness and mitigation response
 o To raise the community’s awareness Virtual Risk Map: It is regarded as an important tool as
about potential disaster risk it provides an illustration of the impact of hazards.
o To provide disaster specific information
o Results can be used during emergency COMMUNITY AS AN ELEMENT-AT-RISK
periods  It is a community that is NOT prepared before,
during, and after a disaster, members of a said
 Repeating the HVCA after some time provides community will be at risk.
indicators to measure changes in people’s
vulnerability. ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN DETERMINING RISK
 To specify the nature and behavior of the DepEd identified three essential components in
potential hazards and threats people in the determining risks:
community face  Hazard occurrence
 Elements-at-risk
Features of a hazard to be considered:  Vulnerability
o Hazard type
o Warning signs Loss Management
o Forewarning  Pre-disaster loss management: focuses on
o Speed of onset reducing community vulnerability to hazards
o Frequency  Post-disaster loss management: focuses on
o When improving the emergency response and
o Duration broadening the range of support given to
victims.
o Extent
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS
For vulnerability assessment:
1. Human/ Biological
o Extent- “extent” of damage
2. Social Effects of Disasters
o Elements at risks and why – people,
3. Physical/Material
animals, crops, houses, tools,
4. Psychological
infrastructure
5. Economic
o People at risk – who are the people
6. Environmental Degradation
most at risk
7. Political Impacts of Disasters
o Location of people at risk – location of
the most vulnerable

LESSON 5: DISASTER RISK AND ELEMENTS-AT-RISK

Disaster Risk
 Is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and
loss as a result of a hazardous event
 Also defined as the probability of harmful
consequences or expected losses
o Risk= Chance (C) x Loss (l)
o Risk= Probability (p) x Loss (l)

Equation for Disaster Risk:

 Disaster Risk = Hazard x of EXPOSURE x
Vulnerability

Risk: It is the anticipated or potential consequences of a

specific hazard interacting with a specific community at
a specific time.
 o Wind
o Storms
o Sea level and ocean temperature rising
 Indonesia’s Tropical Eternity Glaciers could
vanish within years, experts say.
For LT#2
CHAPTER 2, LESSON 1: CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 Since the 1800s, human activities have been the
WEATHER: It is the atmospheric condition of a specific main driver of climate change
place and time  According to PICC (2013), human activities are
 Weather can change from day to day. You may believed to have caused most of the global
have a sunny, rainy, cloudy, or a windy day all in warming of the past 50 years
one week
 The increase in carbon dioxide levels in the
CLIMATE: Is the average weather conditions in a specific atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil
location over a long period of time. fuels and land usage, is increasing global
 Is the average temperature and sustained cycles temperatures at a rate never before seen in
of weather over a prolonged period. human history.
 You need to monitor years of data to make a  Multiple urban considerations help determine
comment on climate the level and intensity of emissions:
o Urban form
TYPES OF CLIMATES o Urban density
1- Tropical: Hot and rainy with abundant o Urban mobility
precipitation and intense sunlight o Waste management
2- Polar: Cold and icy with snow cover, and located  Example of a city that determines the level and
at the North and South Poles intensity of their emissions: BGC (Bonifacio
3- Continental: Hot summers and cold winters, Global City in Taguig)
with large temperature swings.
4- Desert: Extremely dry with large temperature IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
swings and almost cloud-free skies.  Primary impacts: those impacts directly caused
5- Maritime: Milder temperatures throughout the by a climate hazard
year with smaller temperature swings,  Secondary impacts: those are a result of the
controlled by nearby weather primary impacts
6- Subtropical: Found between 20 and 40-degree 1- Flood
latitude, and can be distinguished by humidity 2- Water scarcity
levels. 3- Heat Island effect

THREATS OF CLIMATE CHANGE  Flooding is expected to be the most far-reaching

Climate change poses many threats to the environment climate impact. Climate change has the
and human health, including: potential to increase flooding in three ways:
 Extreme weather o Due to the large amount of
 Food and water scarcity impermeable surfaces (roads, buildings,
 Sea level rise paved areas) in cities and towns, places
 Ocean acidification with inadequately designed or limited
 Melting glaciers storm sewers will face flooding during
 Loss of biodiversity storms.
o A probable potential health incidence of
CLIMATE CHANGE: It refers to the changes in the water-borne dieases.
average weather and weather variability of the region o Increased rainfall from storms
or the planet over time. ultimately leads to higher incidences of
 Measured by changes in: river overflowing their banks.
o Temperature
o Precipitation
  Water scarcity: lack of access to safe drinking
water and adequate sanitation is a major cause  The Philippines is an archipelago with two
of ill health and life-threatening disease. pronounced seasons which is categorized as wet
 Heat Island Effect: Climate change will increase and dry
the temperatures in most cities. This will be  The month of June until February is the wet
compounded in urban areas by the urban-heat season with the rest of the months being dry
island effect (infrastructure hold and retain o Is located along the typhoon belt in the
solar heat) Pacific with an average of 20 typhoons
each year.
CLIMATE RESILIENCE: the ability of a social or ecological o Is also located in the Pacific Ring of Fire
system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same making it vulnerable to frequent
basic structure and ways of functioning, and the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
capacity to adapt stress and change.
 Based on the World Index Report 2014, the
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION Philippines placed second out of 171 countries
 These are two complementary strategies for that were ranked on the basis of their risk score.
responding to climate change. Risk score refers to a country’s exposure to
 CLIMATE CHANGE ADPATATION: is the proactive hazards such as earthquakes, floods, storms,
adjustment to both current and future climatic droughts, and sea level rise.
changes and their adverse impacts.  In the 2013 report, the Philippines ranked fourth
 CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: refers to efforts in terms of the number of reported events and
to reduce or prevent emissions of greenhouse first in terms of disaster mortality.
gases.
o The Glasgow Climate Pact has been
adopted by 200 countries, including the HYDROMETEORLOGICAL HAZARDS: CYCLONES
Philippines, providing the hope that it CYCLONES: A cyclone is a system of winds that are
will move forward with the campaign rotating inwards to an area of low barometric pressure,
and enhance climate change reaction. such that in the Northern Hemisphere it is anticlockwise
and in the Southern Hemisphere it is clockwise
circulation
1- North Atlantic (comprising the Caribbean)
2- Southwest Indian Ocean
3- Eastern Pacific
4- North Indian Ocean
5- Western Pacific
6- Southern Pacific
7- Australian region

 Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones are the

same type of storm. They are named depending
CHAPTER 2, LESSON 2: DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK on where they are from
IN THE PHILIPPINES

 According to ADRC, the Asian region ranked first

in the world in terms of the impacts of natural
disasters
 Asia ranked first in all four categories namely:
occurrence, number of deaths, number of
affected people, and economic damage
 The Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand were
among the most vulnerable countries.
 The Philippines ranked fourth in terms of the
most affected people.
 1- Category 1: minimal typhoon, with sustained
winds of 74-95 mph
2- Category 2: moderate typhoon, with sustained
winds of 96-110 mph
3- Category 3: strong typhoon, with sustained
winds of 111-129 mph
4- Category 4: very strong typhoon with sustained
winds of 130-150 mph
5- Category 5: devastating typhoon with sustained
winds of 157- 194 mph

HOW A TROPICAL CYCLONE FORMS

THINGS TO DO BEFORE TYPHOON:
1- Tune in to local news for government
announcement and warnings
2- Know when and where the cyclone is going to
hit
3- Know the important emergency hotlines in your
community like the Barangay Disaster Risk
Reduction Management Council or Provincial
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council
4- Identify the credible people or other sources of
important information regarding the typhoon.
Never believe in the hearsay.
5- Know the characteristics and how strong the
cyclone is
6- Keep an emergency kit/go bag that includes
first-aid kit, food, water, clothing, whistle,
lighter, and a flashlight.
7- Charge your phones and keep these loaded for
communication
8- Familiarize yourself with the Early Warning
System and Evacuation Plan of your local
government in case of emergency.
9- Make a household evacuation plan and give
particular tasks to each member of the family
(who will ensure the transportation, who will
carry the baby, who will carry the first-aid kit).
The family members should be oriented.
10- Check your surroundings if there are things to
be repaired.
11- If there is a typhoon and if you are in a danger
zone like a riverbank or seashore, go to a safe
evacuation center to be safe from any storm
surges or river flows the cyclone will make.
CLASSIFICATION OF TYPHOONS 12- Follow the instructions given by the disaster risk
1- TROPICAL DEPRESSION: winds up to 62 km/h reduction committee personnel.
2- TROPICAL STORM: winds 62-88 km/h
3- SEVERE TROPICAL STORM: winds 89-117 km/h THINGS TO DO DURING TYPHOON:
4- SUPER TYPHOON: winds over 185 km/h 1- Stay tuned-in to the radio or television for latest
news and updates.
CATEGORIES OF TYPHOONS 2- Stay alert and be prepared.
3- Stay inside the house.
 4- Wear warm clothes. 3- Close the windows and doors to prevent objects
5- Save your batteries so you can use it for from being blown inside the premises.
emergency situations. 4- Stay inside the house or classroom.
6- If you are already in a danger, call for rescue. 5- Remember to ensure proper drainage for the
rainwater before the thunderstorm.
THINGS TO DO AFTER TYPHOON:
1- Stay tuned-in to the radio and TV for latest THINGS TO DO DURING STORM
updates. 1- Stay calm. Wear warm clothes.
2- Check your family if they are okay. 2- Stay away from trees, towers, fences, and
3- Observe your surroundings if there are fallen electric, and telephone lines if you are in an
trees, wrecked cars on the road, fallen electric open area.
posts, and live wires. Stay away from these. 3- Watch out for falling objects and power lines
4- If there are damages in your household, do a from the posts like electricity and telephone
repair. lines.
5- If there is an injury, seek for medical help 4- Postpone all outdoor activities.
5- Unplug and turn off all the appliances such as
TYPHOONS: a typhoon is a low-pressure area or a televisions and computers. Electric surges and
tropical cyclone that is large and violent. It rotates lightning may cause damage to all these. Use a
COUNTERCLOCKWISE with warm air rising above the battery-operated radio for gaining information
warm water of the Western Pacific North Ocean instead
6- Move to the lowest floor of the building or
PSWS (Philippine Storm Warning Signal): when the house or any safe place within the building
expected atmosphere or meteorological condition is: without windows or glass doors.
1- In at least 36 hours when PSWS #1 is put in 7- If you are in an open area and can't find a
effect initially shelter, put your feet together with heels
2- In at least 24 hours with PSWS #2 touching each other (tip-toe position) while in a
3- In at least 18 hours with PSWS #3 squat position. The logic is to transfer the
4- In at least 12 hours with PSWS #4 lightning's electricity from one foot to the other
5- In at least 12 hours with PSWS #5 and it goes back to the ground. If you don't do
this, the lightning might go to your heart and
THUNDERSTORM: a thunderstorm is a weather may cause death. While doing this, make sure
condition generally characterized by heavy rain that you put your hands over your ears to
associated with thunder and lightning and possible protect your ears from thunder
tornado
THINGS TO DO AFTER STORM
1- If the weather condition allows, you can go
outside to check for any damages to your
property.
2- Still practice the safety measures and continue
listening to the news for updates and
instructions.
3- Stay away from the damaged areas and watch
out for damaged power cables

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS: FLOODS

THINGS TO DO BEFORE STORM: FLOODS: it is the running and overlaying of water on
1- Create a preparedness plan. Learn about your land that is ordinarily covered by it.
area's thunderstorm risk and how to be warned
of an approaching thunderstorm. The formation of the flood is characterized by
2- Trim and remove dead and rotting trees and 1- The rise of water from a stream, water
other objects that could fall and may cause drainages, enclosed bodies of water, and rivers
injury. that are overflowing on adjacent lands
 2- Continuous heavy rainfall due to weather transportation, food, first-aid kit, and seeking
conditions help?
11- Keep all important documents inside a safety
 Flood hazard is compounded by problems of box or ziploc bags
sediment deposition, drainage congestion, (of
human actions) synchronizations of river floods THINGS TO DO DURING FLOOD:
with sea tides in the coastal plain (of nature). 1- Keep calm and be alert and keep away from
 It is also result of cutting of trees and steep areas prone to landslides
development of large areas for urbanization 2- Stay updated on news and public
 These human activities changes the hydrological announcements.
regime of the land areas 3- Don't attempt to swim across flowing streams
and flooded areas.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF 4- Watch out for snakes and other wild animals in
FLOOD the flood.
 Intensity of rainfall 5- Drink and eat only clean or at least boiled water
 Duration of the rainfall and never eat food that were already
 Soil condition and ground cover contaminated by flood water.
6- Stay away from electric and telephone cables.
THINGS TO DO BEFORE FLOOD 7- Listen only to reliable people when getting
1- Keep tuning in to news on TV and radio. Listen information and updates.
carefully for the latest updates and instructions
about the hazard that may cause flooding such THINGS TO DO AFTER FLOODS
as thunderstorms and tropical cyclones. 1- Report structural damages like cables, water,
2- Be familiar with the frequency of floods in your and gas lines.
area. 2- If appliances are submerged in flood water,
3- Know where the flood warning systems such as don't plug these at once to prevent further
flood markers in your area are damage.
4- Know the evacuation plan in your area. Be 3- Avoid affected areas.
familiar with the pick-up place, the means of 4- Stay tuned-in to the news.
transportation, location of the command center, 5- Return home only if the area is already safe. The
and the evacuation area. authorities will advise you if the area is already
5- When there is prolonged heavy rain, it may safe or not
cause flooding and you must be prepared for
possible flooding. Put your cellphones and STORM SURGE: it is the masses of water that are
gadgets inside a zip lock plastic bag to prevent pushed toward the shore by meteorological forces.
them from getting wet Storm surges may be massively destructive. It may
6- Prepare your survival kit. You can make your drown people and animals and affect the entire
own floating device by tying together empty community.
plastic containers. You can also prepare a go
bag containing a flashlight, lighter/matchbox,
canned food, water, extra clothes, and first aid
kit in plastics. You also have to keep extra
batteries and transistor radio for news updates
7- Fully charge your phones and keep these loaded
for communication.
8- Prepare your emergency lights.
9- Go to a higher area or do a preemptive
evacuation. When the water is very high and
your location is inaccessible, the rescuers will
have a difficult time to rescue you and the
rescuers may also be put in danger.
10- Prepare the family or friends for possible
flooding. Assign tasks: Who is in-charge in
 5- Check if your house is safe before moving back
in with your family.
6- Immediately clean all debris and mud.
7- Stay tuned-in to local television and radio
stations for updates and instructions.

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS: LANDSLIDES

LANDSLIDES: It is the movement of a mass of rocks,
debris, or earth down a slope
 Landslides usually happen in mountainsides and
are generally described as massive outward and
downward movement of slope-forming
THINGS TO DO BEFORE STORM SURGE:
materials
1- Stay tuned-in to local TV and radio for public
 Landslides can bury houses, buildings, and
announcements and updates of certain weather
people.
condition that may result to occurrence of a
storm surge.
2- Know the risk zones in the area. Plan for
TRIGGERS:
evacuation and relocation.
1- A hillslope or section of a seabed is too weak to
3- Stay off the beach area when there is a weather
support its weight
disturbance.
4- Be familiar with the escape routes going to the
evacuation center or higher grounds.
5- Participate in flood or storm surge drills.
6- Prepare a survival kit which contains your basic
necessities like clean drinking water, food, first-
aid kit, flashlights, and lighters.
7- Prepare a floating device.
8- Put your gadgets in a ziploc bag and secure your
documents in a safe place.
9- Do preemptive evacuation if you are in a risk 2- Prolonged rainfall or if the water content in the
area. soil increases

THINGS TO DO DURING STORM SURGE:

1- Keep calm and alert.
2- Stay away from coastal areas.
3- Stay away from steep areas prone to landslides
4- Shutdown the power supply.
5- If caught in a storm surge, hold on to large tree
trunks and boulders to protect you from the
force of water and floating debris
3- Denudation of mountain sides that removes the
THINGS TO DO AFTER STORM SURGE: ground cover
1- Never eat fresh food that came in contact with
flood water. Drinking water should be submitted
to authorities for testing.
2- After the storm surge subsided, check the
damages on properties and if your family is
complete.
3- Stay away from damaged power and telephone
cables.
4- Stay away from collapsed structures because
these might collapse and cause injuries.
DENUDATION: It is the process of wearing away the 4- Seek for an advice from authorities or
Earth’s surface over time geotechnical expert if you can still occupy the
affected space or not.

EL NINO: It refers to a warming of the ocean surface in

the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

THINGS TO DO BEFORE LANDSLIDES:

1- Know if your area is at risk of landslides.
2- Know the evacuation plan in your locality.
3- Stay away from slopes and risk zones. LA NINA: It is characterized by unusually cold ocean
4- Plant trees and other plants to cover slopes to temperatures in the equatorial Pacific
prevent soil erosion.
5- Make a list of emergency contact hotlines.
6- Participate in drills.
7- Prepare for public announcement to prevent
being caught or trapped by a landslide.
8- Keep your survival kit with you, especially your
whistle.
9- Stay alert and observe your surroundings. You
can predict an impending landslide when you
hear a rumbling sound from upstream and
 El Nino and La Nina result from the interaction
when you feel the ground rumbling
between the surface of the ocean and the
atmosphere in the tropical Pacific
THINGS TO DO DURING LANDSLIDES:
1- Stay calm and alert.
2- Evacuate the area immediately if it is in a risk
area and landslides and mudflows are
imminent.
3- Stay away from debris brought by the landslide
and protect yourself by staying behind a sturdy
boulder or tree.
4- Get out of the house or school building as soon
as possible and go to the safest area far from
the landslide.
5- When you are caught by a landslide or if there is
a landslide happening already, run outside your
house or classroom as soon as possible and go
across the slope away from the landslide, not
downward.

THINGS TO DO AFTER LANDSLIDES:

1- Tune-in to news and public announcements
regarding the landslide.
2- Never go back to the affected site without the THINGS TO DO BEFORE:
permission of the authorities. 1- Develop preparedness plan for both El Nino and
3- Stay away from the affected area because there La Nina occurrences
might be possible landslides again. o Prepare appropriate clothes
 o Prepare medical kits
o Buy and store food
o Repair houses
o Prepare relocation sites
o Prepare boats

2- For El Nino
o Conserve water
o Store water
o Familiarize yourself with first aid
treatments for heat-related illnesses
o Avoid activities that require strenuous
work during the hottest time of the day
o Consult doctor immediately when
affected by extreme heat
o Stay indoors as much as possible
o Wear loose and light-colored clothing
o Drink plenty of water

3- For La Nina
o Stay indoors
o Boil water for drinking to prevent
diseases due to water contamination
o Prepare easy-cook or no-cook food
o Wear boots if necessary
o Bring victims to the hospital
immediately
o Document and report the effects of El
Nino and La Nina to your community.