Sangola Vidyamandir Jr.
College Sangola
Subject : Electronics II
Name of Project: Logic Gates
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Sign of Subject Teacher
Introduction
Logic gates are the building blocks of digital electronics. They perform basic logical
functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. Using these gates, complex circuits can be built
to perform arithmetic operations, data processing, and decision-making tasks. This report provides
a detailed study of various types of logic gates, their working principles, applications, and practical
implementations.
Objectives
The objectives of this project are as follows:
1. To understand the fundamental operations of logic gates.
2. To design and implement basic combinational logic circuits.
3. To analyze the truth tables and behavior of different types of logic gates.
Types of Logic Gates
1. AND Gate:
Symbol:
Operation: Outputs HIGH (1) only when all inputs are HIGH.
Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
2. OR Gate:
a. Symbol:
b. Operation: Outputs HIGH if at least one input is HIGH.
c. Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
3. NOT Gate:
a. Symbol:
b. Operation: Outputs the inverse of the input.
c. Truth Table:
Input Output
0 1
1 0
4. NAND Gate:
a. Symbol:
b. Operation: Outputs LOW only when all inputs are HIGH.
c. Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
5. NOR Gate:
a. Symbol:
b. Operation: Outputs HIGH only when all inputs are LOW.
c. Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
6. XOR Gate:
a. Symbol:
b. Operation: Outputs HIGH if inputs are different.
c. Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
7. XNOR Gate:
a. Symbol:
b. Operation: Outputs HIGH if inputs are the same.
c. Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Applications
1. Digital Computers: Logic gates form the basis of CPUs and memory units.
2. Signal Processing: Used in digital filters and communication systems.
3. Control Systems: Implement decision-making in automated systems.
4. Arithmetic Operations: Fundamental for adders, subtractors, and multiplexers.
Conclusion
This project successfully demonstrated the working principles and applications of various
logic gates. The hands-on implementation provided insights into how these gates can be used to
construct more complex digital circuits. Understanding these basics is crucial for further studies
in digital electronics and related fields.
References
1. Morris Mano, M. (2017). Digital Design. Pearson.
2. Floyd, T. (2014). Digital Fundamentals. Pearson.
3. Online resources and datasheets for 7400 series ICs.
