Surabaya

Surabaya[a] is the capital city of East Java province and the second-
largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. Located on the northeastern corner Surabaya
of Java island, on the Madura Strait, it is one of the earliest port cities in City
Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency,
City of Surabaya
Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia, alongside
Kota Surabaya
Jakarta, Medan, and Makassar.[10][11] The city had a population of
Regional transcription(s)
2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census.[12] With 3,009,286
• Javanese Suråbåyå (Gêdrig)
people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and
‎‫( سورابايا‬Pégon)
1,518,928 females) [4] and over 10 million in the extended Surabaya ꦯꦸꦫꦨꦪ (Hånåcåråkå)
metropolitan area, according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya is the • Madurese Sorbhâjâ (Latèn)
second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia.[13] Surabaya metropolitan ‎‫( َس ورۤب اۤج ا‬Pèghu)
is also ASEAN's 6th largest economy ahead of Hanoi. In 2023, the city's ꦯꦺꦴꦂꦨꦗ (Carakan)
GRP PPP was estimated at US$150.294 billion. • Chinese 泗水
Sìshuǐ (Pinyin)
The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala, one Sù-súi (Hokkien POJ)
of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga Si3 seoi2 (Jyutping)
abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th
centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy, a major political and military
power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the Majapahit
empire.[14] At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing
to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between
Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea. During the decline of
Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate
and only submitted to its rule in 1530.[15][16] Surabaya became Downtown Surabaya skyline
independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.[17][18]

From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the
largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the main trading hub for the
Indonesian archipelago, competing with Shanghai and Hong Kong.[14]
Balai Pemuda Tunjungan Street
Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia.[19]
Principal exports from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee.[20] Its
rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure
with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import
companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in
international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The
Heroes Hotel Majapahit
city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval Monument
schools.[21] The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be
the Islamic financial center of Indonesia.[22][23]

Name
Flag
The name Surabaya, derived from the Javanese phrase "sura ing baya," Coat of arms

translates to "bravely facing danger."[24] Its origins trace back to the Pali Nickname(s): Kota Pahlawan (City of Heroes)
words "sura," referring to the figure "Asura" from Buddhist beliefs, and Kota Baya (Brave City)
bhaya, meaning "fear," "perils," or "danger." This name is connected to a Motto(s): Sura ing Baya (Old Javanese)
"Brave in the Face of Danger"
prophecy by Jayabaya, a 12th-century psychic king of the Kediri
Kingdom, whose name itself means "conquering fear or perils, drawn
 from the Pali words "jaya" or "vijaya"
(victory or conqueror) and bhaya (fear or
peril). Jayabaya predicted a battle between
a giant white shark and a giant white
crocodile in the region.[25]

The event is sometimes interpreted as

foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java, a
major conflict between the forces of Location within East Java
Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and
those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit on 31
May 1293,[24][26] which is now considered
Sura and Baya Statue an the date of the city's founding.[27]
mythology of Surabaya that
Sura (shark) and Baya The two animals are now used as the city's
(crocodile) attacking each symbol, with the two facing and circling
other each other, as depicted in a statue
appropriately located near the entrance to
the city zoo.[28]

Some people consider Jayabaya's prophecy as being about the great war
between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the
war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who
Surabaya
fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named
Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies, though embraced enthusiastically
by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable.[29]
Location in Java and Indonesia
Surabaya was previously known as Soerajabaya, a name written using the
van Ophuijsen spelling system, an older form of Indonesian orthography.

Surabaya

History Surabaya (Indonesia)

Coordinates: 07°14′45″S 112°44′16″E

Country Indonesia
Early history Region Java
The Kingdom of Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that Province East Java
were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne of the Settled 1037[1]
Kingdom of Kahuripan in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical Founded 31 May 1293[2]
record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu Fan Zhi written by Zhao Incorporated 1 April 1906 (as
Rugua, in which it was called Zhòng Jiā Lú (重迦庐).[30][31] The name Gemeente)[3]
Janggala is derived from the Old Javanese name Hujung Galuh (lit. 'Cape Government
Diamond' or 'Cape Gemstone'). Hujung Galuh was located on the estuary • Type Surabaya City
of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Government
Regency.[32] • Mayor Eri Cahyadi (PDI-P)
• Vice Mayor Armuji
By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports Area
or coastal settlements, together with Tuban, Gresik, and Hujung Galuh • City 350.56 km2
(modern Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of (135.35 sq mi)
Zheng He's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan.[33] • Urban 911 km2 (352 sq mi)
• Metro 5,925 km2 (2,288 sq mi)
After travelling south for more than 20 li, the ship reached Elevation 5 m (16 ft)
Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the
Population (mid 2023 estimate[4])
outflowing water is fresh.
• City 3,009,286 (2nd)
• Urban[5] 6,556,000 (3rd)
— Ma Huan, Yingya Shenglan
• Urban density 7,134/km2 (18,480/sq mi)
[6] 9,958,656 (2nd)
• Metro
Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, • Metro density 1,615/km2 (4,180/sq mi)
during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana. He describes his Demonyms Surabayan
travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tupan
Demographics
(Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from • Ethnic groups List
Guangdong and Zhangzhou. Then, he sailed east to the thriving new (2017 estimates)[7] 83.68% Javanese
trading town of Koerhhsi (Gresik), Supaerhya (Surabaya), and then sailing
7.50% Madurese
inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the
7.25% Chinese
Brantas river port of Changku (Canggu). Continuing to travel by land to
1.57% Arabs and Others
the southwest, he arrived in ManchepoI (Majapahit), where the Javanese
• Religion[8] List
king stayed.[34]
82.49% Islam
11.90% Protestantism
Pre-colonial era 3.91% Catholicism
1.42% Buddhism
The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of the
0.25% Hinduism
Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of Kali Mas river. The
0.02% Confucianism
anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293,
0.01% Others
commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against
the Mongol invasion. Mongol troops who came from the sea were Time zone UTC+07:00
described as Sura (sharks/brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came Postal Code 60111 – 60299
from the land were described as Baya (crocodiles/danger), literally Area code (+62) 31
translating to brave to face the dangers that come threatening. So the day Vehicle registration L
of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya. Nominal GDP[9] 2023
- Total Rp 715.294 trillion
By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The (2nd)
settlement of Ampel, located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel US$ 46.928 billion
subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic Int$ 150.294 billion
(PPP)
proselytiser Sunan Ampel.[35]
- Per capita Rp 245,685 thousand
(5th)
In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to a duchy, a major US$ 16,118
political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Int$ 51,622 (PPP)
Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, - Metro Rp 2,037.09 trillion
though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.[15] By that US$ 133.647 billion
Int$ 428.025 billion
time, Surabaya was already a major trading port,[36] owing to its location
(PPP)
on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the - Growth 6.1%
Spice Islands via the Java Sea.[37] During the decline of Majapahit, the HDI (2024) 0.841 (10th) very high
lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only
Largest district by Sukolilo – 30.15 square
submitted to its rule in 1530.[15][16] Surabaya became independent after area kilometres (11.64 sq mi)
the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.[17][18] Largest district by Tambaksari
population (226,136 – 2022 est)
Following the collapse of Demak, Surabaya was conquered by the
Website surabaya.go.id (http://ww
Mataram Sultanate, under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in w.surabaya.go.id/)
1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article
by the VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region.[38]

The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more
powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung.[39]: 31 It was one of
Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana
and Madura, and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan
Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most
of Java, except the Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.[39]: 31
Ampel Mosque built in 1421

Colonial era
The expanding Dutch East India Company took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its
rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi
Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet,
Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful Han family of Lasem.[40][41]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies,
becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony.
Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by
its natural harbor.[42]

During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency,
whose territory encompasses what is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and
Jombang. In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926,
Coat of Arms of Soerabaja (old
Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya
spelling of Surabaya) during Dutch
developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia. colonial era, granted in 1931

Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah (lit. 'Red
Bridge'). In 1910, a modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung
Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and
Ketabang grew.

In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt
occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic
Association. The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh
sentences.[43]
The Pasar Besar with the OJS
railway viaduct in the background,
Independence era
the so-called Hogeweg, Surabaya
Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East circa between 1900 and 1940
Indies, and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end
of World War II, Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon
came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender.[44]

The Battle of Surabaya, started after the Arek-Arek Suroboyo (lit. 'Teenagers of Surabaya')
killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah,
allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the
city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took
place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan
(Heroes' Day). The incident of the red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato
Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also
recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city.[45] The burnt-out car of Brigadier
Mallaby on the spot where he was
The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (lit. 'The City of Heroes') due to the importance of killed by pro-independence
the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian Indonesian soldiers during the Battle
independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.[46] of Surabaya on 31 October 1945

Modern history
After the independence era, population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it
is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate
companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in
the suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and
became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most
organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air.

On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed
in a series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah, the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS, followed by a bombing
on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several
of whom where in a critical condition.

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020.[47] In May 2020, Surabaya became the
epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia.
Geography

Panorama of Central Surabaya at night with Sura and Baya Statue

Surabaya the capital of East Java province, extends over 350.56 km2 (135.35 sq mi), its metropolitan area covers 6,310.06 km2
(2,436.33 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Mojokerto, Gresik, Sidoarjo, Bangkalan, and Lamongan, and has an
estimated population of 9.96 million as of 2023, making it the Second largest urban area in Indonesia and the Top 50 largest in
the world.[48] Surabaya ranks 11th among the Indonesian city in the human development index. Surabaya's offer business and
employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the
country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.[49]

The city is referred to as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the Battle of Surabaya during the
Indonesian National Revolution. The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and
entertainment hubs of the archipelago.[50] Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to
Indonesia's second-busiest seaport, the Port of Tanjung Perak, which is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for
being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia.[51]

Architecture
Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-
modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel
Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast
Asia, most colonial buildings were built around the 17th century to the early 20th
century.[52] These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle
Ages.[53]

Before the Second World War, there were many shophouses in the old part of the city,
mostly two-storey.[54] They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions.
Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old
buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area Wisma Intiland, most famous
Brutalist architecture in Surabaya. It
of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali
is one of the last buildings designed
Street.[55] by Paul Rudolph.

After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development

was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-
modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have
continued to grow. In the 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of
Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence–Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200
meters).[56]

Parks and Gardens

Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia.[57] This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped
with fountains in almost every neighborhood area.[58] These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya
Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park,[59] and others. Bungkul Park was awarded the Asian Townscape Award
2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and
integrated facilities, starting from the economic area (street food centers), green open
area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet (Wi-Fi), and routine garden maintenance
management.[60]

The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment.[61] The city has won
many awards in the field of environment and city planning both nationally and
Bungkul Park, one of the most
internationally.[62] These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata,
visited parks in Surabaya
Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won
several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest
metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as the Adipura
trophy, plenary in 2016.[63] The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the
best air quality in Indonesia.[64] Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific" by
Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been
awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with the best sustainable environmental management
in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014.[65] In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg, Kazan, and Tokyo,
on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and
community participation amid the rapidly developing city.[66] Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this
award.[66][67] On the other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the
neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya.[68][69] This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the
environment of the region.[70]

Climate
Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs
from October through May, while the dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a
tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high
temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the
wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are the hottest months.

Climate data for Surabaya (Juanda International Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1999–2023)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 41.0 38.7 36.6 34.8 35.2 34.0 33.8 34.4 38.5 41.7 42.8 42.1 42.8
°C (°F) (105.8) (101.7) (97.9) (94.6) (95.4) (93.2) (92.8) (93.9) (101.3) (107.1) (109.0) (107.8) (109.0)

Mean daily
32.1 32.0 32.1 32.0 31.9 31.4 31.1 31.3 32.4 33.5 33.5 32.5 32.2
maximum
(89.8) (89.6) (89.8) (89.6) (89.4) (88.5) (88.0) (88.3) (90.3) (92.3) (92.3) (90.5) (89.9)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 27.3 27.2 27.7 28.2 28.3 27.7 27.1 27.1 27.8 28.9 28.8 27.9 27.8
°C (°F) (81.1) (81.0) (81.9) (82.8) (82.9) (81.9) (80.8) (80.8) (82.0) (84.0) (83.8) (82.2) (82.1)

Mean daily
24.6 24.5 24.8 25.3 25.0 22.2 19.3 20.8 23.1 24.7 25.4 25.0 23.7
minimum °C
(76.3) (76.1) (76.6) (77.5) (77.0) (72.0) (66.7) (69.4) (73.6) (76.5) (77.7) (77.0) (74.7)
(°F)

Record low 19.3 20.8 21.9 20.0 16.1 13.4 9.2 12.8 18.2 19.6 21.2 22.0 9.2
°C (°F) (66.7) (69.4) (71.4) (68.0) (61.0) (56.1) (48.6) (55.0) (64.8) (67.3) (70.2) (71.6) (48.6)

Average
395.1 383.9 319.6 235.5 150.8 79.7 40.0 37.5 9.8 54.3 139.2 279.9 2,125.3
precipitation
(15.56) (15.11) (12.58) (9.27) (5.94) (3.14) (1.57) (1.48) (0.39) (2.14) (5.48) (11.02) (83.68)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 18.9 17.7 17.3 13.5 8.3 4.9 3.0 0.9 0.8 2.9 8.6 14.9 111.7
days

Mean
monthly
141.1 138.1 159.5 172.4 219.7 221.5 250.1 269.7 261.5 250.6 199.4 134.4 2,418
sunshine
hours

Source: Starlings Roost Weather[71]

 Climate data for Surabaya

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average sea 29.3 28.9 29.4 29.6 29.5 29.0 28.3 27.8 28.1 28.9 30.1 30.2 29.1
temperature °C (°F) (84.7) (84.0) (84.9) (85.3) (85.1) (84.2) (82.9) (82.0) (82.6) (84.0) (86.2) (86.4) (84.4)
Mean daily daylight
12.5 12.3 12.1 11.9 11.8 11.7 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.1
hours

Average Ultraviolet
12 12 12 12 11 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 11.6
index

Source: Weather Atlas[72]

Government and politics

Surabaya is a city with a mayor–council form of government. The city government is
responsible for the provision of public education, public health facilities, public safety,
civic services, public welfare and public transportation.

The city council, namely the Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives is the
unicameral legislative body consisting of 50 members.[73] Both the mayor and the city’s
legislative officials are directly elected by the locals every five years, with an exception The Surabaya mayor’s office at the
that the city’s mayor can only have a two consecutive-term limit. Surabaya City Hall

The current mayor is Eri Cahyadi, who was elected in 2020 and has served the city since
26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini, who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national
and international awards during her ten-year tenure, from 2010 to 2020. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN
Environmentally Sustainable City Award".

Besides representatives to the city council, Surabaya also sends 8 delegates to the East Java provincial parliament. On a national
level, Surabaya is consolidated with the neighboring Sidoarjo Regency to form the East Java I constituency for the Indonesia
House of Representatives. Together, they send 10 delegates to the lower house of the national legislature.

The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP,
Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and
Extermination, ambulance and fire services.[74][75] All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as
the champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018.[76] Surabaya also
received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee
Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018.[77]

Administrative divisions
Surabaya is divided into thirty-one kecamatan (districts),[78][79] and subdivided into 154
kelurahan (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North,
South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations
at the 2010 Census[79] and the 2020 Census,[12] together with their official estimates as at
mid 2023.[4] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres,
and the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each
district.

Districts of Surabaya
 Name of Area Pop'n Pop'n Pop'n No.
Kode in Admin Post
District Census Census Estimate of
Wilayah centre codes
(kecamatan) km2 2010 2020 mid 2023 villages

35.78.01 Karangpilang 9.39 72,469 74,796 75,572 Kebraon 4 60221 - 60223

35.78.23 Jambangan 4.10 46,430 50,470 54,200 Jambangan 4 60232 - 60233

35.78.22 Gayungan 5.89 42,717 41,289 43,999 Gayungsari 4 60231 - 60235

35.78.02 Wonocolo 6.53 80,276 75,315 79,559 Jemur Wonosari 5 60236 - 60239

35.78.24 Tenggilis Mejoyo 5.81 72,467 61,187 58,990 Panjang Jiwo 4 60291 - 60299

35.78.25 Gunung Anyar 10.15 62,120 62,482 61,565 Gunung Anyar 4 60293 - 60294
35.78.03 Rungkut 22.91 121,084 123,757 121,941 Kali Rungkut 6 60293 - 60298

35.78.09 Sukolilo 30.15 119,873 110,557 115,099 Menur 7 60111 - 60119

35.78.26 Mulyorejo 17.37 94,728 86,545 87,556 Mulyorejo 6 60112 - 60116

35.78.08 Gubeng 7.90 128,127 123,961 133,804 Erlangga 6 60281 - 60286

35.78.04 Wonokromo 8.26 133,211 144,650 154,995 Darmo 6 60241 - 60246

35.78.21 Dukuh Pakis 10.26 64,249 56,707 59,532 Pradah Kali Kendal 4 60224 - 60226
35.78.20 Wiyung 12.38 67,987 71,605 75,382 Wiyung 4 60222 - 60229

35.78.18 Lakarsantri 18.90 51,195 59,256 64,062 Jeruk 6 60211 - 60215

35.78.31 Sambikerep 17.17 61,101 63,778 67,943 Sambikerep 4 60216 - 60219

35.78.14 Tandes 9.94 103,084 87,511 91,922 Balongsari 6 60184 - 60187

35.78.27 Sukomanunggal 9.27 100,612 101,259 104,786 Simomulyo 6 60187 - 60189

35.78.06 Sawahan 7.18 170,605 188,693 199,336 Putat 6 60253 - 60256

35.78.05 Tegalsari 4.31 85,606 92,014 98,317 Putran 5 60261 - 60265

35.78.07 Genteng 4.06 46,548 52,924 58,742 Ketabang 5 60271 - 60275

35.78.10 Tambaksari 8.97 204,805 214,966 226,995 Pacar Keling 8 60131 - 60138
35.78.17 Kenjeran 8.51 163,438 181,325 181,300 Tanah Kali Kedinding 4 60126 - 60129

35.78.29 Bulak 6.24 37,214 43,764 47,082 Bulak 4 60121 - 60125

35.78.11 Simokerto 2.61 79,319 86,897 92,683 Tambakrejo 5 60141 - 60145

35.78.16 Semampir 9.05 151,429 172,669 182,371 Ujung 5 60151 - 60155

35.78.12 Pabean Cantian 5.48 69,423 70,808 74,490 Perak Utara 5 60161 - 60165
35.78.13 Bubutan 3.89 84,465 90,646 97,273 Bubutan 5 60171 - 68174

35.78.15 Krembangan 8.60 106,664 109,027 115,320 Morokrembangan 5 60175 - 60179

35.78.28 Asemrowo 15.05 42,704 45,547 48,022 Asemrowo 3 60182 - 60184

35.78.19 Benowo 26.64 54,133 69,938 73,306 Sememi 4 60191 - 60199

35.78.30 Pakal 18.57 47,404 59,971 62,715 Babat Jerawat 4 60192 - 60197

Totals 350.56 2,768,225 2,874,314 3,009,286 Genteng 154

Notes: (a) except the 2 kelurahan of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281.

Demographics
Surabaya is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants
Historical population
recorded in the chartered city limits (kota) in the 2020 census;[81][12] the official estimate
as at mid 2023 was 3,009,286.[4] With the extended metropolitan development area called Year Pop. ±%
Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gresik-Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo- 1945 618,000 —
Lamongan) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 1950 715,000 +15.7%
districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, 1961 1,008,000 +41.0%
1971 1,556,255 +54.4%
and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only the
1980 2,008,335 +29.0%
metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya (Zona Surabaya
1990 2,467,089 +22.8%
Raya) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest 2000 2,610,519 +5.8%
metropolitan area in Indonesia.[82] The city is highly urbanised, with industries 2010 2,768,225 +6.0%
centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also 2020 2,874,314 +3.8%
home for students from around Indonesia.[83] 2023 3,009,286 +4.7%
Source: Various sources
Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of
at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from Work[80]
nearby suburbs and villages in East Java.[84]
1971–2023 : Statistics Indonesia
(BPS)
Ethnicity
Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, with about 83 percent of the population, while the Madurese and Chinese are
significant minorities, each making up about 7 percent of the population.[85] Smaller groups include Arabs, especially the
Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen, Armenians, and Jewish people. Surabaya also has ethnic
populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Banjar, and Balinese.[86]

As one of Indonesia's educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions of the country,
who may form communities based on the region they come from. Most come from the Eastern part of Indonesia, including those
who are Papuan, Minahasan or Bugis, as well as people from Timor and others.

Because it is a regional trade hub, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of the city. There
are communities of Koreans and westerners in the city.

Language
Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan, a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect
concerns equality and directness in speech.[87] The use of register is less strict than the standardized Central Java dialect.[88] The
Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages
such as Madurese, which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in
local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk.[89] The speakers of
Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go.[90]

Religion
Although around 85% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major religions
include Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of whom the
majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan
culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic
Indian[92] and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians
adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch Jews follow
Judaism.[93]

The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga
era.[94] The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden
Rahmat).[94] His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and Religion in Surabaya (2019
pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia,
Census)[91]
Nahdlatul Ulama, was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926.[95] Al-Akbar Mosque is
the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world.[96] Islam (85.90%)
Protestantism (11.90%)
Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians, as well as native Roman catholic (1.91%)
Javanese, Bataks, and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant Buddhism (1.42%)
church.[97][98] A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen, a syncretic religious Hinduism (0.25%)
movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java.[99] Around 15 Confucianism (0.02%)
churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of the Birth of Our Lady, also Others (0.01%)
known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of
the oldest churches in Indonesia.[100] Graha Bethany Nginden, is a megachurch which is
one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia.[101] The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas
Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.[102]
Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Janggala and Majapahit era, Hinduism played a major
role in traditional Surabayan culture.[103] Small Hindu communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the
city.[104] Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java,[105] but it rarely obtained a minyan (quorum). The synagogue
was demolished in 2013 by unidentified people while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.[106]
In the years before its demolition, it had been the site of many anti-Israel protests.[106] A Jewish cemetery exists in the
city.[107][108]

Al-Akbar Mosque is Church of the Birth of Nginden Bethany Vihāra Sanggar

the largest mosque in Our Lady, Surabaya it Church Agung
Surabaya and also is the oldest Roman
East Java Catholic church in
Surabaya

Economy
Since the early 1900s, Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia.[19] Principal exports
from the port include sugar, tobacco, and coffee.[109] Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure
with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by
the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential and economic
activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors. The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous
specialized naval schools.[21] The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of
Indonesia.[22][23]

As the provincial capital, Surabaya has numerous offices and business centers; as a
metropolitan city, it became the center of economic, financial, and business activities in
East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city in Indonesia after
Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java, but also
facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan, and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic
location in almost in the center of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the
critical hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia.[110] It is currently in the process of
building high-rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels to attract
foreign capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly
Tunjungan, main central business
growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia. The city is also one
district of Surabaya
of the most essential cities in supporting Indonesia's economy.

Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a fast-growing trading center. Major industries
include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many
major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as Sampoerna, Maspion, Wings Group, Unilever Indonesia,
Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos Group, and PAL Indonesia.[111][112]

Shopping
Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern
shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have a presence in modern shopping malls. There were about 100
hectares/one million square metres of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016.[113] There are many dedicated markets for
electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware.

Some important shopping malls of the city which are Ciputra World Surabaya, City of Tomorrow, Royal Plaza Surabaya,
Pakuwon City Mall, Galaxy Mall, Grand City Mall,[114] Marvell City, Pakuwon Mall, and Tunjungan Plaza.
Infrastructure
Until 2009, the growth of road length in Surabaya was only about 0.01% per year. This is
not comparable to the growth of motorized vehicles which reaches around 7–8%
annually. Congestion that occurred in Surabaya was triggered by the growth of vehicles
that were not proportional to the capacity of the road. To reduce congestion, the city
government has built many new roads, including the construction of a frontage road on Pakuwon Mall is the largest mall in
Ahmad Yani road which is divided into east and west sides of 4 km each. This slow lane Surabaya and also in Indonesia,
is planned to penetrate to the Buduran area, Sidoarjo Regency. In addition, the municipal followed by Tunjungan Plaza
government has completed the construction of the Middle East Ring Road (MERR) or
Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno Boulevard, which is a 10.98 km ring road between the Kenjeran area
to Tambak Sumur that connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport;
and the 780-meter Suroboyo Bridge that crosses the sea which is now a tourist icon in the
Kenjeran Beach area. The city government has also intensified the construction of
massive box culverts in Surabaya to reduce congestion while anticipating flooding.[115]

The municipal government is also working on the construction of two new ring roads,
namely the 17 km Outer East Ring Road (OERR) between the Kenjeran area to Gunung
Anyar which also connects the Suramadu Bridge and Juanda International Airport and Kenjeran Bridge during night with
the West Outer Ring Road ( West Outer Ring Road (WORR) along 26.1 km between the dancing fountain
Romokalisari area to Lakarsantri which connects the southern area of Surabaya with
Teluk Lamong Harbor Terminal. In addition to building the ring road, the city
government has completed the construction of an underpass on Jalan Mayjen Sungkono,
and plans to build an underpass and flyover on Jalan Ahmad Yani. The problem of
flooding is also a serious threat to city residents. To anticipate the occurrence of flooding,
the city government has built many pump houses spread across several points in
Surabaya, including Mulyorejo and Jemursari. In addition to pump houses, the city
government has also built many parks that are used as sources of water absorption as well
as areas for residents to interact, as well as carry out intensive cleaning and maintenance
of major rivers in Surabaya. To accommodate the needs of pedestrians and tourists, the Suramadu Bridge, Indonesia's
longest sea-bridge and connecting
Surabaya city government has built bicycle lanes on many protocol roads in Surabaya, as
from Java to Madura Island
well as pedestrian paths that are almost evenly distributed throughout the Surabaya area.

Highways
The highways that are connected to Surabaya are the Surabaya-Gresik segment which
connects Surabaya with Gresik and the northern part of East Java, Surabaya-Mojokerto
which connects Surabaya with the western part of the province, Surabaya-Gempol which
connects Surabaya with the southern part of the province, as well as Waru-Juanda Airport
which connects Surabaya with Juanda International Airport. In 2018, President Joko
Widodo inaugurated final segments of the Trans-Java Toll Road, fully connecting Jakarta
and Surabaya with expressways.[116] The Surabaya-Gempol section is connected to the
Gempol-Pandaan section. The Gempol-Pandaan section is connected to the Gempol-
Pasuruan section which connects Surabaya with the Horseshoe (Indonesian: Tapak Kuda) Birdview of Waru interchange at
area in East Java and the Pandaan-Malang section which connects Surabaya with night
Malang, the second largest city in East Java.

The Suramadu Bridge (abbreviated of Surabaya-Madura) connects Surabaya and Madura Island over the Madura Strait. A 16
kilometres (9.9 mi) highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport-City in
Pernajuh village, Kocah district, Bangkalan, Madura at the cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container
port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.[117]

Transportation
Transportation in Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local,
regional, and international journeys. Air transport is located at Juanda International
Airport, in Sedati, Sidoarjo. Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles,
motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available. Recently Surabaya has
been declared as one of the cities with the worst congestion in Indonesia, according to a
survey[118] Surabaya is also a transit city between Jakarta and Bali for ground
transportation. Another bus route is between Jakarta and the neighboring island of
Madura.

Surabaya has three major train stations, being Surabaya Kota (also known as Semut),
The map of Transport of Surabaya
Surabaya Pasar Turi, and Surabaya Gubeng. The Argo Bromo Anggrek operated by
as per December 2024
Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) connects Surabaya from Surabaya Pasar Turi Station to
Gambir Station in Jakarta. Both economy and executive class trains are served to and
from Surabaya.[119] Surabaya commuter rail has 7 separate lines (as of 2023) that
connect Surabaya with surrounding regencies. Their services, also operated by KAI
Commuter, have extended into Lamongan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Pasuruan. Surabaya
will become the final destination for a Whoosh High speed rail initiative which connects
Jakarta to Surabaya. The Indonesian government currently have a cooperation contract
with the investors, and will begin construction in soon.[120]

The main bus terminal is Purabaya Bus Terminal (located in Bungurasih, Waru, Surabaya Commuter rail with
Sidoarjo), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak.[121] In Surabaya it is Surabaya–Sidoarjo railway line (KA
served by city buses such Suroboyo Bus, Trans Semanggi Suroboyo, Trans Jatim, shuttle Jenggala)
bus service (Wira Wiri Suroboyo), and Share taxis is called Angkot as a means of choice

Various bus-based means of transport in Surabaya; from up to down: Suroboyo Bus, Trans Semanggi Suroboyo, Trans Jatim, and
Wira Wiri Suroboyo

for residents of Surabaya and surrounding cities for their daily activities. Surabaya has a number of terminals in the city,
including Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Bus Stop, Ujung Baru Bus Stop, and so on. These terminals
are meeting points between city buses and other modes of transportation within the city. Since 7 April 2018, the Surabaya city
government has launched a city bus system named Suroboyo Bus which serves important points throughout the city.[122] The
Suroboyo Bus payment system is unique because it uses plastic waste making Surabaya the second city in the world to
implement this system in mass transportation after the Beijing subway in 2014. Suroboyo Bus has small stops scattered
throughout the city.[123]
Surabaya's Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Naval Airbase, operated
by the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served
Surabaya for many years and currently has two terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international
flights and Garuda Indonesia's domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2.[124]

Port of Tanjung Perak is the main trading port of Surabaya and East Java as a whole. It is one of the busiest ports in the country.
It is the second-largest port of trade, container and passenger traffic in Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta.
Because of its strategic position and the existence of surrounding advantageous hinterlands, the port constitutes the center of
inter island shipping for Eastern Indonesia.[125]

Culture
Javanese culture in Surabaya has distinctive characteristics compared to other regions,
the uniqueness of its characteristics which is more egalitarian and open. Surabaya is
known to have several distinctive arts, namely:

Ludruk, a cultural drama performance art that tells daily routine of working-
class people.[126]
Remo Dance, a traditional welcome dance that is generally dedicated to
special guests.[127] Ludruk is a native Surabaya-genre
play (theatre)
Kidungan, a poetry musicalisation and contains elements of humor.[128]
In addition to the art above, the call culture of arek or rek (a distinctive call from
Surabaya) is also a unique characteristic. There are other distinctive calls as well, namely
Cak for men and Ning for women. In an effort to preserve culture, Cak & Ning Surabaya
is selected once a year, and the selected finalists are tourism ambassadors and icons of
the young generation of the city.[129]

Cak Durasim Festival (FCD) is held annually, which is an art festival to preserve the
culture of Surabaya and East Java in general. The Cak Durasim Festival is usually held at
Cak Durasim Building.[130] There is also the Surabaya Art Festival (FSS) which raises all
kinds of art forms such as theatre, dance, music, literary seminars, painting exhibitions. Kya Kya Surabaya (Kembang
Event organisers usually aside from art groups in Surabaya also come from outside the Jepun) is part of Surabaya’s
city. Also enlivened is the screening of movie screens and T-shirt exhibitions. The Chinatown, it has chinese cuisine,
Surabaya Art Festival is held once a year in June and is usually held at the Youth Hall. barongsai attractions, and chinese
heritage buildings.
In addition to Javanese culture, there has also been a mixture of various cultures such as
from Madura, the Arab world, India, the Malay world, China and Europe. The Surabaya
Cross Culture is an annual art and culture festival that show various cultures outside Indonesia.[131]

Cuisine

Various Surabayan culinary items, from top left to right: Rujak Cingur, Rawon rice, Soto Lamongan and Bebek Madura
As a metropolitan city, all types of Indonesian cuisine and other international cuisines have a presence.[132] However, as the
capital of East Java, cuisines from the rest of the province dominate the culinary culture of the city. East Javanese cuisine
includes a variety of processed fruits, crispy tempeh, Bakpao telo, Bakso Malang, Rawon, tahu campur lamongan, Cwie
noodles, tahu takwa, tahu pong, getuk pisang, pecel madiun, wingko, tape, nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, bonggolan, shrimp
crackers, shrimp paste or petis, Tempeh Chips, tahu tepo, Nasi lethok, sego tempong, salad soup, pecel rawon, Suwar-suwir, tape
proll, gaplek, lodho, goat satay, and pecel tulungagung.[133]

Surabaya is famous for Rawon, Rujak cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clams satay, mussels, and rice cake.[134]

Rujak cingur:[135] a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp
crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelised fermented shrimp paste (petis), peanuts, chili, and
spices. It is usually served with lontong, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of
Surabaya.
Rawon: a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black)
color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts.[136]
Lontong kupang: lontong with small cockles in petis sauce.[137]
Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (Marsilea crenata) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in
a spicy peanut sauce. It is usually eaten with rice crackers.[138]

Sports
Surabaya is a barometer and center of association football development in Indonesia. The
city has many association football clubs founded in Surabaya, but Gelora Bung Tomo
Stadium is the home of Persebaya Surabaya. The first club was founded by the youth of
Hoogere Burger School (HBS) John Edgar with the Victoria club in 1895.[139][140]
Others included Scoren Is Ons Doel (SIOD), Sparta, Rapiditas and Thot Heil Onzer
Ribben (THOR). These are the pioneers of association football in Surabaya. The clubs
then took management under Oost Java Voetbalbond (OJVB) in 1907. Two years later,
the OJVB changed to Soerabajasche Voetbalbond (SVB). Starting in 1914, SVB was
based on the Nederlandsch Indische Voetbalbond (NIVB), created by Dutch football Ultras choreography of Persebaya
federation (KNVB). The Surabaya Chinese and native people also founded their
association football clubs by ethnicity. Oei Kwie Liem founded Hoa Soerabaja in 1914,
while the Bumiputera through R Pamoedji and Paidjo founded the Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond (SIVB) on 18 June
1927 (now Persebaya), which three years later co-founded the PSSI.[141][140]

In 1950, the working-class people and office men founded Soerabajasche Kantoor Voetbalbond (SKVB).[142][143] The
association football sector in Indonesia and specifically Surabaya became more developed, and the football association of
Indonesia founded a semi-professional competition in 1979, which was named the Main Football League (Galatama). A new
team emerged from Surabaya, NIAC Partners and the Salim Group Association. Besides Galatama, PSSI also formed a women's
soccer competition called the Women's Football League (Galanita). Surabaya also has a women's soccer team, which was
founded in 1977 and named Puteri Puspita. Clubs from Surabaya have also gained attention from the rest of the world.
Persebaya has competed against European teams including Lokomotiv Moscow, Sturm Graz, Grasshoppers, Salzburg, Stade de
Reims, Ajax Amsterdam, PSV Eindhoven, AC Milan, and lastly, Queens Park Rangers (QPR). Aside from European teams,
there are several national teams outside the country competing against Persebaya, including Yugoslavia Olympics, Malaysia,
Mozambique, Uruguay, Thailand, South Korea, and the Japanese national team.[143]

NIAC Mitra also competed against Arsenal and won the Aga Khan Gold Cup competition in 1979 in Bangladesh. The
achievements of NIAC Mitra in the Galatama competition included three championships in 1980–1982, 1982–1983, and 1987–
1988, and finishing as runners-up in 1988–89. However, NIAC Partners officially dissolved and withdrew from the Galatama
competition held by PSSI in 1990 because they considered the policies issued by PSSI irrelevant. After being disbanded, the
demands of the Surabaya community to revive the NIAC Partners were channelled when the Jawa Pos party weighed in and
changed the name of the NIAC Partner to the Surabaya Partner.[144] When the Union competition was merged with Galatama in
1994, the new Persebaya was able to win in 1997 and 2004. Persebaya was listed as the first team capable of winning the
Indonesian League twice. Mitra Surabaya was only able to exist until the 1998–1999 season and it was re-established again in
another city, Tenggarong and has not used the name of Surabaya again.[145]
Recently, only Persebaya has stable fans and achievements. Persebaya has won the
Indonesian Premier Division three times–twice when the division was the first tier and
once as the second tier. Fans refer to themselves as Bonek, an abbreviation for Bondo
Nekat (which translates as "equipped by bravery"). The city is the home of CLS Knights
Indonesia, a basketball club which participated in IBL (Indonesia basketball league) &
Asean Basketball League.

Surabaya has a multi-purpose stadium, Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium. The stadium is used
mostly for football matches. It is the new home stadium of Persebaya, replacing Gelora
Inside Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium
10 November Stadium.[146] It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against
in 2023
then–English Premier League club Queens Park Rangers, held on 23 July 2012.

Another prevalent sport is badminton. There are numerous schools and clubs in the city that train students of various ages to
reach the next level of the Badminton League.[147] Many children start out their career from Surabaya and have made it to the
national and sometimes international level.

Media
One of the largest circulating national newspapers in Indonesia, Jawa Pos, is headquartered in Surabaya; alongside its media
conglomerate Jawa Pos Group. Major newspapers include Surabaya Pagi and Surya.

Surabaya is served by many radio and television networks. Radio networks affiliates include the public RRI Surabaya, Gen FM
Surabaya 103.1 and Prambors FM Surabaya 89.3; as well as local stations Suara Surabaya 100.0, EBS FM and Radio Merdeka
106.7. Local television stations include JTV (both are regional stations serving East Java, which are based in the city), Jawa Pos
TV, Surabaya TV and Nahdlatul Ulama-affiliated TV9.

Education
One of the most well-liked educational locations in Indonesia is Surabaya, which is home
to about 40 higher education institutions. In addition to various state-funded and -
managed Junior High Schools (SMP Negeri), State High Schools (SMA Negeri), and
State Vocational Schools (SMK), there are hundreds of public and private schools in the
city. The city is home to at least seventeen universities, six of which are owned by the
state, and sixty-four professional schools. These universities provide everything from
natural, technology, and social sciences to tourism instruction.

Major universities and institutes, including those with technical or religious

Airlangga University (UNAIR)
specializations (arranged by significance), can be found in Surabaya. Which are included
rectorate building
Universitas Airlangga (UNAIR), a prominent Indonesian public research institution with
locations in Banyuwangi and Surabaya.[148] The national public research university
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), which emphasizes science,
engineering, and vocational education. The State University of Surabaya (UNESA), a
prominent institution that trains teachers and offers courses in law, technology, and
economics.[149] One of Indonesia's leading private Christian universities, Petra Christian
University offers courses in economics, technology, design, engineering, literature, and
education. It is Indonesia's oldest significant Christian institution, having been founded in
1961.[150] Major technical public institution, Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute
of Surabaya (PENS-PPNS), Surabaya.[151] Yayasan Nala is the manager of Hang Tuah
ITS Robotics Center at Sepuluh
University, which was established by the Indonesian Navy.[152] Bhayangkara University, Nopember Institute of Technology
which is connected to the East Java Indonesian Police Department.[153] State Islamic (ITS)
University of Sunan Ampel (UINSA), a public islamic university studies.[154] Founded in
1968, the University of Surabaya (UBAYA) is a private institution that offers psychology
and pharmacy studies.[155] Wijaya Putra University a private university founded in 1984.[156] Wijaya Kusuma University
Surabaya, is the oldest private medical school in eastern Indonesia, located in Surabaya. The Faculty of Medicine was founded
in 1986 after being established in 1981.[157] Widya Mandala Catholic University, a private Catholic institution in Surabaya,
which recently constructed a third campus in the eastern section of the city and houses facilities for healthcare studies. Among
them is Widya Mandala Catholic University.[158]

Additionally, there are several international schools here, which is Surabaya Intercultural School, Surabaya Japanese School (ス
ラバヤ日本人学校), Surabaya Taipei International School (印尼泗水臺灣學校) , Surabaya European School, Merlion School,
Ciputra School, and Spins Interactional School.

International relations
Surabaya has cooperation between cities throughout the world as well as several state representative offices here, such as the
General Consulates and Consulates, considering that this city is ranked second in terms of population and economy. And some
of this list are overseas representative offices and city twin towns such are:

Diplomatic Missions

General Consulates

Australian Consulate-General, Surabaya[159]

Chinese Consulate-General, Surabaya[160][161]
Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya[162][163]
Consulate General of the United States, Surabaya[164][161]

Consulates

Austria[165]
Consulate-General of Japan in
Belarus[166][167]
Surabaya
Belgium[168]
Czech Republic[161]
Denmark[169][161]
East Timor[170]
Finland
France[171][172][161]
Germany[161]
Hungary[173]
India[174]
Mongolia[175]
Netherlands[176][161]
New Zealand[177]
Philippines
Poland[178][179]
Russia[161]
Slovakia[161]
Sri Lanka[161]
Switzerland[180]
Sri Lanka[181]
Sweden[182]
Thailand[183][161]
United Kingdom[184][161]
Other diplomatic offices

Taiwan (Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya)[185]

Twin towns – sister cities

Surabaya is twinned with:

Seattle, United States (1992)[186] Liverpool, United Kingdom (2017)[193]

Busan, South Korea (1994)[187] New Delhi, India (2021)
Kōchi, Japan (1997)[188] Shah Alam, Malaysia[194]
Monterrey, Mexico (2001)[189] Kaoshiung, Taiwan[195]
Guangzhou, China (2005)[190] Alexandria, Egypt
Xiamen, China (2008)[191] Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Varna, Bulgaria (2010)[192]
Kuala Belait, Brunei
Surabaya also has a friendship agreement with:

Fremantle, Australia (1996)[196]

Notable people

See also
Indonesia portal

Colonial architecture of Surabaya

List of tallest buildings in Surabaya
Surabaya metropolitan area

Notes
ⓘ
a. (English: /ˌsʊrəˈbaɪə/ SUU-rə-BY-ə; Indonesian: [suraˈbaja] ; Javanese: [surɔˈbɔjɔ]), Van Ophuijsen Spelling:
Soerabaja

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External links
Surabaya travel guide from Wikivoyage
"Official Site" (https://surabaya.go.id/). Pemerintah Kota Surabaya (in Indonesian).
"Surabaya News" (http://otoresing.com/). otoresing.com (in Indonesian). 9 December 2015. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20151209133814/http://otoresing.com/) from the original on 9 December 2015.
"Surabaya" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Surabaya). Collier's New
Encyclopedia. 1921.
"Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encycl
op%C3%A6dia/Surabaya_(city)). New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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