January 24th , 2025 NAME: ……………………………………………

LESSON 4 - CONJUNCTIONS
I. CONJUNCTION
1. Although, though, even though: mặc dù
Form: Although/ Though/ Even though + Clause 1 (S1 + V1), Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
<=> Clause 2 (S2 + V2) + although/ though/ even though + Clause 1 (S1 + V1).
Ex: Although he has a lot of qualifications, he can’t apply for that job.
<=> He can’t apply for that job although he has a lot of qualifications.
Although I like chicken, I don’t eat it often.
<=> I don’t eat chicken although I like it.
Although it was raining, they still went for a walk.
<=> They still went for a walk although it was raining.
Though I hate him, I still have to talk to him.
<=> I still have to talk to him though I hate him.
Although I don’t like wearing uniform, I still have to wear it.
<=> I still have to wear uniform although I don’t like wearing it.
Even though he studied well, he still didn’t do well on the test.
<=> He still didn’t do well on the test even though he studied well.
Although I studied hard, I failed the exam.
<=> I failed the exam although I studied hard.
Though I am hungry, I don’t eat.
<=> I don’t eat though I am hungry
Even though I am handsome, I am modest.
<=> I am modest even though I am handsome.
2. Despite, In spite of: mặc dù (Marry - she, football - it)
Form 1: Despite/ In spite of + Ving (S1 đồng S2), Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
the + (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
TTSH (my, her, his, their, NAME’S)+ (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
<=> Clause 2 (S2 + V2) + despite/ in spite of + Ving (S1 đồng S2).
the + (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
TTSH + (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
Ex: Although he got up late, he still came to the meeting on time.
-> Despite getting up late, he still came to the meeting on time.
<=> He still came to the meeting on time despite getting up late.
Even though the weather was bad, we still went to school. (tobe + adj)
-> Despite/ In spite of the bad weather, we still went to school.
Though it was raining heavily, we still went to work. (heavily (adv) -> Heavy (a) ) (V + adv), (adj + N)
-> Despite/ In spite of the heavy rain, we still went to work.
Although she was intelligent, she failed the exam. (intelligent (a) -> intelligence (n) )
-> Despite being intelligent, she failed the exam.
Despite her intelligence, she failed the exam.
Form 2: Despite/ In spite of + THE FACT THAT + Clause 1 (S1 + V1), Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
<=> Clause 2 (S2 + V2) + despite/ in spite of + THE FACT THAT + Clause 1 (S1 + V1) .
Ex: Despite the fact that he got up late, he still came to the meeting on time.
<=> He still came to the meeting on time despite the fact that he got up late.
3. Because (bởi vì) , so (nên)
Form: Because + Clause 1, Clause 2. <=> Clause 2 because Clause 1.
<=> Clause 1 + so + Clause 2. <=> Clause 2 so Clause 1
Ex: Because he was sick, he didn’t go to school yesterday. <=> He didn’t go to school yesterday because he was sick.
<=> He was sick so he didn’t go to school yesterday.
Because my bike broke down (bị hư), I went to school late. <=> I went to school late because my bike broke
down.
<=> My bike broke down so I went to school late.
-> break down: bị hỏng, hư
4. Because of : bởi vì
Form: Because of + Ving (S1 đồng S2), Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
the + (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
TTSH + (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
<=> Clause 2 (S2 + V2) + because of + Ving (S1 đồng S2).
the/ ……+ (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
 TTSH + (adj) + N, Clause 2 (S2 + V2).
Ex: Junk food is bad for children because it has a lot of additives (chất phụ gia).
-> Junk food is bad for children because of having a lot of additives.
<=> Because of having a lot of additives, junk food is bad for children.
<=> Junk food has a lot of additives so it is bad for children.
Because it has some problems, we have to do our project again.
-> Because of some problems, we have to do our project again.
<=> It has some problems so we have to do our project again.
Because she was lazy, she failed the exam. (lazy (a) -> laziness (n) )
-> Because of being lazy, she failed the exam.
Because of her laziness, she failed the exam.
-> She was lazy so she failed the exam.
5. However/ Nevertheless : Tuy nhiên
Form: However/ Nevertheless, S + V(, S + V).
S + V; / , however/ nevertheless, S + V.
Ex: However, if we don’t use energy economically, it will be used up one day.
Water is very important; however/ nevertheless, it will be used up if we don’t use it sensibly.
6. Therefore: Do đó
Form: Therefore, S + V(, S + V).
S + V; therefore, S + V.
Ex: Therefore, we need to protect our environment.
The Earth is becoming more and more polluted; therefore, we have to protect our environment.
7. Neither noun1 + nor + Noun 2 (+ V (noun 2): không cái này cũng không cái kia.
Ex: I like neither candies nor cakes.
Either noun1 + or + noun 2 (+ V(noun 2): hoặc cái này hoặc cái kia
Ex: Do you like either this dress or that T-shirt?
II. PRACTICE
Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
1. She couldn't attend the party __________ she had a prior commitment.
A. because B. and C. but D. so
3. I like both tea __________ coffee. -> both S1 and S2: cả cái này và cái kia
A. and B. but C. or D. so
4. She studied hard, __________ she failed the exam.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
5. We can go to the movies __________ we can stay at home and watch TV.
A. and B. but C. Or (hoặc) D. so
6. __________ it was raining heavily, he went out without an umbrella.
A. Because B. Although C. Since D. So
7. You can have either an apple __________ a banana.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
8. I was tired, __________ I went to bed early.
A. and B. but C. or D. So(nên, vì thế)
Vocabulary: - prior (a) trước đó
- commitment (n) lời cam kết, lời hứa
- early (adv)/ (a) sớm
Rewrite these sentences without changing the initial meaning.
1. I finished my chores. I went out with my friends. (Because/ so)
=> I finished my chores so I went out with my friends.
=> Because I finished my chores, I went out with my friends.
2. The baby slept. The parents watched TV. (and)
=> The baby slept and the parents watched TV.
3. It was a difficult task. He completed it. (Although)
=> Although it was a difficult task, he completed it.
He completed it although it was a difficult task.
4. You follow the rules. You can stay at the park. (Because)
=> Because you follow the rules, you can stay at the park.
5. She missed her flight. She had to reschedule her trip. (so/ because)
=> She missed her flight so she had to reschedule her trip.
=> She had to reschedule her trip because she missed her flight.
6. She left a note. You could find her message. (because/ so)
=> You could find her message because she left a note.
=> She left a note so you could find her message.
Vocabulary: - chore (n) việc lặt vặt
- complete (v) Hoàn thành
- reschedule (v) sắp xếp lại
Find and correct the mistake in each sentence below. However, if there’s any sentence that is correct, please tick.
1. She likes to eat apples, oranges, but -> and bananas.
2. I am very tired so I will go to sleep. V
3. Although it was raining, but -> X he went out without a raincoat.
4. She studied hard, therefore, she passed the exam. V
5. Because-> X the traffic was bad, so we were late for the meeting.
6. I want to buy a new car, or -> and a new house.
7. He likes to play football, basketball, and to swim. V
8. I will go to the party if you will -> X go with me. -> Câu ĐKL1
Circle the correct answer.
1. My car has a radio but/ or/ and a CD player.
2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music,but/nor/ or will she tolerate heavy metal.
3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, and/ or/ but Bill insisted that they fly.
5. I have to be on time, and/ nor/ for(= because) my boss will be annoyed if I’m late.
Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
1. We decided(quyết định) to leave early _______the party was boring.
A. although B. despite C. because D. because of
2. Many people believe him__________ he often tells a lie.
A. because B. in spite of C. although D. because of
3. _______she was very hard working(CHĂM CHỈ) ; she hardly(HẦU NHƯ KHÔNG) earned enough to feed her
family.
A. In spite of B. Because C. Because of D. Although
4. _______her absence(N)from class yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.
A. Although B. In spite of C. Because of D. Because
5. ______her poorness(N), she feels happy.(poor (a) -> poorness (n) )
A. Although B. Because C. If D. In spite of
6. A: Would you like to drink a cup of tea ________ coffee?
B: Tea, please.
A. and B. or C. although D. but
7. My sister plays volleyball well ________ I do not.
A. and B. but C. or D. although
8. Most people like watching comedy(phim hài) ________ it's very interesting.
A. because B. so C. although D. but
9. _________ Minh likes sport programmes(chương trình), he watches this animal programme with his family.
A. Because B. Although C. and D. but
10. The film is very interesting. It's both moving ________ funny.
A. and B. or C. although D. but