LUCKNOW
PACT 1916
&
GOI ACT 1919
BY-BHUMIKA PRAJAPATI
LUCKNOW PACT 1916
PRESIDENT – INDIAN NATIONAL INC + MUSLIM
AMBIKA CONGRESS[INC] SESSION LEAGUE
CHARAN
MAZUMDAR
DID AN
AGREEMENT
THE AGREEMENT
2 question arises- IS KNOWN AS –
1. What made these two parties to come together? LUCKNOW PACT
2. What were the agreements made in Lucknow pact?
1. What made these 2 parties come together-
Lets start from With Bengal
1905 partition
West East
Benga Benga
l l
Hindu Muslim
majority majority
There was section of Muslims who
were happy with the partition-coz
they thought that east bengal will
become a Muslim majority area
Leaded to
FOUNDER-
•KWAJA SALIMULLAH
•SYED AMIR ALI Formation of
1906
•VIKRAM UL MULK MUSLIM LEAGUE
•KHAN BAHADUR GHULAM
•AGA KHAN III
30 DECEMBER 1906 IN DHAKA [NOW IN BANGLADESH]
Their strategy was to support British government to safeguard Muslim interest
But later due to some GOT, act 1909
events they came to know events
British government is not were
Annulment of Bengal partition
interested to safeguard
their interest 1st world war,1914
Now muslim league was in no mood to support
British government.
So, they were in dilemma again that what steps should be taken to protect
the interest of muslims– Therefore, they decided to join hands with INC– Idea
was to pressurize British government, together and get their demands
approved
Md. Ali jinnah – Played an Therefore, SAROJINI
important role in bringing NAIDU– Called him “true
INC and MUSLIM league ambassador of Hindu-
together Muslim unity”.
Importance of this session was-
•Tilak was readmitted to congress.
•Lucknow pact between INC + ML
Question 2- what were the agreements made in Lucknow pact?
1. Dominion status
2. Representation in central legislature
As per morley minto reform1909– Total members in Cental legislative assembly was – 60
•But INC + ML – wanted it to be increased to 150
•75– should be Indians
•25– i.e atleast 1/3 rd should be Muslims
Based on above point ML had secured
3. Separate electorate 1/3rd seats i.e 25
But ,
Now they wanted separate elctorate for
4. Introduction of that
communal veto
If a bill is introduced in the Central legislature which is affecting a community – then , it
can get passed only if 3/4th of that communities members on the council support it.
5. Separation of judiciary from executive
Trying to follow the principle of separation of power– Where –
1. executive- will make laws and maintain it
2. Judiciary – should be made to function independent of executive
6. The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs not to be paid from Indian
funds rather it has to be paid by the British government from their own funds.
7. Term of the legislative council should be made – 5years
NEGATIVE FALLOUT OF LUCKOW PACT-
•The acceptance of the principle of separate electorate – IMPLIED – That, MUSLIM
LEAGUE and INC are two separate political entities.
•Hence, TWO NATION THEORY – Aroused
POSITIVE ASPECT OF LUCKNOW PACT-
•No more fear for minorities that Hindus would rule over them
•Increase in people zeal
Indian Council Act of 1909 is also known as Morley- Minto Reform. It was instituted to
placate the Moderates (Congress) and introduces separate electorates on the basis of
religion. Therefore, Lord Minto came to be known as Father of Communal Electorate in
India.
Features of the Act
1. It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and
provincial. The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was raised from
16 to 60. The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not
uniform.
2. It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both levels. For
example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on
the budget, and so on.
3. It provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive councils
of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the
Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed as the law member.
4. It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the
concept of a separate electorate’. Under this, the Muslim members were to be elected
only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act ‘legalised communalism’ and Lord Minto came to
be known as the Father of Communal Electorate.
5. It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations,
chambers of commerce, universities, and zamindars.
Government of India Act 1919 was passed by British Parliament to further expand the
participation of Indians in the Government of India. Since the act embodied reforms as
recommended by a report of Edwin Montagu {Secretary of State for India} and Lord
Chelmsford {Viceroy and Governor General}, it is also called as Montague-Chelmsford
Reforms or simply Mont-Ford Reforms. The most notable feature of the act was “end of
benevolent despotism” and introduction of responsible government in India. This act
covered 10 years from 1919 to 1929.
During the World War Britain and her allies had said that they were fighting the war for the
freedom of nations. Many Indian leaders believed that after the war was over, India would
be given Swaraj. The British government however had no intention of conceding the
demands of the Indian people. Changes were introduced in the administrative system as a
result of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, called the Government of India Act, 1919.
IMPORTANT FEATURES-
1. It relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the
central and provincial subjects. The central and provincial legislatures were authorised
to make laws on their respective list of subjects. However, the structure of government
continued to be centralised and unitary.
2. It further divided the provincial subjects into two parts—transferred and reserved. The
transferred subjects were to be administered by the governor with the aid of ministers
responsible to the legislative Council. The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to
be administered by the governor and his executive council without being responsible to
the legislative Council. This dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy’—a
term derived from the Greek word di-arche which means double rule. However, this
experiment was largely unsuccessful.
3. It introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country. Thus,
the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an
Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). The majority
of members of both the Houses were chosen by direct election.
4. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council (other
than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian.
5. It extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates
for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.
6. It granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax or
education.
7. It created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to
him some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India.
8. It provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a Central
Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants.
9. It separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget and
authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets.
10. It provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on
its working after ten years of its coming into force.
The changes were nowhere near the Swaraj that the people had hoped to achieve at the
end of the war. There was widespread discontent throughout the country. In the midst of
this discontent, the government resorted to new measures of repression. In March
1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed which was based on the report of the Rowlatt
commission. The assembly had opposed it.
Many leaders who were members of the assembly, resigned in protest. Mohammad Ali
Jinnah, in his letter of resignation, said that a government that passes or sanctions such a
law in times of peace forfeits its claims to be called a civilized government. The passing of
this act aroused the indignation of the people. The new measures of repression were
condemned as Black acts.
Gandhi, who had formed a Satyagraha sabha earlier, called for a country-wide protest.
Throughout the country, 6 April 1919 was observed as a national humiliation day. There
were demonstrators and Hartals all over the country. All business throughout the country
came to a standstill. Such protests of a united people had never been witnessed at any
time in India before. The government resorted to Brutal measures to put down the
agitation and there were lathi-charges and firings at a number of places.
1. Who was the president of INC 1916 Lucknow session-
a. Ambika charan
b. Dada bhai nairoji
c. Annie besant
d. None of these
2. Who called Jinnal the true ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity-
a. Sarojini Naidu
b. Annie besant
c. Gandhiji
d. JL Nehru
3. Morley –Minto reform is associated with-
a. GOI Act, 1919
b. GOI Act 1909
c. GOI Act 1935
d. None
4. Dyarchy was introduced in the provinces of India in accordance with the provisons of-
a. GOI Act 1919
b. GOI act 1909
c. GOI Act 1858
d. None
5. Which of the following acts introduced the Bi-cameral legislature at the central level in Indai-
a. GOI Act 1919
b. GOI act 1909
c. GOI Act 1858
d. None
