BS CHEMISTRY FIRST YEAR

SEMESTER-I

CHM-311 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Development of theories for atomic structure, discovery of fundamental
subatomic particles. Bohr‟s model for Hydrogen, Line spectrum.
Introduction to quantum mechanics, wave Mechanics, Quantum
numbers and their significance.

PERIODIC TABLE
Electronic configuration and periodic table, periodicity, group trends in
atomic and ionic radii. Trends in ionization energies, electro negativity,
ionization potential, electron affinity, oxidation potentials, electrode
potential. magnetic properties, Para and diamagnetisms.

CHEMICAL BONDING IN s AND p BLOCK ELEMENTS

Effective atomic number and shielding constant, types of chemical
bonds. Ionic bond, covalent bond. The concept of hybridization and its
applications. Theories of chemical bonding. Valence Bond theory and
Molecular Orbital theory. Lattice energy and Born Haber cycle of Ionic
compounds, related numericals.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Acid base reactions, strong weak acids and bases, Net Ionic equations
for acid base interactions. Precipitation reactions, ksp values. Redox
reactions, balancing redox equations.

HALOGENS
General properties of their reactions, Oxyacids, and their properties
Interhalogen Compounds.

ZERO GROUP
General Properties of Zero group elements, Preparation properties of
helium compounds of zenon.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Composition of the atmosphere. Chemical reactions taking place in the
atmosphere. Industrial and domestic effluents and their treatments.
Solid waste disposal technologies. Ozone in the upper atmosphere,
depletion of the ozone layer. Pollution and types of pollutants (solids,
liquids and gases), determination of pollutants. Sulfur compounds and
acid rain, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and photochemical smog.
Water vapors, carbon dioxide, and climate.

METALLURGY
Principles of metallurgical operations. Metallurgy of iron and Steel,
Purification of metals

PRACTICALS
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Acid radicals, group tests, preliminary tests, Confirmatory tests. Basic
radicals, group separation, radical analysis. Confirmative tests.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck LM and Stanley G “General

Chemistry” 7th Ed (2004) Thomas Learning.
2. Ralph PH and Harwood WS “General Chemistry: Principles and
Modern Applications” 8th Ed (2002) Prentice Hall
3. Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck LM and Stanley G “General
Chemistry with Qualitative Analysis” 6th Ed (2002) Thomas
Learning.
4. Manahan SE “Environmental Chemistry” 6th Ed (1994) Lewis
Publisher.
5. Dara SS “Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control” 1st Ed
(1993) S. Chand & Co. Ltd. Delhi
6. Chang R “Chemistry” 7th Ed (2002) McGraw Hill, Higher
education Commission
7. Atkins PW and Shriver DF “Inorganic Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1999)
W.H. Freeman & Co
8. Vogel AI and Svehla G “Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis”
7th Ed (1997) Prentice Hall

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 SEMESTER-I/II

CHM-301(Minor) GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (3+0)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Discovery of fundamental subatomic particles. Bohr‟s Hydrogen atom,
Line spectrum and related problems. Introduction to quantum and
Wave Mechanics, Quantum Numbers and related problems.

PERIODIC TABLE
Electron Configuration and Periodic Table, Periodicity, Group trends in
atomic and ionic radii. Group trend in ionization energies,
Electronegativity, Ionization Potential, Electron affinity, Oxidation
potential, Electrode Potential, Magnetic Properties, Diamagnetism and
Paramagnetism.

CHEMICAL BONDING IN s AND p BLOCK ELEMENTS

Different types of Chemical Bonds. Ionic bond, covalent bond.
Hybridization and its Application. Theories of Chemical bonding.
Valence Bond theory and Molecular Orbital Theory. Lattice energy and
Born Haber Cycle of ionic Compounds.

HALOGENS AND ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS

General Properties of Halogens. Halides and their reactions.
Interhalogen Compounds. General Properties of Zero group elements.
Special Properties of Helium Compounds of zenon, their preparations
and structure

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Composition of the atmosphere. Chemical reactions taking place in the
atmosphere. Industrial and domestic effluents and their treatments.
Solid waste disposal technologies.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER (GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLIDS)

Gases: Vander Waal‟s modification of general gas equation, critical
point and liquefaction of gases, the law of corresponding states. Kinetic
energy and temperature. The law of equipartition of energy, Mean free
path, collision number and collision diameter. Dipole dipole
interactions. Induction effect and hydrogen bonding.

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Liquids: Physical properties of liquids, surface tension, viscosity,
refractive index. Phase changes, heating curves, Critical temperature,
vapor pressure, boiling point, and volatility.
Solids: The symmetry of crystals. Symmetry, classification of crystals
and unit cells. Arrangement of unit cells. Bonding in solids (covalent
network solids, ionic solids, and metallic solids)

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
Solution process: Energy changes and solution formation,
concentration units, Raoult‟s law of ideal solution. Colligative
properties and its application (elevation of boiling point, depression of
freezing point, lowering of vapor pressure, osmosis, osmotic pressure),
Ideal and non ideal solutions, binary mixtures.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Bonding in organic compounds. Relation of structure with physical
properties. Reactivity of organic compounds. Oxidation states of
carbon. Structure and stability of reactive intermediates (carbocation,
carbanion, free radical and carbene). Electrophiles & Nucleophiles. The
arrow notation in reaction mechanism. Types of reactions; Substitution,
Elimination, addition. Factors effecting reactions (reaction mechanism),
electronic effects (Resonance & Mesomeric effects), steric effects,
Solvent effects, Structural effects.

ACID BASE CONCEPT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Theories of acids and bases. Lowery & Bronsted and Lewis theory of
acids and bases & dissociation constant. Structure of carboxyl, phenol
and their ions. Salt formation. Factors effecting strength of acids;
electronic effects, steric effects, solvent effects, substituent effect.
Basic compounds; aliphatic amines, aromatic ammines, heterocyclic
nitrogenous compounds. Factors effecting strength of bases; electronic
effects, steric effects. effects of hybridization, effects of substitution,
solvent effects.

STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Isomerism; Structural [chain, position, functional group, metamerism,
tautomerism], stereoisomerism. Introduction to conformational analysis
of alkanes (Ethane and butane) and cycloalkanes (cyclohexane).
Geometrical isomerism (Cis and Trans configuration in alkene and
cycloalkane). Optical isomerism with one and two chiral carbons.
Racemisation and resolution of racemic mixtures.

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BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck LM and Stanley G “General
Chemistry” 7th Ed (2004) Thomas Learning
2. Ralph PH and Harwood WS “General Chemistry: Principles and
Modern Applications” 8th Ed (2002) Prentice Hall
3. Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck LM and Stanley G “General
Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis” 6th Ed (2002) Thomas
Learning
4. Manahan SE “Environmental Chemistry” 6th Ed (1994) Lewis
Publisher
5. Dara SS “Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control” 1st Ed
(1993) S Chand & Co. Ltd., Delhi
6. Chang R “Chemistry” 7th Ed (2002) McGraw Hill, Higher
education Commission
7. Atkins PW and Shriver DF “Inorganic Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1999)
W. H. Freeman & Co.
8. Seager SL and Slabaugh MR “Chemistry for Today” 4th Ed (2000)
Thomas Learning
9. Mackay KM, Mackay RA and Henderson W “Introduction to
Modern Inorganic Chemistry” (2000) Stanley Thomes Publisher
10. Mc. Murry and Fay “Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1998) Prentice-Hall
International
11. Petrucci RH “General Chemistry” (1996) Prentice-Hall Inc
12. Segal BG “Experiment and Theory” 2nd Ed (1989) John Wiley &
Sons
13. Brady JE “General Chemistry: Principles & Structures” (1990)
John Wiley & Sons
14. Brady JE and Holum “The Study of Water and its Changes” 2nd Ed
(1996) John Wiley & Sons
15. Solomons TWG “Organic chemistry” 5th Ed (1992) John Wiley &
Sons Inc. New York
16. Morrison RT and Boyd RN “Organic Chemistry” 6th Ed (1992)
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
17. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” 6th
Ed (1996) John Wiley & Sons Inc New York
18. Streitwieser JRA and Heathcock CH “Introduction to Organic
Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1989) Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York

5
CHM-302(Minor) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

1. CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS
A) ALKANES
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties
Preparation of alkanes: Hydrogenation of alkenes; Reduction of alkyl
halides [Hydrolysis of grignard reagent and reduction by metal and
acid; Reduction by alkali metal hydrides Wurtz reaction; Kolb‟e
electrolysis.
Reactions of alkanes: Oxidation of alkanes; Combustion, energy of
activation and heat of reaction; Halogenation of alkanes; Mechanism of
halogenation; Orientation of halogenation Free radical reactions,
stability of free radicals, orientation and reactivity of free radicals,
stability and reactivity of free radicals. Sulfochlorination, Intermediates
for the production of detergents; Nitration; Insertion of methylene
group; Pyrolysis: Cracking.

B) ALKENES
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties Preparations
of alkenes: Partial hydrogenation of alkynes; Dehydration of alcohols
[Pyrolytic dehydration, acid catalysed dehydration];
Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides; Dehalogenation of vicinal
dihalides. Reactions of Alkenes: Electrophilic addition reactions
[Addition of hydrogen halides, halogens, sulfuric acid, water
(hydration), hypohalous acid]. Mechanism of electrophilic addition
reactions and orientation of addition (Markonikov‟s rule). Formation
and relative stability of carbonium ions. Radical addition to alkenes
[Anti-markonikov addition of hydrogen bromide. Oxidation of alkynes;
Oxidative cleavage of alkenes.; Hydroxylation with OsO4 and KMnO4;
Degradation by ozonolysis; Epoxidation by peroxyacids.

C) ALKYNES
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties; Preparation
of alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl dihalides; Reactions of
Alkynes: Addition reactions (addition of halogens and hydrogen
halide). Oxidative cleavage of alkynes

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D) CYCLOALKANES (ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS)
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties; Relative
stability of small, normal, medium and large sized rings; Synthesis of
three, four, five and six membered rings. Reactions of cycloalkanes;
Ring opening reactions. Ring expansion reactions.

2. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND HETROCYCLIC

COMPOUNDS
Nomenclature of simple aromatic systems and five and six membered
heterocyclic rings containing O, N and S. Aromaticity. Preparation of
aromatic compounds. Synthesis of benzene, pyridine and furane.
Preparation of condensed aromatic systems (naphthalene and
anthracene). Reactions of aromatic compounds.
Comparison of reactivity of benzene, aromatic heterocyclic systems
and condensed aromatic systems. Electrophilic substitution reactions of
benzene and heterocylic aromatic compounds (five and six membered)
including nitration, sufonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts acylation
and Friedel-Crafts alkylation. Mechanism of electophilic substitution
reactions. Orientation in benzene. Oxidation of alkyl benzene.
3. ALKYL HALIDES
Nomenclature, classification and physical properties; Preparation of
alkyl halides: From alcohols; Halogenation of certain hydrocarbons;
Addition of HX and X2 to alkenes and alkynes; Hunsdiecker reaction;
Haloform reaction. Reactions of alkyl halides: Nucleophilic
substitution reactions; Mechanism of Nucleophilic substitution
reactions. Elimination reactions; (Zaitsev rule and Hofmann rule).
Competition between SN and elimination reactions; Grignard reagent:
Preparation and reactions.

4. CHEMISTRY OF HYDROXYL GROUP AND ETHERS

Nomenclature, classification and physical properties of alcohols,
phenols and ethers; Preparation of alcohols: Hydroboration-oxidation
of alkenes. Reaction of Grignard reagent with carbonyl compounds.
Hydrolysis of alkyl halides Reduction of carbonyl compounds, acids
and esters. Hydroxylation of alkenes. Reactions of Alcohols: Acid
catalyzed reaction of alcohols with HX. Oxidation of alcohols.
Preparation of phenols: Hydrolysis of diazonium salts Alkali fusion of
sulfonates. Hydrolysis of aryl halides. Reactions of phenols : Acidity
(salt formation). Ester formation. Electrophilic substitution reaction
(Halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and
Friedel-Crafts acylation, nitrosation). Ether formation (Williamson‟s
synthesis). Preparation of ethers: Reactions of ethers; Cleavage by
acids.

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5. CHEMISTRY OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Comparative study of Structure and reactivity of aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids and their derivatives.

A) ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties. Preparation
of aldehydes and ketones; Oxidation of 1o and 2o alcohols; Friedel-
Crafts acylation (for aromatic carbonyl compounds); Hydration of
alkynes; Glycol cleavage; Ozonolysis of alkenes. Reactions of
aldehydes and ketones; Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Hydration
and Hemiacetal Formation; Acetal Formation; Formation of Imines and
Related Compounds; Enamine Formation; Cyanohydrin Formation;
Reduction by Complex Metal Hydrides; Addition of Organometallic
Reagents; Reactions at the α-Carbon; The Aldol Reaction; Dehydration
of Aldol Products; Mixed Aldol Condensations. Other Carbonyl Group
Reactions; Reduction (Wolff-Kishner Reduction, Clemmensen
Reduction and Hydrogenolysis of Thioacetals); Oxidation (Tollens test,
Benedict's test and Fehling's test).; Cannizzarro‟s reaction;
Halogenation of ketones.

B) CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties. Preparation
of carboxylic acids; Oxidation of primary alcohols; Oxidation of
alkylbenzenes; Carbonation of grignard reagent; Hydrolysis of nitriles.
Reactions of carboxylic acids: Acidity: Salt formation; Conversion into
functional derivatives. Conversion into acid chlorides Conversion into
anhydrides. Conversion into esters. Conversion into amides.

6. CHEMISTRY OF AMINES
Nomenclature, classification and physical properties of amines.
Preparation and reactions of amines.

7. CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction. Classification Mono, di- and polyosaccharides; Aldoses
and hexoses; Reducing and non-reducing sugars. Structure: Cyclic
forms of monosaccharides; The configuration and important reactions
of glucose.

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PRACTICALS
QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS
Identification of compound containing C, H, O and N or S and
functional groups [Hydrocarbon, Carboxylic acid, Phenol, Amide,
thioamide, Aldehyde or Kketone]. Preparation of their derivatives.
Quantitative analysis of organic compounds containing COOH group.
Synthesis of organic compounds: phthalimide and iodoform. Isolation
of compounds from natural products: casein from milk and isolation of
starch from potato.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Solomons TWG “Organic chemistry” 5th Ed (1992) John Wiley &

Sons Inc. New York
2. Morrison RT and Boyd RN “Organic Chemistry” 6th Ed (1992)
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
3. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” 6th
Ed (1986) John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York
4. Streitwieser JRA and Heathcock CH “Introduction to Organic
Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1989) Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York
5. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG and Tatchell AR “Vogel‟s
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry” 5th Ed (2000) Longman
Scientific & Technical, UK
6. Arayne MS & Sultana “A Manual of Qualitative Organic
Analysis” 3rd Ed (2006) BCCT University of Karachi

9
 SEMESTER-II
CHM-312 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Bonding in organic compounds; Relation of structure with physical
properties; Reactivity of organic compounds. Oxidation states of
carbon; Structure and stability of reactive intermediates (carbocations,
carbanions, free radicals and carbenes). Electrophiles and Nucleophiles.
The arrow notation in reaction mechanism.Types of reactions:
Substitution reactions. Elimination reactions. Addition reactions.
Factors effecting reactions (reaction mechanism): Electronic effects
(Resonance and Mesomeric effects). Steric effects.Solvent effects.
Structural effects (point b).

ISOMERISM
Structural isomerism [chain, position, functional group, metamerism,
tautomerism] Stereoisomerism; Introduction to conformational analysis
of alkanes (Ethane and butane) and cycloalkanes (cyclohexane);
Geometrical isomerism (Cis and Trans configuration in alkenes and
cycloalkanes); Optical isomerism with one and two chiral carbons.
Racemisation and resolution of racemic mixtures.

CHEMISTRY OF ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES

Electronic effects; steric effects; effects of hybridization; effects of
substitution; solvent effects: ALKANES: Nomenclature, Natural
occurrence and Physical properties Preparation of alkanes:
Hydrogenation of alkenes Reduction of alkyl halides [Hydrolysis of
grignard reagent and reduction by metal and acid Reduction by alkali
metal hydrides; Wurtz reaction; Kolb‟s electrolysis. Reactions of
alkanes: Oxidation of alkanes; Combustion, energy of activation and
heat of reaction; Halogenation of alkanes; Mechanism of halogenation;
Orientation of halogenation ; Free radical reactions, stability of free
radicals, orientation and reactivity of free radicals, stability and
reactivity of free radicals;.Sulfochlorination; Intermediates for the
production of detergents; Nitration; Insertion of methylene group;
Pyrolysis: Cracking.

10
CYCLOALKANES (ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS)
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties; Relative
stability of small, normal, medium and large sized rings. Synthesis of
three, four, five and six membered rings. Reactions of cycloalkanes ;
Ring opening reactions.Ring expansion reactions.

CHEMISTRY OF ALKENES AND ALKYNE ALKENES

Nomenclature, natural occurrence, physical properties and acidity of
alkynes. Preparations of alkenes: Partial hydrogenation of alkynes;
Dehydration of alcohols[Pyrolytic dehydration, acid catalysed
dehydration]; Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides; Dehalogenation of
vicinal dihalides. Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic addition reactions
[Addition of hydrogen halides, halogens, sulfuric acid, water
(hydration) and hypohalous acid]. Mechanism of electrophilic addition
reactions and orientation of addition (Markonikov‟s rule). Formation
and relative stability of carbonium ions. Radical addition to alkenes
[Anti-markonikov addition of hydrogen bromide. Oxidation of alkenes
Oxidative cleavage of alkenes. Hydroxylation with OsO4 and KMnO4.
Degradation by ozonolysis. Epoxidation by peroxyacids. Reactions of
conjugated dienes: Preparation of alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation of
alkyl dihalides; Reactions of Alkynes: Addition reactions (addition of
halogens and hydrogen halide). Substitution reactions of alkynes.
Oxidative cleavage of alkynes.

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND HETROCYCLIC

COMPOUNDS
Nomenclature of simple aromatic systems and five and six membered
heterocyclic rings containing O, N and S. Aromaticity. Preparation of
aromatic compounds; Synthesis of benzene, pyridine and furane.
Preparation of condensed aromatic systems (naphthalene and
anthracene). Reactions of aromatic compounds; Comparison of
reactivity of benzene, aromatic heteocyclic systems and condensed
aromatic systems. Electophilic substitution reactions of benzene,
heterocylic aromatic compounds (5 and 6 membered) and condensed
aromatic systems (naphthalene and anthracene) including nitration,
sulfonation, halogeantion, Friedel- Crafts acylation and Friedel-Crafts
alkylation. Mechanism of Electophilic substitution reactions.
Orientation in benzene. Reaction of alkyl benzene side chain vs. ring.
Oxidation of alkyl benzene.

11
7. ALKYL HALIDES
Nomenclature, classification and physical properties; Preparation of
alkyl halides: From alcohols; Halogeantion of certain hydrocarbons;
Addition of HX and X2 to alkenes and alkynes; Hunsdiecker reaction;
Haloform reaction. Reactions of alkyl halides: Nucleophilic
substitution reactions; Mechanism of Nucleophilic substitution
reactions; Elimination reactions; Mechanism of Elimination reactions;
Orientation of Elimination reactions (Zaitsev rule and Hofmann rule.
Competition between SN and elimination reactions. Grignard reagent:
Preparation and reactions.

PRACTICAL

QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS

Identification of compounds containing C, H, O and N or S and
functional groups [Hydrocarbons, Carboxylic acids, Phenols, Amides,
Thioamides, Aldehydes or ketones]. Preparation of their derivatives.

ISOLATION OF COMPOUNDS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS

Introduction of Natural Product (dry lab) ; Isolation of casein from
milk; Isolation of Starch from potato; Paper chromatography of
pigments (spinach).
BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Solomons TWG “Organic chemistry” 5th Ed (1992) John Wiley &

Sons Inc. New York
2. Morrison RT and Boyd RN “Organic Chemistry” 6th Ed (1992)
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
3. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” 6th
Ed (1986) John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York
4. Streitwieser JRA and Heathcock CH “Introduction to Organic
Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1989) Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York
5. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG and Tatchell AR “Vogel‟s
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry” 5th Ed (1989) Longman
Scientific & Technical, UK

12
 BS CHEMISTRY SECOND YEAR

SEMESTER-III

CHM-411 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Introduction to electrochemical processes: Redox Reactions, electrode
potential of a cell. Nernst theory of electrode potential. Quantitative
aspects of electrolysis. Electrolysis of molten salts. Electrolysis of
aqueous solutions. Laws of electrolysis. Characteristics of working cell.
Corrosion, rate of corrosion, inhibition of corrosion.
The electrical currents in ionic solutions: Conductivities and their
measurements. Migration of ions, ionic mobilities, measurements of
ionic mobilities. Molar conductance of electrolytes at infinite dilution.
Transference numbers and their determination. Influence of various
factors on conductance. Applications of conductance measurement.

SOLUTION
The properties of simple mixtures/ solutions. Concentration terms. The
thermodynamic description of mixtures. Partial molar quantities. The
chemical potential of liquids. Ideal solutions. Raoult's law. The
properties of solutions: liquid mixtures, colligative properties. The
common features of colligative properties, elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point, solubility, Osmosis and Osmotic pressure,
solvent and solute activity. Vant Hoff's theory of dilute solutions. pH
and pOH of solutions, Acid/Base ionization constants. Relationship of
acidity and basicity with dissociation constant. Buffer solutions,
Composition and action of buffer solution, buffer capacity. Henderson-
Hasselbalch relation. pH control in biological systems.

THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY

The basic concepts: systems, properties, state functions,
thermodynamic processes, work heat and energy. The first law of
thermoldynamics. Change in internal energy during reversible and
irreversible isothermal and adiabatic expansion and compression.
Calorimetery. Heat and Enthalpy: Heat capacity at constant volume and
pressure. The temperature dependence of the Enthalpy. The relation
between Cp and Cv. Work of adiabatic expansion. The second law of
thermoldynamics. The directions of spontaneous change. The Entropy
and entropy change accompanying specific processes. The Efficiency
of the thermal process. Zeroth law. Thermochemistry: Standard

13
enthalpy changes. Hess's law. The Born-Haber cycle. The temperature
dependence of reaction enthalpies.

THE PROPERTIES OF SURFACES

Properties of liquid surfaces. Sufactants. The experimental study of
surface films, physical properties of monolayer, Langmuir- Blodgett
film. Adsorption of liquid on surface, physisorption, chemisorption.
Adsorption isotherm: The Langmuir isotherm. The BET isotherm.
Fruendlich isotherm. Colloidal systems: Introduction, properties of
colloids. Classification. Preparation of colloids Macromolecules:
Natural and synthetic polymers, reactivity of polymers.

PRACTICALS
1. Determination of composition of unknown sample by surface
tension method.
2. Determination of composition of unknown sample by Viscosity
method.
3. Determination of the Parachor value of methanol, ethanol and CH 2
group.
4. Determination of Heat of solution by solubility method.
5. Determination of Heat of neutralization of strong acid and strong
base.
6. Determination of the concentration of acid/base by conductance
measurement.
7. Determination of the solubility product of sparingly soluble salts
by conductance measurement.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Segal BG "Chemistry Expt.& Thery."(1985)Jhon Willy& Sons, Inc
2. Glasstone S "Physical Chemistry" 2nd Ed (1960) Macmillan and Co
3. Maron S H and Prutton CF "Principle of Physical Chemistry" 4th
Ed (1965) Macmillan Co
4. Castellan GW "Physical Chemistry" 3rd Ed (1986) Addision
Wesley Publishing Co
5. Atkins PW "Physical Chemistry"7th Ed (2003) Oxf. Uni. Press
6. Petrucci RH and Hill JW "G. Chemistry"(1996)Prentice Hall- Inc
7. Liptrot GF, Thompson J J and Walker GR "Modern Physical
Chemistry" (1986) Bell and Hyman Ltd
8. Bursten BL "Chemistry The Central Science" (2002) Prentice Hall
International, Inc
9. Chang R."Chemistry"7thEd (2002) McGraw-Hill Higher Education

14
CHM-412 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

CHEMISTRY OF ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS

Classification and nomenclature of alcohols and phenols and their
physical properties. Preparation of alcohols; Hydroboration-oxidation
of alkenes. Reaction of grignard reagent with carbonyl compounds.
Hydrolysis of alkyl halides. Reduction of carbonyl compounds, acids
and esters. Hydroxylation of alkenes. Preparation of phenols:
Hydrolysis of diazonium salts. Alkali fusion of sulfonates Hydrolysis
of aryl halides. iv) Reactions of Alcohols; Acid catalyzed reaction of
alcohols with HX. Formation of alkyl sulfonates. Oxidation of
alcohols; Reactions of phenols: Acidity (salt formation) Ester
formation Electrophilic substitution reactions. Ether formation
(Williamson‟s synthesis).

CHEMISTRY OF ETHERS
Nomenclature and physical properties Preparation of ethers
Williamson‟s synthesis Alkoxymercuration-demercuration Preparation
of Epoxides from halohydrins Peroxidation of carbon-carbon double
bond; Orientation in cleavage of epoxides. Reactions of ethers;
Cleavage by acids; Reactions of epoxides: Acid catalyzed cleavage
CHEMISTRY OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS (ALDEHYDES
AND KETONES)
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties. (iii)
Reactions of aldehydes and ketones; Reversible nucleophilic addition
reactions; Hydration and hemiacetal formation; Acetal formation;
Formation of imines and related compounds; Enamine formation;
Cyanohydrin formation; Irreversible nucleophilic addition reactions;
Reduction by complex metal hydrides; Addition of organometallic
Reagents; Reactions at the α-carbon; The aldol reaction; Dehydration
of aldol products; Mixed aldol condensations; Other carbonyl group
reactions; Reduction (Wolff-Kishner reduction, Clemmensen
reductionand hydrogenolysis of thioacetals). Oxidation (Tollens test,
Benedict's test and Fehling's test).; Cannizaro‟s reaction.; Halogenation
of ketones.

15
CHEMISTRY OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES
Nomenclature, natural occurrence and physical properties. Preparation
of carboxylic acids; Oxidation of primary alcohols; and of
alkylbenzenes; Carbonation of grignard reagent; Hydrolysis of nitriles.
Reactions of carboxylic acids; Acidity: Salt formation; Conversion into
acid chlorides; Conversion of carboxylic acids into various functional
derivative like acid halides, acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, amides.
Reduction reactions of carboxylic acids.

CHEMISTRY OF AMINES
Nomenclature, classification and physical properties of amines
Preparation of amines: Reduction of nitro compounds; Reductive
amination; Reduction of nitriles Hofmann degradation Reactions of
amines: Basicity; Salt formation; Alkylation; Conversion into amides;
Reaction with nitrous acid (diazonium salts);Replacement reactions of
diazonium salts.

PRACTICAL
QUANTITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS
Quantitative analysis of organic compounds containing COOH group
2. SYNTHESIS OF SAMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Synthesis of Benzoic acid from toluene; Synthesis of Iodoform;
Synthesis of 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline; Synthesis of Nitrobenzene;
Synthesis of phenyl azo-naphthol from 2-naphthol; Synthesis of
Phthalimide from phthalic acid.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Solomons TWG “Organic Chemistry” 5th Ed (1992) John Wiley &
Sons Inc. New York
2. Morrison RT and Boyd RN “Organic Chemistry” 6th Ed (1992)
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
3. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” 6th
Ed (1986) John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York
4. Streitwieser JRA and Heathcock CH “Introduction to Organic
Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1989) Macmillan Publishing Company, New
York
5. Finar IL “Organic Chemistry” Vol. I and II, 5th Ed (1977) English
Language Book Society & Longman group Ltd. London
6. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG and Tatchell AR “Vogel‟s
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry” 5th Ed (1989) Longman
Scientific & Technical, UK

16
 SEMESTER-III/IV

CHM-401(Minor) PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrolytic cells, Galvanic and fuel cells, process of electrolysis,
electrode process, Ohm‟s law and electrical units, Faraday laws of
electrolysis, coulometry, Conductance measurement and its
applications Theory of redox reaction, Nernst equation and its
applications. Types of electrodes (reference and test), Electrochemical
techniques including pH-metry, potentiometry, and coulometry, related
numericals. Corrosion and methods of preventing corrosion.

CHEMICAL KINETICS
Introduction to chemical kinetics. Use of kinetics to fundamental and
applied sciences, time scales of chemical reactions. Reaction rates and
rate laws and their relation to stoichiometry. Order of reaction and
molecularity, First and second order reactions. Various methods
(differential, integral, and half life) to determine order of reaction.
Arrhenius equation for the temperature dependence of the rate of
simple reactions. Basic collision theory and transition state theory for
reaction rate, activation energy. Catalysis, principle of catalyst,
heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis and their industrial
applications. Reaction mechanism. Chain reactions.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Dynamic and static equilibrium., factors effecting equilibrium.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium with examples. Law of
mass action, Le chatelier„s principle and its impact on equilibrium
position. Calculation of equilibrium constant. Relation between K c, Kp
with examples. Solubility and solubility product. Common ion effect.
Distribution law. Application of distribution law and its validity
-
(solvent extraction, determination of Keqlb. for I2 & I3 , system,
chromatography).

THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY

Zeroth, first, and second laws of thermodynamics, state functions,
system and its surrounding, thermodynamic reversibility and
irreversibility. Work done and the change of internal energy during
isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Change of internal energy due to
heat transfer at constant volume and constant pressure. Heat capacities

17
of a gas at constant volume and constant pressure. Thermochemistry,
enthalpy, entropy. Standard states. Hess‟s Law.

SURFACE PHENOMENA AND COLLOIDS

Adsorption and types of adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich
adsorption isotherm. Application of adsorption. Colloids, types of
colloids, properties and preparation of colloidal solution. Examples of
surface phenomena.

PRACTICALS
i) Determination of percentage composition of unknown sample by
viscosity method.
ii) Determination of percentage composition of unknown sample by
surface tension method.
ii) Determination of Parachor value by surface tension method
iii) Determination of heat of solution by solubility method
iv) Determination of solubility and solubility product of a sparingly
soluble salts
v) To study the kinetics of first order reaction
vi) To study the kinetics of second order reaction
vii) To construct Freundlich Adsorption isotherm of acetic acid on
charcoal.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Atkins PW “Physical Chemistry” 7th Ed (2003) Oxford University

Press
2. Atkins PW “Elements of Physical Chemistry” 3rd Ed (2003)
Oxford University Press
3. Liprot GF “Modern Physical Chemistry” (1982) ELBS
4. Holum B “Fundamentals of Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1988) John Wiley
Inc
5. Silberbery “Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change” 2nd Ed (2000) Mc Graw Hill
6. Matthews P “Advanced Chemistry” Vol I and II (1992) Cambridge
University Press
7. Johnson BR and Scott SK “Beginning Calculations in Physical
Chemistry” (1997) Oxford
8. Berry RS, Rice SA and Ross J “ Physical Chemistry” (1980) John
Wiley & Sons

18
CHM-402(MINOR) INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

ACIDS AND BASES

Review of the concepts of Chemical Equilibrium, Arrhenius and
Bronsted- theories of acids and bases, Self-Ionization of water, pH
scale, Kw, Strong and Weak Acids and Bases, Ka and Kb, Polyprotic
Acids, Ions as Acids and Bases, Common Ion Effect in acid base
Equilibria, Buffer Solutions, Molecular structure and acid base
behaviour. Indicators, Neutralization Reactions, Titration Curves,
Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids, Solubility Equilibria, pH, Lewis
Acids and Bases, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases.

THEORIES OF BONDING
Interatomic bond and Intermolecular bond. Nature of covalent bond in
terms of Valence Bond Theory, Molecular structure, Molecular orbital
Theory (Diatomic Molecules).

CHEMISTRY OF S-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group Trends, General characteristics, Important compounds of s-block
elements.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
Introduction, application of complex compounds, Ligands and their
types, Nomenclature, The concept of Effective Atomic Number,
Coordination Number, Geometry of Complex Ions, Isomerism in
complexes, Bonding in complex Ions : Applications of Valence Bond
theory (Linear, Trigonal Planar, Square Planar, Tetrahedral, Square
Pyramidal, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral), Crystal Field theory
(Octahedral and Tetrahedral Complexes).

PRACTICALS
Volumetric analysis of various cations and anions. Gravimetric analysis
of various cations and anions. Reactions of complex cations. pH
Titrations. Equilibrium constant of complexes

19
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Whitten KW, Raymond ED, Larry MP and Stanely G “General
Chemistry” 7th Ed (2004) Thomas Learning
2. Hill JW and Petrucci RH”General Chemistry” 8th Ed (2002)
Printice Hall
3. Masterton WL “Chemistry: Principles and Reactions” (2000) John
Wiley and Sons, Inc
4. Zlewsky AV “Stereochemistry of Coordination compounds”
(1996) John Wiley & Sons, Inc
5. Harwood WS and Petrucci RH “General Chemistry” (1993)
Macmillan Publishing Company
6. Sharpe AG “Inorganic Chemistry” (1992) Longman
7. Shriver DF, Atkins PW and Langford CH “Inorganic Chemistry
(1990) Oxford
8. Brady JE, Russel JW and Holum JR “Chemistry Matter and its
Changes” (1989) Saunders College Publishing
9. Vogel AI “Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis” (1989)
Longman Group, Printed in Great Britain by Bath Press Ltd
10. Cotton A and Wilkinson G “Basic Inorganic Chemistry” (1987)
John Wiley & Sons
11. Basolo F and Johnson “Coordination Chemistry” (1964) W. A.
Benjamin Inc

20
 SEMESTER-IV

CHM-421 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Spontaneous chemical reactions and equilibrium. Properties of
equilibrium state. Effects of external stress on equilibria (Le Chatelier's
Principle), the reaction quotient, Response of equilibria to the
conditions such as concentration, pressure, temperature. Relationship
between Kc and Kp. Heterogeneous equilibria. The nature of solubility
equilibria. Distribution law and its validity. Application of the
distribution law to the selected systems like solvent extraction,
extraction of metals from their ore, investigation of complex ions,
chromatography, acid base equilibrium and biological activity.

INTRODUCTION TO PHASE EQUILIBRIA

Phase, component and degree of freedom. Phase rule and its
applications. One component system (water, carbon dioxide).
Polymorphism, enantiotropy. Two component systems (sulpher, Pb, Ag
system). Vapour pressure diagram. Temperature composition diagrams.
Azeotropes. Liquid-liquid phase. Liquid-solid phase.

CHEMICAL KINETICS/KINETICS IN LIQUID PHASE

Introduction and Scope of Chemical Kinetics. Experimental techniques
for the determination of reaction rate, real time analysis, quenching
method, flow method, stopped flow technique, flash photolysis,
electrochemical analysis. Factors affecting the rate of chemical
reaction. Order and molecularity. Kinctics of Zero order reaction, first
order reaction, second reaction order (with same initial concentration),
pseudo order reactions. Half life for various order reactions. Methods
for the determination of order of reactions. The collision Theory. The
Transition State Theory. The Arrhenius Theory. Activation parameters.
The kinetics and mechanism of complex reactions: chain reaction,
polymerization, catalysis and oscillation.

CHEMICAL DYNAMICS IN GASES

The Postulates of kinetic theory of Gases. Translational K.E. of
molecules, kinetic theory of temperature. Energy units for PV and RT.
Mean Square velocity & Root mean square velocity, Graham's law of
effusion. Distribution of molecular velocities, Vander Waal's equation.

21
PRACTICALS
1. Iodometric titration of sodium thiosulphate with potm. dichromate.
2. Determination of the partition co-efficient of iodine in CCl4
-
3. To determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction I 2 & I3 syst.
4. Determination of the equilibrium constant of esterfication reaction.
5. To study the kinetics of 1st order reaction.
6. To determine the second order rate constant and calculate half life
of the reaction.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Segal BG "Chemistry Experiment and Theory " (1985) John Willy
& Sons, Inc
2. Castellan GW "Physical Chemistry" 3rd Ed (1986) Addision
Wesley Publishing Co
3. Atkins PW "Physical Chemistry" 7th Ed (2003) Oxford Uni. Press
4. Glasstone S "Thermodynamics for Chemists" 11th Ed (1964) East
West Press Ltd
5. Petrucci RH and Hill JW "General Chemistry" (1996) Prentice
Hall- Inc
6. Liptrot GF, Thompson JJ and Walker GR "Modern Physical
Chemistry" (1986) Bell and Hyman Ltd
7. Bursten BL "Chemistry The Central Science" (2002) Prentice Hall
International, Inc
8. Chang R "Chemistry" 7th Ed (2002) McGraw-Hill Higher
Education
9. Liptrot GF "Modern Physical Chemistry" (1982) ELBS. Bell and
Hyman Ltd

CHM-422 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

ACIDS AND BASES

Review of the concepts of Chemical Equilibrium, Arrhenius and
Bronsted theories of acids and bases, Self-Ionization of water, pH
scale, Kw, Strong and Weak Acids and Bases, Ka and Kb, Polyprotic
Acids, Ions as Acids and Bases, Common Ion Effect in acid base
Equilibria, Buffer Solutions, Molecular structure and acid base
behaviour. Indicators, Neutralization Reactions, Titration Curves,
Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids, Solubility Equilibria, pH, Lewis
Acids and Bases, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases.

22
THEORIES OF BONDING
Interatomic bond and Intermolecular bond. Nature of covalent bond in
terms of Valence Bond Theory, Molecular structure, Molecular orbital
Theory (Diatomic Molecules).

CHEMISTRY OF s-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group Trends, General characteristics, Important compounds of s-block
elements.

COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
Introduction, application of complex compounds, Ligands and their
types, Nomenclature, The concept of Effective Atomic Number,
Coordination Number, Geometry of Complex Ions, Isomerism in
complexes, Bonding in complex Ions : Applications of Valence Bond
theory (Linear, Trigonal Planar, Square Planar, Tetrahedral, Square
Pyramidal, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral), Crystal Field theory
(Octahedral and Tetrahedral Complexes).

PRACTICALS
Volumetric analysis of various cations and anions. Gravimetric analysis
of various cations and anions. Reactions of complex cations. pH
Titrations. Equilibrium constant of complexes

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Whitten KW, Raymond ED, Larry MP and Stanely G “General
Chemistry” 7th Ed (2004) Thomas Learning
2. Hill JW and Petrucci RH”General Chemistry” 8th Ed (2002)
Printice Hall
3. Masterton WL “Chemistry: Principles and Reactions” (2000) John
Wiley and Sons, Inc
4. Zlewsky AV “Stereochemistry of Coordination compounds”
(1996) John Wiley & Sons, Inc
5. Harwood WS and Petrucci RH “General Chemistry” (1993)
Macmillan Publishing Company
6. Sharpe AG “Inorganic Chemistry” (1992) Longman
7. Shriver DF, Atkins PW and Langford CH“Inorg Chem“(1990) Oxf
8. Brady JE, Russel JW and Holum JR “Chemistry Matter and its
Changes” (1989) Saunders College Publishing
9. Vogel AI “Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis” (1989)
Longman Group, Printed in Great Britain by Bath Press Ltd
10. Basolo F and Johnson “Coordination Chemistry” (1964) W. A.
Benjamin Inc

23
 BS CHEMISTRY THIRD YEAR
SEMESTER-V

CHM-511 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

INTRODUCTION
An introduction to analytical chemistry. Scope of analytical chemistry,
major steps in total chemical analysis, and a general survey of all
analytical methods.

ERRORS IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Evaluation of reliability of analytical data, significant figures, selection
of central best value from a set of data, precision and accuracy,
methods to measure precision, classification of errors, the distribution
of data from replicate measurements, comparison of results Student „t‟
test. Modern trends in quality control.

ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
An introduction to the instrumentation of AAS. Atomic absorption
spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, flame emission
spectroscopy, a basic introduction to inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
and atomic fluorescence.

MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
Electromagnetic radiation, wave and particle concept, scattering,
reflection, refraction and dispersion of light by matter, line and band
spectrum molecules. The phenomenon of fluorescence and
phosphorescence, absorption laws deviations from the Beer‟s law,
chemical reactions and refractive index.

OPTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

a) Main components of a spectrophotometer, difference between a
colorimeter and a spectrophotometer, UV-visible single beam and
double beam spectrophotometer. Selection of wavelength for
quantitative analysis, calibration curve and application of Beer‟s law in
quantitative analysis, application of absorbance measurement to locate
the end point of titration, simultaneous determination of two
components system, determination of the formula of the complex using
the absorbance measurements mole ratio method, method of continuous
variation, slope ratio method, applications of spectrophotometric data
for studying chemical equilibrium and the evaluation of equilibrium
constants.

24
ANALYSIS OF REAL SAMPLES
Sampling, digestion of samples by dry and wet ashing with special
reference to Kjeldahl‟s method for nitrogen determination, fluxes,
series dilution for instrumental analysis, standard addition method,
internal standard method and numerical problems.

CHROMATOGRAPHY
Introduction, classification and applications of chromatography, theory
of chromatography, adsorption chromatography, partition
chromatography, efficiency of column, resolution of column,
quantitative and qualitative analysis by chromatography. Brief
introduction to ion-exchange chromatography, gas liquid
chromatography, and high pressure liquid chromatography.

PRACTICALS
Separation of ink components by paper chromatography. Determination
of metal ion concentration by ion-exchange chromatography. To
determine the (i) Wavelength of maximum absorbance (ii) Study the
effect o wavelength on molar absorptivity „‟ (iii) Study the effect of
concentration and path length on absorbance and  at the max of
KMnO4 solution. Analysis of KMnO4 in a sample by calibration curve
and single point calibration method. Spectrophotometric titration of
ferrous ammonium sulfate by standardized potassium permanganate
solution. Spectrophotometric determination of iron in a vitamin tablet.
Spectrophotometric determination of dissociation constant of an acid
base indicator (methyl red). Determination of sodium or potassium in
seawater by flame photometry using standard addition method.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Braun RD “Introduction to Chemical Analysis” (1985) McGraw
Hill Book Company, London
2. Peace BF “Basic Instrumental Analysis” (1980) D Van Nostrand
Company, New York
3. Skoog DA, West DM and Holler FJ “Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry” 8th Ed (2004) Saunders Philadelphia
4. Pecsoc RL, Shields LD, Cairns T and McWilliams IG “Modern
Methods of Chemical Analysis” (1976) John Wiley and Sons,
New York
5. Vogel AI “A Textbook of Inorganic Quantitative Analysis” (1987)
Longman
6. Willard HH, Merritt LL (Jr.) and Dean JA “Instrumental Methods
of Analysis” (1988) Von Nostrand New York

25
CHM-521 INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

UNIT OPERATIONS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Basic Laws, material balance, molecular units, gas laws, mechanical
laws, energy balance, equilibrium relationship, steady state.

FLOW OF FLUIDS
Properties of fluid, fluid static‟s, manometers, mechanism of flow of
fluid, Reynolds number, distribution of velocities, Bernoulli‟s theorem,
friction losses, measurement of fluid.

FLOW OF HEAT
Fourier‟s law, thermal conductivity, parallel flow of heat, radical flow
of heat, temperature gradient in forced convection, surface coefficient,
overall coefficient, boiling liquids, temperature variation in parallel
flow and current flow, heat transfer by radiation, stifen and boltzman
Law.

EVAPORATION
Types of Evaporators, evaporator capacity, multiple effect evaporator,
capacity of multiple effect evaporator, multiple effect calculation

DISTILLATION
Vapour liquid equilibria, boiling point diagram, raoult‟s law, relative
volatility, constant boiling liquid equilibrium diagram, distillation
methods, rectifying columns, fractionating column calculations, reflux
ratio plate to plate calculations, petroleum distillation, steam
distillation.

DRYING
Classification of dryers, atmospheric compartment dryers, vaccum tray
dryers, tunnel dryers, rotary dryers, cylinder dryers and separatory
dryers.

SEPARATORS
Screens, Tyler standard screen, screen analysis, wire screen, screen
opening, avarage particle size, weight percent retained, cumulative
percent oversize, umulative percent undersize.

26
PRACTICALS
Cement analysis. Handling and use of laboratory equipment. Sample
measurement and methods for absolute accuracy. Application of
filtration techniques, purification of the precipates, titration techniques
and techniques related to standard solution preparation. Economical use
and application in analysis of some very inexpensive bench chemicals
like HCl, Na2CO3, CaCO3 and NH4HCO3. Simple methods for the
determination of % purity of some bench chemicals. Calculation of %
of CO3-2 as an impurity in NaOH. Calculation of % of HCO3- as an
impurity in Na2CO3.Calculation of % of NH3 in different commercial
ammonium salts used in fertilizers.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Badger WL and Bancharto JT “Introduction to Chemical

Engineering” (1960) Mc Graw Hill Koga Kusha. Ltd
2. Buchner W, Schliebs R and Winter G “Industrial Inorganic
Chemistry” (1989) KH Buchel
3. Othmer K “Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology” 3 rd Ed (1982)
John Wiley & Sons, New York
4. Perry “Chemical Engineering Hand Book” 3 rd Ed (1950) Mc Graw
Hill Inc, New York

CHM- 531 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

a) Wave properties of the matter, the Schrödinger equation
b) Applications of wave equation to some simple problem. A particle in
one dimension box, a particle in a cubic box, a particle on a ring.
Writing Schrödinger equation for simple molecule and ion.

THEORIES OF BONDING
a) Valence bond theory, Concept of hybridization, Writing wave
equations of hybrid orbitals. b) Molecular orbital theory, Writing wave
equations of molecules with reference to homonuclea hetronuclear &
poly nuclear structure. c) Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Theory.

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Prediction of hybridization, geometry and drawing structure of
molecules and ions.

27
4. CHEMISTRY OF NON METALS
a) Hydrogen and Hydrides. b) Chemistry of noble gases with
reference to synthesis properties of Xenon compounds and
properties of Xenon compounds. Determination of structure of
these compounds.
b) CHEMISTRY OF HALOGENS
Group trends, preparation and properties of oxides, oxo acids, oxo salts
of halogens. Inter halogen and poly halides. Pseudo halogens.
a) CHEMISTRY OF OXYGEN AND SULFUR
Group trend, Preparation and properties of Oxides, Sulphides and
oxoacids of Sulphur
b) CHEMISTRY OF CARBON AND SILICON
Group trend, Fullerene, Silicones and Silicates

c) CHEMISTRY OF BORON
General Characteristics of Boron. Preparation, Properties and Structure
of Boron Hydride using STYX method. Note: The structure of other
nonmetal compounds are covered under molecular structure

INORGANIC ENERGETICS
a)Thermochemistry: System and surroundings, Enthalpy,
Thermochemical equations, Law of Thermochemistry, Problem related
to calculation of Hrxn

b) Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, Relation among G, H, S

and equilibrium constant K of a reaction. Problem related to G= H-
TS, G = -RTlnK and G = -nFE0
PRACTICALS
Mixture analysis with three acidic & three basic radicals. Volumetric
analysis. Volumetric analysis. Determination of equilibria, Analysis of
a mixture of acids, Analysis of a mixture of metals, with
complexometry and gravimetry.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Sharp AG “Inorganic Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1986) Addison Wesley
Longman Ltd
2. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bochmann M “Advanced
Inorganic Chemistry” 6th Ed (1999) John Wiley & Sons, Inc
3. Liptrot GF, Thompson JJ and Walker GR “Modern Inorganic
Chemistry” 4th Ed (1986) Bell & Hymann Limited
4. Purcell KF and Kotz JC “An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry”
(1980) Saunders College Publishing

28
CHM-541 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
a) Definition, classification and nomenclature; Heterocyclic
compounds containing 2 & 3 hetero-atoms and fused ring system
b) Detailed study of heterocycties including their reaction mechanism
furan, nomenclature, molecular orbital picture, resonance hybrids.
Preparation of furan and its derivatives: from mucic acid,
decomposition of furfural, 1,4-diketo compounds, ethyl acetoacetate,
and Fest-Benary Synthesis. Physical properties of furan. Reaction of
furan: Addition reactions; hydrogenation, Diels-Alder reaction, 2,5-
addition. Electrophilic substitution reactions: chlorination, nitration,
sulfonation, mercuration, Friedel‟s Craft alkylation and acylation,
Gatterman koch reaction, Gomberg reaction. Formation of
organomettalic compounds. Formation of pyrrole and thiophene. Ring
opening reactions.

c) Pyrrole: nomenclature, molecular orbital picture, resonance hybrids.

Preparation of pyrrole and its derivatives: from acetylene, ammonium
mucate, succinimide, ethylacetoacetate; Paal Knorr Synthesis, Knorr
pyrrole synthesis, Hantzsch synthesis. Physical properties of pyrrole.
Reactions of pyrrole: Acidic and Basic character, Resemblance with
aromatic amines and phenols. Addition reactions, Electrophilic
substitution reactions; chlorination, nitration, sulfonation, Friedel‟s
Craft alkylation and acylation, Gatterman koch reaction, Reimer
Tiemann reaction, Gomberg reaction., ring expansion and reduction.
d) Thiophene: nomenclature, molecular orbital picture, resonance
hybrids. Preparation of thiophene and its derivatives; from acetylene,
sodium succinate and n-butane. Physical properties of thiophene.
Reaction of thiophene: addition reactions, electrophilic substitution
reactions; chlorination, bromination, iodination, nitration, mercuration,
Friedel‟s Craft alkylation and acylation, chloromethylation. Formation
of organomettalic compounds.

e) Pyridine: Molecular orbital picture, resonance hybrids. Preparation

of pyridine and its derivatives; from acetylene, Hantzsch synthesis.
Physical properties of pyridine. Reactions of pyridine; basic character,
reduction, electrophilic substitution reactions; chlorination, nitration.
Nucleophilic substitution reaction ; amination, alkylation etc.

29
STEREOCHEMISTRY
i) Optical activity, Specific rotation, Pasteur‟s discovery of
enantiomers, enantiomers and tetrahedral carbon, chirality, sequence
rules for specific rotation.
ii) Diastereomers, Meso compounds, molecules with more than two
chiral centers, Racemic mixtures.
iii) Physical properties of stereoisomers, Fisher projections formulas,
assigning R and S configurations. Stereoisomerism and chirality in
substituted cyclohexanes. E and Z isomerism in alkenes and polyenes.

SPECTROSCOPY
a) Mass Spectrometry; Introduction, Mass spectrometer, mass
spectrum, Index of hydrogen deficiency & rule of thirteen,
Determination of Molecular weight, Molecular formula from isotope
ratio data, Fragmentation patterns; Hydrocarbons, Alcohols and
phenols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, Carboxylix acids, Halogen
compounds.
b)Infrared Spectroscopy; Introduction, The Infra red absorption
process, Use of infra red spectrum, The mode of stretching and
bending, Bond properties and absorption trends, The infra red
spectrophotometer, Correlation charts and tables.
c) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Introduction, Nuclear
spin states, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Absorption energy, The
mechanism of absorption (resonance), The chemical shifts and
Shielding, The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, Integral and
Integration, Chemical environment and chemical shift, Spin-spin
splitting (n + 1) rule, Pascal‟s triangle, Coupling constant.
d)Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Introduction, The nature of electronic
excitations, The Origin of UV band structure, Principals of absorption
spectroscopy, UV spectrophotometer, Presentation of spectra, The
effect of conjugation, The Woodward-Fieser Rules for dienes and
enones.
e) Combined structural problems-Minimum six solved examples.
PRACTICALS
Separation of 8 – 10 binary mixtures of organic compounds containing
various functional groups on the basis of their solubilities and
identification of both the components of the mixture.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Pavia DL, Lampman GM and Kriz G “Introduction to
Spectroscopy” 2nd Ed (1996) Brace College publishers
2. Whitaker D “Interpreting Organic Spectra” (2000) RSC

30
3. Clayden J, Greeves N, Warren S and Wothers P “Organic
Chemistry” (2001) Oxford University Press
4. Finar IL “Organic Chemistry” Vol I, 6th Ed (1973) Longman,
London
5. Eliel EI “Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds” (1975) Mc
Graw Hill. Int. Book Co. Singapore
6. Kalsi PS “Stereochemistry conformation and Mechanism” 6 th Ed
(2005) New Age Int. (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi
7. Li JJ “Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry” (2005) John. Wiley
Int. Singapore
8. Joule J and Smith G “ Heterocyclic Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1982) Von
nostrand Reinhold Compay Ltd, London
9. Joule JA “ Heterocyclic Chemistry” (1998) Wiley Int. Singapore

CHM-551 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)

ELECTRO CHEMISTRY
An introduction to electrochemistry, chemical reactions and redox
potentials, electrochemical cells, Nernst equation and its application.
predicting reactions, stability of oxidation states, cell potential and
thermodynamics.

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Atomic nucleus, nuclides, nuclear stability, modes of decay, nuclear,
energetic, nuclear models (shell + liquid drop model), fusion and
fission, non spontaneous nuclear processes, nuclear reactors,beta
decay systematics, nuclear spins.

RECENT ADVANCES IN ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Unification theory based upon concepts of quarks, fours forces of
nature and explanation of quantum numbers proposed and
experimentally justified.

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

Theories pertaining to distribution of energies into different groups
Maxwell Boltzmann distribution law for energies of molecular systems,
method for the determination of Avogadro‟s number.

31
PRACTICALS
To determine the molecular weight of a given polymer by Viscosity
method, Titrimetric determination of the effectiveness of an extraction.
Determination the concentration of Sodium in a given water sample by
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry, To study the Cu-EDTA complex
by conductometry method, To study the spectrophotometric titration of
Cu (II) with EDTA.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Williams WSC “Nuclear and Particle Physics” (1991) Clarendon
Press Oxford
2. Kaplan “Nuclear Physics” (1979) Addison Wesley Publishing Co
London
3. Friedlander G, Kennedy JW, Macins S and .Miller JM “Nuclear
and `Radiochemistry” 3rd Ed (1981) John Wiley and sons New
York
4. Vincent “Oxidation and Reduction in Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry” (1985) John Wiley and sons New York
5. Barrow GM “Physical Chemistry” 5th Ed (1988) Mc Graw Hill
Book Company
6. Jolly WL “Modem Inorganic Chemistry” (1984) Mc Graw Hill
Book Company
7. Compton RG and Sanders GHW “Electrode Potentials” (1996)
Oxford
8. Winn JS “Physical Chemistry” Harper Collings Publisher 1st Ed
(1995)

32
 SEMESTER- VI
CHM-512 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

CONDUCTANCE
Theory of electrolytes, electrolytic conduction, conductance, specific,
equivalent and molar conductance and their dependence on
concentration of strong and weak electrolytes, circuit of conductivity
meter, measurements of cell constant, Arrhenius theory of ionization in
relation to weak and strong electrolytes, Debye Huckel theory in
relation to the ion atmosphere, asymmetry or relaxation effect, solvent
effect, electrophoretic effect, Debye Huckel Onsagar equation, ion pair,
ion triplet formation, transport numbers of ions, ion motilities and their
calculations, types of conduct metric titrations including acid-base
titration, precipitation or displacement or replacement titrations,
applications of conductance in relation to  & Ka for weak and strong
electrolyte, determination of absolute ionic motilities, solubility of
sparingly soluble salts, Kw (ionic product of water), basicity of an
organic acid, speed ratio by transport number, advantages of conduct
metric titration over volumetric titration.

pH METRY
Theory of pH metry, self ionization reactions, ionic product of water,
acidity and basicity constants, degree of ionization, neutralization
reactions, hydrolysis of salt, hydrolytic constants, calculatin of pH/
pOH (acids, bases and salt solutions), pH titrations of monoprotic and
polyprotic acids, determination of pKa of acids, buffer solutions, buffer
capacity and buffer actions, buffer mechanism, preparation and
applications of buffers, indicators, theory, indicator constants,
preparation an significance of pure and mixed indicators.

POTENTIOMETRY
Theory of potentiometry. Nernt equation. Classification of electrodes,
their equations and examples. Reference electrodes (NHE, SCE,
Ag/AgCl), test electrodes *Pt, Glass and ion selective. Standard
electrode potential, formal potential, determination ionic strength,
activity and activity coefficient. Concentrations cells, liquid junction
potential (salt bridge). Types of reactions like neutralization,
precipitations, complexations and redox reactions studied by
potentiometry, determination of equivalence point by data analysis and
other methods.

33
POLAROGRAPHY AND VOLTAMETRY
Theory of polarography and voltametry. Faradic and non faradic
processes. Migration, diffusion and charge currents, polarographic
circuits, Fick‟s diffusion law. Ilkovic and Randles Sevcik equation,
supporting electrolytes, potential window, interference from dissolved
oxygen, polarographic maxima, type of test electrodes, advantages of
mercury test electrode, polarographic techniques like a.c polarographic,
pulse polarography, their theory, circuit and advantages, amperometry,
bi- amperometry, their theory, application and advantages,
chronopotentiometry, its theory, applications and advantages.
Electrogravimetry, types of coulometric titrations, applications, anodic
stripping, voltametry, its theory, applications and advantages,
numericals based on potentiometry, polarography and coulometry.

PRACTICALS
Calibration of glass wares.Determination of the concentration of acetic
acid by potentiometric titration and calculation of the dissocation
constant of the acid The potentiometric titration of diprotic acid with
sodiumhydroxide, prepration of 1st and 2nd derivative titration
curve.Determination of iron II and iron III in a mixture by
potentiometric titration with Cr2O7-2 .Acid base titration in non aqueous
solution
To determine the dissociation constant of weak electrolyte (acetic acid)
by conductivity measurement method.To measure the refractive index
and dispersive power of various solid and liquid sample.To determine
the glucose concentration in the given sample using folarimeter.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Gross JM and Wiseall B “Principles of Physical Chemistry” (1979)
Mc Graw Hill
2. Petrucci RH “General Chemistry” (1996) John Wiley & Ralph,
Prentice-Hall Inc
3. Sogal BG “Chemistry: Experiment and Theory” 2 nd Ed (1989)
John Wiley & Sons
4. Vogel AI “Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis” 5th Ed
(1994) ELBS UK
5. Harris DC “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 3rd Ed (1991) W.H
Freeman & Co., New York USA
6. Atkins PW “Physical Chemistry” 7th Ed (2003) Oxford
7. Braun RD “Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Int Ed (1982) Mc
Graw Hill
8. Bard J and Faulkner LR “Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals
and Application” (1980) John Wiley and Sons, Inc

34
9. Greef R, Peat R, Peter LM, Pletcher D and Robinson J
“Instrumental Method in Electro Chemistry” (1985) John Wiley
and Sons New York USA
10. Brett CMA and Brett AMO “Electro Chemistry Principles
Methods and Application” (1993) Oxford Science Publication

CHM- 522 INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Credit hours: (2+1)

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to industrial chemistry and its importance, flow charts,
material balance, cost and yield, functions of chemist, chemical process
control; In process and finished products control.

LEATHER INDUSTRY
Introduction and uses, Flow sheet of leather, Raw materials, chemicals
(pre-tanning, tanning and finishing), Pre- tanning process, Tanning
process, Wet Finishing and dry finishing process.

DYES
Introduction, cause of color, chromophores and auxochromes,
Classification on the basis of use with one example, mode of absorption
and uses of dyes on type of fibers, Dyes intermediates, reactions
including nitration , sulphonation, reduction (selection and general),
Halogenation on side chain and on the dyes, Sandmayer reaction,
carboxylation, alkaline fusion reaction, amination, oxidation, acid dyes,
basic dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, mordant
dyes, azoic dyes, oxidation dyes and non-textile uses of dyes.

OILS, FATS AND WAXES

Introduction, physical properties, types of fatty acids present and uses,
Testing methods of fatty acids on GC, Flow sheet diagram of
hydrogenated oil, raw oil, degumming, neutralization, bleaching,
filtration, hydrogenation, post-neutralization, post bleaching, post
filtration, deodorization, chilling, fortification and finished product
packing, Production of hydrogen from natural gas cracking unit.

SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

Introduction of soap, Batch Kettle process, flow diagram and details,
Monasavon process, Delaval process, sharpless process, introduction to
detergent, classification, examples of cationic, anionic, nonionic and
amphoteric detergents and their action with water, binders, opacifying
agents, flavors, moisturizers of soap industry.

35
GELATIN
Introduction, uses and types of gelatin, physical and chemical
properties of gelatin, Flow sheet diagrams of type A and type B and
detailed processing of unit operation.

RUBBER INDUSTRY
Introduction, natural rubber extraction, coagulation, rubber
compounding, types of synthetic rubber and synthesis of styrene-
butadiene rubber (monomer production and polymer production).

SUGAR INDUSTRY
Introduction, juice extraction, production of raw sugar and cane sugar
refining (clarification, filtration, decolorization, recrystallization,
centrifugation, drying and conditioning).

PESTICIDES
Introduction, classification of insecticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons,
carbamates, organophosphates).classification and examples of
herbicides (contact herbicides, systematic herbicides and soil
sterilants).rodenticides, fungicides (inorganic and organic fungicides)
and germicides.

EXPLOSIVES
Introduction. Classification (primary, secondary and tertiary
explosives). Classification based on structural features.

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

Introduction, Types of pulping (mechanical pulping, semi chemical
pulping, chemical, solvent pulping and secondary fiber pulping).
Bleaching of wood pulp. Manufacture and processing (beating and
refining, filling and loading, sizing, sheet forming, pressing and
drying).

FERMENTATION INDUSTRY
Introduction. Alcohol fermentation (introduction, uses and process of
fermentation). Citric acid production and uses.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Identification and handling of chemical hazards, consequences of toxic
exposures. Validation of pharmaceutical process, Types of validations,
documentation, protocol, process flow diagram, process monitoring,
sampling and testing, acceptance criteria.

36
PRACTICALS
1. Determination of concentration of sugar solution by Fehling‟s
solution method.
2. Analysis of vitamins B12 by spectrophotometric method
3. Determination of percentage purity of amino acid solution by
Sorenson formal titration method.
4. Determination of percentage purity of aspirin in the given sample.
5. Determination of percentage of formaldehyde by hydrogen
peroxide method.
6. Determination of percentage of formaldehyde by hydrogen per
iodide method.
7. Determination of percentage of ascorbic acid in the given sample.
8. Determination of paracetamol content in tablets by
spectrophotometiric method.
9. Determination of Saponification value of the given oil sample.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1 Kent JA “Riegel‟s Handbooks of Industrial chemistry” 9th Ed

(1992) Chapman & Hall
2 Vogel AI “Quantitative Organic Analysis” 5th Ed (1994) Longman
Group
3. Austin GT “Shreve‟s Chemical Process Industries” 5th Ed (1984)
Mc Graw Hill
4. Shreve N “Chemical Process Industries” John Wiley (1982) New
York
5. Clark “Isolation and Identification of Drugs and Toxic Substances”
(1979)

CHM-532 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (2+1)
CHEMISTRY OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
a) General characteristics of Transition Metal Elements.
b) A comparison of First, Second and Third transition series
elements.

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
I) Crystal field theory:
Splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral, tetrahedral, distorted octahedral,
square pyramid, square planar and trigonal bipyramid field. Jahn-
Teller effect. Calculation of Crystal Field Stabilization. Energies and
writing electronic configuration of complex ions. High-spin & Low-
spin complexes. Thermodynamic effects of crystal field theory.

37
II) Molecular Orbital Theory:
Molecular Orbital Energy diagrams of octahedral, tetrahedral and
square planar complexes. Writing molecular orbital configuration of
octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. -bonding in
complexes and its effect on Crystal Field Splitting Energy.

MECHANISM OF REACTIONS
a) Mechanism of Substitution and Redox reactions.
b) Trans- Effect.
c) Synthesis of complex compounds.

STABILITY OF COMPLEX IONS

a) Factors on which Stability of a Complex ion depends.
b) Distinction between Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability.
c) Stepwise and overall formation Constants of Complex ions.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX IONS

a) Paramagnetic and diamagnetic complexes.
b) Calculation of s, s+L, eff and the relationship between the three.

6) ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF TRANSITION

METAL COMPLEXES
a) Octahedral and tetrahedral complexes.
b) d2-d8 ions Energy level diagram.
c) Charge transfer spectra.

CHEMISTRY OF LANTHANIDE AND ACTINIDE ELEMENTS

a) Lanthanides:
i) General Characteristics.
ii) Lanthanide Contraction.
iii) Oxidation States.
iv) Occurrence and Isolation.

b) Actinides:
i) General Characteristics.
ii) Variable oxidation States.
iii) Nuclear Reactions for the synthesis and trans Uranium Elements.

PRACTICALS
Synthesis & characterization of metal complex using substitution &
redox reactions.

38
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Sharpe AG “Inorganic Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1986) Addison Wesley
Longman Ltd
2. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bochmann M.
“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” 6th Ed (1999) John Wiley and
Sons, Inc
3. Huheey JE, Keiter EA and Keiter RL “Inorganic Chemistry” 4 th Ed
(1993) Harper Collins College Publishers
4. Jordan RB “Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic and Organometallic
System” (1998) Oxford University Press, Inc
5. Kettle SF “Coordination Compounds” (1969) Thomas Nelson and
Sons Ltd

CHM-542 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Credit hours: (2 + 1)

NATURAL PRODUCTS
Introduction to natural product; primary and secondary natural products

ALKALOIDS
i) Introduction, occurrence, classification, nomenclature.
General methods for the detection of structure of alkaloids; Physical
methods: IR, UV, mass, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and
chemical Methods: oxygen functions; hydroxyl, carboxylic, carbonyl,
ester, lactone, amido, lactam or betaine, methoxy and methylenedioxy
group, Zerwittinoffs active hydrogen, nitrogen functions, determination
of basic skeleton: Hoffmann‟s exhaustive methylation, Emed‟s
modification, Von-Braun‟s method, ZnCl2-distillation, Fusion with
KOH, oxidation, reduction; presence of unsaturation.

ii) Coniin; occurrence, isolation, physical properties, medicinal

importance. Structural elucidation by chemical methods; structure and
molecular formula, ZnCl2-distillation, oxidation, reaction with HI,
Hoffmann‟s exhaustive methylation and synthesis of coniine. Structural
elucidation by spectroscopic methods; IR, UV, Mass, 1H-NMR and
13
C-NMR spectroscopy.

iii) Nicotine; occurrence, isolation, physical properties, medicinal

importance. Structural elucidation by chemical methods; structure and
molecular formula, oxidation, ZnCl2-distillation, reaction with HI,
reaction with MeI, oxidation of methiodide and synthesis of nicotine.
Structural elucidation by spectroscopic methods; IR, UV, Mass, 1H-
NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.

39
iv) Papaverine; occurrence, isolation, physical properties, medicinal
importance. Structural elucidation by chemical methods: structure and
molecular formula, , reaction with HI, reaction with MeI, reaction with
cold KMnO4, reaction with hot KMnO4, reaction with conc. KMnO4;
structural elucidation of veratric, metahemipinic acid, pyridine,2,3,4-
tricarboxylic acid and 6,7-dimethoxy isoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid
and synthesis of papaverine. Structural determination by spectroscopic
methods; IR, UV, Mass, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.

v) Quinine: occurrence, isolation, physical properties, medicinal

importance, Structural elucidation by chemical methods; structure and
molecular formula, reaction with HI, reaction with MeI, oxidation with
CrO3, reaction with bromine, oxidation with acidic KMnO4, oxidation
with chromic acid, structure of quinic acid, structure of meroqiunine,
position of CHOH group, and synthesis of quinine. Srucrural
elucidation by spectroscopic methods; IR, UV, Mass, 1H-NMR and
13
C-NMR spectroscopy.

VITAMINS
Introduction, Fat soluble vitamins; A, D, E and K. Water soluble
vitamins; Vitamin B-complex. Chemistry and structural determination
of vitamin B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin) and Vitamin B6
(Pyridoxine).

CARBOHYDRATES
Introduction to carbohydrates. Monosccharides: Aldoses
(aldotrioses, aldotetroses, aldopentoses and aldohexoses) and ketoses
(trioses, tetroses pentuloses and hexuloses) and their natural occurance.
Structure of monosaccharides; stereorochemistry and absolute
configuration, stereochemical relationship with glyceraldehydes.
Stereoisomers of aldoses from D and L glyceraldehydes by stepping up
with Killiani Fischer synthesis. Ring structure of aldohexoses.
Mechanism of mutarotation. Conformations of hexopyranoses and
hexofuranoses.The anomeric effect. Determination of ring size of
aldoses and pentoses. Structural determination of D-(+)Glucose:
Chemical methods; Chemical reactions to establish presence of an
aldehydic group, five hydroxyl groups, linear structure, configuration at
2, 3, 4 and 5 carbon atoms, structural relationship with (+)-mannose
and (-)-arabinose and fructose. Spectroscopic methods; IR, Mass and
NMR spectroscopy. Reactions of monosaccharides: Reaction with
phenyl hydrazine, ether formation (anomeric and other hydroxyl
groups) esterification, reduction, oxidation (with Br 2, Cu+2 , Ag+1 ,
HNO3 , HIO4 ), epimerization, ascending of sugar series (Killiani-

40
Fisher synthesis, Swoden method and wolfrom method), descending
sugar series ( Wohl method, Ruff‟s method, Weeman‟s method),
Conversion of an aldose into ketose and ketose into aldose, Lobry de
Bryn-van Ekenstein rearrangement. Structure, occurrence and
importance of deoxysugars, aminosugars and dihydrosugars.
Sequencing of different sugar units; linkages between two or more
sugar units with special reference to occurrence, structure and
conformations of sucrose, lactose, maltose, raffinose, starch, cellulose
and glycogen. Reducing and non-reducing sugars. Detection of sugars
by chemical and chromatographic methods.

TERPENES AND TERPENOIDS

General introduction and classification, Isoprene rule, general methods
of determining the structure. Monoterpenes: acyclic; chemistry and
synthesis of myracene, citral and geraniol, monocyclic; -terpenol,
bicylic; chemistry and synthesis of -pinene and camphor.Diterpenes;
gibbrellins chemistry and structural determination using spectroscopic
methods.

STEROIDS
Introduction to steroids. Cholesterol; Occurrence, isolation, physical
properties, medicinal importance. Structural elucidation by chemical
methods; structure and molecular formula, reactions with acetic
anhydride, reduction with H2/ Ni, oxidation with CrO3 and Se , size of
the rings ( Blanc‟s rule ), position of hydroxyl group and double bond,
hydroxyl group and double bond in different rings, nature and position
of side chain, position of angular methyl groups, stereochemistry of
cholesterol. Structural elucidation by spectroscopic methods; IR, UV,
Mass, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.

PRACTICALS
Synthesis of m-dinitrobenzene from nitrobenzene.
Synthesis of m-nitroaniline from aniline.
Synthesis of acetanilide from aniline.
Synthesis of p-nitoacetanilide from actanilide.
Synthesis of p-nitroaniline from p-nitroacetanilide.
Synthesis of benzoin from benzaldehyde.
Synthesis of benzil from benzoin.
Synthesis of benzilic acid from benzyl.
Synthesis of dibenzalacetone from benzaldehyde and acetone.

41
BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Finar IL “Organic Chemistry” Vol I and II 5 th Ed (1988) Longman

England
2. Shoppe CW “Chemistry of Steroids” 2nd Ed (1964)
3. Percival EGV, Garnet J “Structural Carbohydrate Chemistry”
(1985) Miller Ltd, London
4. Collins PM “Carbohydrates” (1987) Chapman and Hall, London
5. Cordell GA “Introduction to Alkaloids” (1981) John Wiley and
sons. Inc
6. Manske RHF “The Alkaloids Chemistry and Physiology” Vol VIII
(1960) Academic Press, Inc
7. Manske RHF “The Alkaloids Chemistry and Physiology” Vol XVI
(1977) Academic Press, Inc
8. Mann FG, Saunders BC “Practical Organic Chemistry” (1975)
Lowe and Brydone (printers) Ltd, Thetford, Norfolk
9. Vogel AI “Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry” 5 th Ed
(1994) Longman Group Ltd

CHM-552 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit hours: (2+1)

CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Definitions and Classification of Thermodynamics. Laws of
Thermodynamics and relationship between thermodynamics and
transport. Heat capacity and relation between Cp and Cv. Approach to
reversible transformation, Thermodynamic definition of entropy ,
computing entropy and Free energy change. Stability criteria, Energy
function and Maxwell‟s relationship. Derivation of thermodynamic
identities. Equation of state. Phase diagram and stability of a single
component system. Phase transition and critical phenomena.
Thermodynamics of multi-component mixtures. Phase equilibria and
the Phase rule. Fugacity (f and f1) and fugacity coefficient ( and i).
Activity and activity coefficients.

CHEMICAL KINETICS
Third and higher order reactions. Deduction of third order reactions
with same and different initial concentrations of the reactants. Rate
expression of 2A+B Products. Relation between rate equations
for the forward and backward reactions. Reversible first order
reactions. Consecutive first order reaction. Effect of temperature on rate
constant and equilibrium constant, frequency factor. Concept of steric
and energy factor. Arrhenius parameters for biomolecular reactions.

42
Metathesis reactions not involving atoms. Association reactions of
radicals. Hinshelwood theory of unimolecular reaction. Bimolecular
collision theory. Trimolecular reactions. Branched and unbranched
chain reactions.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Principles of photochemistry. Laws of photochemistry. Einstein‟s law
of photochemical equivalence. Rates of intramolecular processes.
Chemical reactions and their quantum yields. Hydrogen – bromine
reaction. Hydrogen – chlorine reaction.

PRACTICALS
Determination of rate constant of hydrolysis of ester in basic medium
using conductometric technique.
Kinetic study of the redox reaction between iodide (I) and
peroxodisulphate (S2O82-) ions by initial rate, half life and isolation
method. Study of the effect of solvent on kinetics of iodination of
alkene by graphical method. Determination of equilibrium constant in
esterification reactions Photometric determination of the rate
expression for MnO4- mediated organic oxidation. Kinetic study of
inversion of sucrose by polarimetry.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Alberty RA “Physical Chemistry” 7th Ed (1987) John Wiley and

Sons, New York
2. Atkins PW “Physical Chemistry” (2002) Oxford University Press
3. Maron SH and Jeroma B “Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry”
(1998) Macruthan Publishing Co. Inc, New York
4. Jones M “Elements of Physical Chemistry” (2001) Adison Sesky
Publishing Co
5. Adamson AW “Understanding Physical Chemistry” 3rd Ed (2001)
Benjamin Cummings Publishing Comp. Inc
6. Heald C and Smith ACK “Applied Physical Chemistry” (2003)
English Language Book Society and Macmillan
7. Danniel and Alberty “Experimental Physical Chemistry” (2002)
Mc Graw Hill
8. Klotz IM and Rosenberg RM “Chemical Thermodynamics Basic
theory and Methods” 5th Ed (1994) John Wiley and Sons. Inc
9. Albcrtry RA and Silbvy RJ “Physical Chemistry” 1st Ed (1992)
John Wiley and Sons. Inc
10. Wooelbury G “Physical Chemistry” (1997) Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company

43
 BS CHEMISTRY FOURTH YEAR
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER-VII
CHM-611: STATISTICS FOR CHEMISTS AND
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (2+1)

(A) Statistics for Analytical Chemistry

Treatment of analytical data, application of statistics in analytical
chemistry and statistical terminology; significant figures and the rules
for addition, subtraction and multiplication, rounding off data, errors in
quantitative analysis, types of error; accuracy and precision. Mean and
the standard deviation, variance, distribution of errors, standard error of
the mean, confidence limits and their use, propagation of random errors
in addition, multiplication, division and other mathematical functions,
propagation of systematic errors. Significance Tests: The null
hypothesis, pooled and paired t-tests, one tailed and two tailed tests, F-
test, detection of gross errors by various statistical tests, the chi-squared
test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) one way and two way. Linear
regression analysis: correlation coefficient, slope and the intercept and
the calculation of standard deviation in the slope and the intercept.
Quality control, control charts, the importance of range, cusum and the
cusum chart. Concepts and definitions of quality control, quality
assurance, good laboratory practice (GLP), quality audit and quality
system review. Introduction to sampling: Design of a sampling
procedure, methods of taking samples (solids, liquids and gases),
statistics in sampling, monitoring the performance of analytical
procedures.

(B) Introduction to environmental chemistry

Introduction: History and significance of environmental degradation,
Energy resources and their environmental consequences, fossil fuels,
nuclear energy, synthetic chemical fuel, emission from thermal units,
nuclear waste and its disposal.

Atmospheric Pollution: Importance of air, nature and composition of

atmosphere, temperature and pressure profiles of different layers of the
atmosphere, common air pollutants and their sources, oxides of C,N.
and S hydrologic cycle, green house effect.
Water Pollution and Water Treatment: Importance of water,
physical and chemical properties of water, criteria for water quality,

44
BOD and COD, sources of water pollution (industrial, agricultural,
municipal and natural), Fertilizers, pesticides, detergents, heavy metals
and persistent organic pollutants.

Monitoring of Environmental Pollution: Principles, applications of

analytical techniques for monitoring of pollution with special reference
to GC, HPLC, UV and IR spectrometry, Atomic absorption
spectroscopy. Legislation aspects of environmental pollution.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Skoog DA and Leary JJ “Principles of Instrumental Analysis” 4 th
Ed (1992) Saunders College Publishing
2. Spiro TG and Stigliani WM “Chemistry of the Environment” 2nd
Ed (2002) Prentice Hall
3. Moore JW and Moore EM “Environmental Chemistry” Academic
Press, New York
4. Manahan SE “Environmental Chemistry” 6th Ed (1994) Lewis
Publishers
5. Harvey DT “Modern Analytical Chemistry” 1st Ed (2000) Mc
Graw Hill New York
6. Miller JC and Miller JN “Statistics for Analytical Chemistry”
7. Ellis Harwood Series in Analytical Chemistry, 3rd Ed
8. Woodget BW, Cooper D “Samples and Standards” ACOL series

CHM-621: SOLUTION CHEMISTRY AND

THERMODYNAMICS
Credit Hours: (3+0)

(A) Solution Chemistry

Introduction: Order chaos and equilibrium in solutions, factors
affecting equilibrium, water solution of ions, the difference between
equilibrium quotient and equilibrium constant, the concept of solubility
as a compromise between the tendency of order and disorder and the
role of energy in salvation.

Proton Transfer Equilibrium: Proton in aqueous solution,

autoprotolysis of water and the factors affecting it, proton balance
equations, relationship between pH and pQa, graphic and algebraic
treatment of aqueous equilibrium.

Coordination Equilibrium: reactions and definitions, factors

affecting stability constant, distribution of species and distribution
graphs.

45
Solubility Equilibrium: Introduction, solubility of salts with basic
anions, solubility with simultaneous equilibria involving metal ions and
study of complexation of cations with anions.

(B) Thermodynamics
Introduction: Molecular basis of entropy and statistical basis of the
second law, the quantum of entropy changes, and the third law of
thermodynamics.

Behaviors of Heat Capacity: Experimental and theoretical

discrepancies in the heat capacity data, the need for plausible
explanation and the quantum mechanical explanation of the heat
capacity.
Quantum States: Energy levels, energy compartmentalized into
translation, rotation, and vibrational energies, equations for computing
these energies, the concept of microstates and derivation of Boltzmann
distribution law.
Determination of the Partition Functions: Localized and non-localized
systems, partition function specific to energy segments, Sackur-Tetrode
equation, equation for calculating vibrational and translational partition
functions, relation between partition functions and equilibrium
constant.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Thomas and Blackburn R “Equilibrium: A Chemistry of Solutions”
(1969) Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc
2. DeFord DD “The Reliability of Calculations based Upon the Law
of Chemical Equilibrium” J Chem Education (1954) 31, 460
3. Gasser RPH and Richards WG “Entropy and Energy Levels”
(1974) Oxford University Press
4. Wyatt PAH “The Molecular Basis of Entropy and Chemical
Equilibrium” (1971) Royal Institute of Chemistry, London
5. Seddon JM and Gale JD “Thermodynamics and Statistical
Mechanics” (2002) Royal Society of Chemistry, UK

CHM-631: SPECTROSCOPY -I
Credit Hours: (3+0)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Background & principles: Introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance;
chemical shifts; spin-spin splitting (spin coupling); relaxation times

46
Instrumentation: Magnets; sample probes; Radiofrequency sources
detectors; techniques in instrumentation, sample handling: NMR
solvents; purity; reference compounds (TMS etc), Quantitative aspects:
1
H NMR: Interpretation; structural elucidation; concept of isotopomers
isotopic substitution.
13
C NMR: Interpretation; structural elucidation; concept of isotopomers
isotopic substitution
Multi-nuclear NMR: 19F, 31P, 2H, 11B, 129Xe, 79Br, 81Br NMR and other
NMR active nuclei

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Background and principles of ESR, Comparison with NMR;
Instrumentation; Nuclear hyperfine splitting; Quantitative aspects;
Energy level diagram; presentation of spectra, Spin trapping technique;
isotopic substitution, application of ESR in structure elucidation,
Spectra of organic free radicals and spectra of radical containing
hetero-atoms
Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes
Quantum numbers and shapes of orbital (spin angular momentum,
angular momentum, resultant angular momentum, inter-electronic
repulsion and its parameters, (Russell-Saunders coupling) Spin states,
Terms, Spin multiplicity. Electronic transitions in metals Spectra of
octahedral and tetrahedral symmetries, Charge transfer spectra.
Analysis of spectra for different dn configurations in octahedral and
tetrahedral ligand fields and fields of lower symmetry. Hole formalism
Use of Orgel, Tanabe-Sugano and energy-ratio diagrams. Analysis of
band shapes and intensities, Jahn-Teller effects, spectral assignments
and derivation of ligand field parameters. Spectrochemical and
nephelauxetic series

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Macomber RS “NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and
Applications” 1st Ed (1988) Harcourt
2. Bunce and Nigel “Introduction to the Interpretation of Electron
Spin Resonance Spectra of Organic Radicals” (1987 ) Journal of
Chemical Education 64, 907
3. Drago RS “Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry” (1965) Van
Nostrand Reinhold
4. Sutton D “Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes”
(1968) Mc Graw Hill.
5. Skoog AD, Holler FJJ and Nieman TA “Principles of Instrumental
Analysis” 5th Ed (1997) Saunders College Publishing, New York

47
6. Willard HH, Merritt LL, Dean JA and Settle FA “Instrumental
Methods of Analysis” 7th Ed (1988) Wadsworth Publishers
7. Christian GD and O‟Reilly JE “Instrumental Analysis” 2nd Ed
(1986) Allyn and Bacon, Inc

CHM-641: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Credit Hours: (0+ 3) (Laboratory Course)

This laboratory course would be based on the introduction of

fundamental techniques of instrumental analysis. The instruments
include single beam spectrophotometer, double beam
spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, fluorimeter,
ion chromatograph and high performance liquid chromatograph and
introduction to statistical treatment of analytical data.
Determination of wavelength of maximum absorption, construction of
calibration curves by Beer‟s law, standard addition method, Internal
standard method, photometric titrations, simultaneous determination of
metals ions, Determination of metal-to ligand ratio by Job‟s plot and
molar ratio method, trace analysis by atomic absorption using flame,
hydride generation for As and cold vapor technique (for Hg),
fluorometric determination of acetylsalicylic acid in analgesic tablets,
analysis of mixture by HPLC or ion chromatography.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Christian GD “Analytical Chemistry” 6th Ed (2003) Wiley

2. Sawyer DT, Heineman WR and Beeb JM “Chemistry Experiments
for Instrumental Methods” (1984) John Wiley and Sons
3. Harris D “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1998) W.H.
Freeman and Company
4. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD and Thomas M.JK “Vogel‟s
Quantitative Analysis” 6th Ed (2000) Prentice Hall

CHM-651: POTENTIOMETRY AND AMPEROMETRY

Credit Hours: (0 + 3) (Laboratory Course)

Potentiometry: Neutralization Reactions

 Titration of acid mixtures
 Determination of mineral acid in a given vinegar solution
 Determination of ascorbic acid in a vitamin tablet
 Determination of acetylsalicylic acid in analgesic tablets
 Determination of folic acid in a given tablet

48
 Determination of dissociation constant of different weak acids
using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
 Determination of dissociation constants of polybasic acids
 Simultaneous determination of chromate and dichromate in a
mixture
 Determination of solubility product, Gibbs free energy and
enthalpy for the dissolution of calcium hydroxide.
 Study of complexation reactions of copper, nickel and cobalt with
EDTA
 Determination of percentage purity of sodium carbonate in
commercial soda ash.

Potentiometry based on redox titrations of different systems

 Standardization of potassium permanganate with KI
 Precipitation and complexation reactions
 Determination of Fe(III) with EDTA
 Determination of formal potential, K (equilb) and “n” of some redox
systems

Amperometry
 Verification of Randles Sevick equation for different redox
systems
 Construction of calibration curve between diffusion current and
concentration of analyte.
 Amperometric titration of some redox systems

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Braun RD "Introduction to Instrumental Analysis" (1987) Mc

Graw Hill, New York
2. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD and Thomas MJK “Vogel‟s
Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Ed (2000)
3. Sawyer DT, Heineman WR and Beeb JM “Chemistry Experiments
for Instrumental Methods” (1984) John Wiley & Sons
4. Harris D “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1998) W. H.
Freeman and Company
5. William EB, Louis KJ and Ben R “Determination of Ksp, ΔG, ΔH,
and ΔS for the Dissolution of Calcium Hydroxide in Water: A
General Chemistry Experiment” (2000) J Chem Education 77,
1039
6. Kalbus LH, Petrucci RH, Forman JE and Kalbus GE “Titration of
Chromate- Dichromate Mixtures” (1991) J Chem Education
68, 677

49
 SEMESTER-VIII
CHM-612: ELECTRONICS AND MASS SPECTROMETRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)

(A) Electronics
Introduction: conductors, insulators, charge, electric field, potential,
potential difference, current, electron flow, conventional current, direct
and alternating current, hole charge, resistance and resistors, open and
closed circuits.
Resistors and resistance: Color coding, factors affecting resistance,
Ohms law, concept of power and units.

Circuit Symbols and circuits: Symbols of components of circuits,

series circuits and parallel circuits, combination of series and parallel
circuits, Kirchoff Voltage law, Kirchoff Current law, Wheat stone
bridge, fuse and its types. Methods of solving circuits: Mesh circuit
analysis, method of branch current, Node voltage analysis.
Capacitors: Series and parallel capacitors and circuit capacitor
reactance. Ohms law as applied to capacitance current.

Electricity and magnetism: Definition and units of magnetic flux, flux

density, Induction, permeability, relay, Classification of magnetic
material. Magnetomotive force, ampere turns, field intensity, Ohms law
for magnetic currents. Magnetic field around a conductor, right hand
rule, magnetic polarity, motor action, induced current, Faraday‟s law.

Generation of AC current: Methods and principles, AC wave forms,

Induction by AC currents, mutual inductance, Transformers, Inductive
reactance, RC and L/R time constant AC circuits. Filters, High pass
Low pass filters, RC band pass, Band stop filters.
Semiconductors: p-n junctions, Applications, working of transistors
and their uses.

Binary Digits, Logic gates and Boolean Algebra: Binary to decimal

and vice versa, Hexadecimal system, Hexadecimal to binary, binary
coded decimal, binary arithmetic (addition subtraction and
multiplication).
Logic gates: NOT gate, OR gate, AND gate, NOR, NAND, XOR,
XNOR (symbols, construction of truth table). Boolean algebra:
Combination of the above circuits, read out devices, LEDs, LCDs,
Modulation of AM and FM.

50
Operational amplifier: Feed back, Voltage etc.
Signal conversion: Analogue signals, Digital signals, analogue to
digital, digital to analogue conversion, In-line, On-line and Off-line
systems, Components of personal computers, software classification,
integrator, controller. Signal to noise ratio: Definition and scope

(B) Mass Spectrometry

Definitions: mass, mass-to-charge ratio, resolution, accuracy, isotope
distributions. Theoretical principles, Ionization processes: EI, CI, FAB,
MALDI. Instrument components: Mass analyzers: sectors, time-of-
flight, quadrupole, ion traps MS/MS and tandem instruments.
Behaviour of various classes of compounds in mass spectrometry and
interpretation of mass spectra and applications to chemical analysis.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Grob B “Basic Electronics” 8th Ed (1997) McGraw Hill

2. Petruzella FD “Essentials of Electronics” 2nd Ed (1999) Mc Graw
Hill
3. Skoog AD, Leary JJ “Principles of Instrumental Analysis” 4 th Ed
(1992) Saunders College Publishing
4. Barker J and Ando DJ “Mass Spectrometry” Analytical Chemistry
by Open Learning 2nd Ed (1998)
5. Hoffmann E and Stroobant V “Mass Spectrometry: Principles and
Applications” Wiley 2nd Ed (2001)
6. Silverstein RM, Webster FX and Kiemle D “Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds” 7th Ed (2005) John Wiley
and Sons.

CHM-622: ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND

INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL SEPARATION
Credit Hours: (3 + 0)

(A) Electroanalytical Chemistry

Electrical Double Layer: Interface, interphase, a look into the
interphase, OHP and IHP, contact adsorption, Gibbs surface excess,
potential differences across metal solution interfaces, outer and surface
potentials difference, electrochemical potential difference, interfacial
tension, electrocapillary thermodynamics, Lippmann‟s equation,
Helmholtz- Perrin model, Guoy- Chappmann model, Stern model and
Bockris-Devanathan-Muller model, charge density, differential
capacitance, shape of charge capacitance curve, and the capacitance
hump.

51
Electrode Kinetics: Electrochemical devices, charge transfer process
in the presence and absence of electrical field, the overpotential, Butler-
Volmer Equation, the idea of equilibrium exchange current density, the
symmetry factor, high filed and low filed approximations, Tafel
equation and Nernst equation. Introduction to electroanalytical
techniques, review of electrochemical cells, cell potentials, electrode
potentials, currents in electrochemical cell, types of electroanalytical
methods.

Non-Potentiometric Electroanalysis
Polarography and voltammetry, electrodes, polarographic principles,
excitation signals in voltammetry, linear scan voltammetry, pulse
polarographic and voltammetric methods, stripping methods, and cyclic
voltammetry.

(B) Introduction to Analytical Separations

Introduction to various separation techniques (precipitation, distillation,
extraction, lypholization and chromatography)
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Instrument, stationary phases, mobile phases, HPLC columns,
applications of HPLC
Gas Chromatography
Instrument, stationary phases, mobile phases, GC columns, types of
detectors, application of GC.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

6. Bockris JOM and Reddy AKN “Modern Electrochemistry” Vol I

and II , 4th Ed. (2003) Plenum Press, London.
7. Bockris JOM and Draziac D “Electrochemical Science” (1972)
Taylor and Fracis, London
8. Bockris JOM, Bonciocat N and Guttmann F “An introduction to
Electrochemical Science” (1974) Wykeham Publication, London
9. Bockris JOM and Fredlein RA “A Workbook of Electrochemistry”
(1973) Plenum Press, New York
10. Skoog AD, Holler FJJ and Nieman TA “Principles of Instrumental
Analysis” 5th Ed (1997) Saunders College Publishing, New York
Snyder LR and. Kirkland JJ “Introduction to Modern Liquid
Chromatography” 2nd Ed (1979) Wiley-Interscience

52
CHM-622.1: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (OPTIONAL,
IN LIEU OF 622)
Credit Hours: (3+0)
Transformation of Chemicals into Drugs
Physiochemical Properties In Relation To Biological Action: Complex
events between drug administration and drug action. Solubility,
partition coefficient and drug-receptor interactions

Factors Influencing Dosage Formations: Disintegration, dissolution and

absorption of drugs, their pre-requisites, Effective blood level, Placebo
effects, MIC values etc. and Drug-drug interactions

Drug Metabolism: Factors influencing metabolism of drugs. Site of

metabolism, Metabolic changes in GI tract, Types of metabolic
reactions and Reactions based on functional groups.
Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR): Chemical structure in relation
to biological activity of molecules, stereochemical factors, prodrugs,
isosters and pharmacophore groups.

Synthesis, physical and chemical properties, mode of action, SAR

studies and toxicity of the following drugs
Sulfa drugs: Sulfa drugs in current therapy (human and veterinary use).
Drugs acting on NIDDM: Sulfonylureas. Antibiotics: Penicillin and
related compounds, cephalosporins, tetracyclines chloramphenicol and
quinolones. Antiviral agents and antineoplastic agents. Histamines and
antihistamines: H1 and H2-receptor antagonists, development of H3
receptors and proton pump inhibitors.
Anti-malarial drugs, Analgesics (peripheral as well as centrally acting),
local anesthetics

Recent trends in drug development: Quantitative structure activity

relationship (OSAR), computer models and stimulations with examples
including a case study of at least one drug.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Burger A “Medicinal Chemistry” 4th Ed Wiley Interscience New

York
2. Burger A “Medicinal Chemistry” 5th Ed Wiley Interscience New
York
3. Gisvold W and Lippincott Doerge “A Text Book of Organic
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry” 9th Edition

53
4. Korolkovas and Burckhaliter “Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry”
Wiley Interscience New York
5. Jenkins GL et al. “The Chemistry of Organic Medicinal Products”
Wiley Interscience New York
6. Clarks ECG “Isolation and Identification of Drugs” Vol I and II
The Pharmaceutical Press, London

CHM-632: SPECTROSCOPY –II

Credit Hours: (3+0)
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Energy transitions in molecules, types of electronic transitions in
molecules (n- π, π- π *, σ-σ* etc.), selection rules, Beer‟s Lambert law
and electronic spectra, explanation of bathochromic, hypsochromic
shifts, fundamentals of the optical components of spectrometers,
radiation sources, monochromators based on Czerny Turner mounting,
and echelle gratings, detectors, photometric accuracy and high
precision techniques, spectrophotometric errors, analysis of
multicomponent analysis and derivative spectroscopy, diode array
spectrophotometers.

Infrared Spectrophotometry
Interaction of infrared radiation with molecules, types of molecular
vibrations, selection rules, instrumentation, optical materials, sources,
detectors used in IR spectroscopy. Interfometric (Fourier Transform)
spectrophotometers, calibration and standardization and preparation of
samples for the analysis of solids, liquids and gases

Luminescence Spectrometry (Fluorescence, Phosphorescence &

Chemiluminescence):
Introduction, types of luminescence, energy levels in luminescent
molecules, Process involving excited states i.e. absorption, vibrational
relaxation, internal conversion, fluorescence, intersystem crossing and
phosphorescence. Instrumentation for fluorescence measurements and
phosphoresce measurements, excitation and emission spectra,
luminescence efficiency and factors affecting it, post and pre-filter
effects. Mathematical relationship between luminescence and
concentration and analytical applications

Atomic Spectroscopy
(a) Atomic Absorption: Flame and Electrothermal Atomization
Methods
Sample atomization, types and sources of atomic spectra, radiation
sources (Hollow cathode lamp, Electrode discharge lamp), burners and

54
nebulizers, atomization cells (flames and graphite furnace), atomic
absorption spectroscopy, flame emission spectroscopy. Interferences
and their control, cold vapor for mercury and hydride generation
techniques for trace analysis of metals. Background correction by
deuterium lamp, Smith Hieftje technique and Zeeman effect.

(b) Emission spectroscopy

Use of Grotrian diagram, the phenomenon of flame emission and
interferences encountered in flame emission, emission spectroscopy
based on plasma sources and ICP spectrometer, simultaneous analysis
of elements by ICP

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Skoog AD, Holler FJJ, Nieman TA “Principles of Instrumental

Analysis” 5th Ed (1997) Saunders College Publishing, New York
2. Willard HH, Merrit LL, Dean JA and Settle FA “Instrumental
Methods of Analysis” 7th Ed (1988) Wadsworth Publishers
3. Christian GD, O‟Reilly JE “Instrumental Analysis” 2 nd Ed (1986)
Allyn and Bacon, Inc
4. Rousseac F and Rousseac A “Chemical Analysis-Modern
Instrumentation Methods and Techniques” (2000) Wiley
5. Braun RD "Introduction to Instrumental Analysis" (1987) Mc
Graw Hill, New York
6. Strobel HA "Chemical Instrumentation: Systematic Approach to
Instrumental Analysis" (1989) Wiley, New York
7. Banwell CN and Mc Cash EM “Fundamentals of Molecular
Spectroscopy” (1994) Tata Mc Graw Hill

CHM-642: CLASSICAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Credit Hours (0+3) (Laboratory Course)

This laboratory course is based on the analysis of real samples using

mainly titrimetric and gravimetric methods of analysis. The techniques
include neutralization titrations, redox titrations, complexometry, ion-
exchange chromatography and gravimetry.
 Determination of acetic acid in vinegar.
 Calcium in eggshell by back titration.
 Determination of magnesium hydroxide in milk of magnesia.
 Calcium in milk by EDTA back-titration
 Analysis of copper by complexometric titration.
 Analysis of a mixture of Mg and Mn by EDTA
 Temporary and Permanent hardness of water.

55
 Determination of copper by iodometry.
 Determination of ascorbic acid in vitamin tablets
 Determination of sodium hypochlorite in commercial bleach by
iodometry
 Winkler titration for the determination of oxygen in water
 Separation of two cations by anion exchange chromatography.
 Total cations in water by cation exchange chromatography.
 Gravimetric determination of copper as CuO.
 Homogenous precipitation of Fe as Fe2O3.
Other new experiments will be incorporated depending upon the
availability of reagents and apparatus.
Weekly Seminars and Student Presentations: Based on theoretical
and practical topics related to titrimetry, gravimetry, laboratory safety
and proper usage and calibration of laboratory glassware.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Laitinen, HA “Chemical Analysis: An Advanced Text and
Reference” (1960) Mc Graw Hill, New York
2. Harris D “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1998) W.H.
Freeman and Company
3. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD and Thomas MJK “Vogel‟s
Quantitative Analysis” 6th Ed (2000) Prentice Hall
4. Mendham J, Dodd D and Cooper D “Classical Methods” Vol I and
II (1987) (ACOL series) London

CHM-652 CLINICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (0 + 3) (Laboratory Course)

 Quantitative analysis of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and inorganic

phosphorus in serum.
 Analysis of serum glucose by o-toluidine and copper reduction
method.
 Analysis of NPN i.e. creatinine, urea-N and uric acid in serum.
 Determination of serum cholesterol concentration.
 Analysis of serum iron and TIBC.
 Determination of protein (total, albumin and globulin) in serum.
 Analysis of salicylate in serum.
 Determination of serum amylase activity.
 Determination of hemoglobin (as oxyhemoglobin and
cyanomethemoglobin).

56
 Analysis of mercury in urine.
 Determination of concentration of lead in blood.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry experiments based on:

Soil, sludge, sediment and dust, analysis, analysis of plant materials,
determination of organic pollutants in water by gas/liquid
chromatography, analysis of toxic heavy metals in environmental
samples by atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Nobert and Tietz W “Textbook of Clinical Chemistry” 2nd Ed

(1994) WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia
2. Kaplan A and Szabo LL “Clinical Chemistry: Interpretation and
Techniques” 3rd Ed (1988) Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
3. Bender GT “Principles of Chemical Instrumentation” (1987) WB
Saunders Company, Philadelphia

57
 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER- VII
CHM-617: KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF INORGANIC
REACTIONS
Credit Hours: (3+0)
Revision of Basic Concepts of Reaction Kinetics with Particular
Reference to the Effect of Concentrations of Reacting Species (Order
of Reaction) Temperature and Pressure (Entropy, Enthalpy and Volume
of Activation), Ionic Strength and Diffusion Controlled Rates. Methods
of Measurement of Reaction Rates of Slow Reactions, Initial Rate
Methods, Absorbance, Conductance and other Conventional
Techniques. Fast Reactions Using Stopped-flow, Pulse Radiolysis,
Flash Photolysis and Relaxation Methods (T-jump and p- jump). Rate
Law and Reaction Mechanism, Single and Multi Term Rate Laws,
Fractional and Inverse Order Reactions and their Implications on
Mechanism. Steady- State Approximation and Rapid Equilibrium Prior
to Rate Determining Step.

Dissociative and Interchange Mechanisms. Effects of Non-Labile

Ligands, Field Considerations, Solvent Effects, Activation Parameters.
Selected Examples from Octahedral and Square Planar Systems.
Oxidation Reduction Reactions Precursor & Successor Complexes
Inner-Sphere & Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer Reactions. Factors
Contributing to Activation Energy in the Pre-Exponential and
Exponential Terms. Adiabatic and Non-Adiabatic Electron Transfer,
Marcus-Hush Theory.

Catalysis (Homogeneous and Heterogeneous) of Organic Reactions by

Inorganic Systems. 16 and 18 Electron Rule, Oxidative Addition,
Reductive Elimination and Free Radical Mechanisms. Selected
Examples.

Photochemistry; Key Definitions (Fluorescence, Phosphorescence)

Inter System Crossing, Quantum Efficiency, Einstein, Stern-Volmer
Plots etc.) Jablorski‟s Diagram Modes of Excitation of Transition Metal
Complexes.

Selection Rules: Thermal and Anti-Thermal Substitution Reactions,

Photo Chemically Induced Redox Reactions. Attempts to Split Water
Molecule for H2 Production Using Solar Energy.

58
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Shriver DF, Atkins PW and Langford CH “Inorganic Chemistry”
(1994) Oxford University Press
2. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bockhmann M “Basic
Inorganic Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1987) John Wiley and Sons, Inc
3. Holliday K and Massey AG “Inorganic Chemistry in Non-Aqueous
Solvents” (1985) Pergamon Press
4. Bond GC “Heterogeneous Catalysis” 2nd Ed (1987) Clarendon
Press Oxford
5. John B “Metal Ions in Solution” (1978) Chichester Ellis Howard
6. Cox and Camp TJ “Introduction of Photochemistry” (1971) Mc
Graw Hill New York
7. Richard PW “Principles and Applications of Photochemistry”
(1988) Oxford University Press
8. Atwood JD “Inorganic and Organometallic Reaction Mechanisms”
2nd Ed (1950) Wiley VCH
9. Jordan RB “Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic and Organometallic
Systems” 2nd Ed (1991) Oxford University Press, Inc

CHM-627: CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL COMPLEXES

Credit Hours: (3+0)
(i) Symmetry and Group Theory
Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations, Point Groups and
Classification of Molecules According to Point Group, Multiplicity
Rule, Character Table and its Importance, Reducible and Irreducible
Characters, Applications of Group Theory on Atomic Orbitals and
Molecular Orbitals, Detection of Hybrid Orbitals by Group Theory,
Reducible Representations and Prediction of I. R. and Raman Spectra
and their Selection Rules, Prediction of Chirality and Optical Activity
of the Molecules by Using their Point Groups.

(ii) Magnetic Properties of the Metal Complexes

The Importance of Magnetism in Transition Element Chemistry, Origin
of Paramagnetic Moment, Diamagnetism, Magnetic Susceptibility,
Magnetic Moments from Magnetic Susceptibility, Ferromagnetism and
antiferromagnetism in complexes.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Shriver DF, Atkins PW and Langford CH “Inorganic Chemistry”
(1994) Oxford University Press
2. Hill JW and Petrucci RH “General Chemistry” (1996) Prentice-
Hall Inc

59
3. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bockhmann M
“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” (1999) John Wiley and Sons, Inc
4. Basolo F and Johnson RC “Coordination compounds: The
Chemistry of Metal Complexes” (1964) W. A. Benjamin, Inc
5. Kettle SFA “Coordination compounds” (1969) Thomas Nelson
and Sons, Ltd
CHM-637: MATERIAL SCIENCE AND MARINE CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)

(i) Material Science

The International Tables for Crystallography, Close Packing and
Eutactic Structures Framework Nets and Topologies of Extended
Solids, Powder Diffraction I - Peak Positions, Powder Diffraction II -
Peak Intensities, Electrostatic Interactions & Ionic Bonding, Pauling's
Rules and The Bond Valence Method, Atomic Orbitals, Periodic
Trends and Covalent Bonding, Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory, Band
Theory (LCAO Approach), Electronic Conductivity: Metals and
Semiconductors, Optical Properties I: Gemstones & Pigments, Optical
Properties II: Phosphors, Lasers & Displays. Magnetism & Magnetic
Materials. Dielectric Properties and Materials. Ionic Conductivity &
Solid Electrolytes Solid Electrolytes: Batteries, Fuel Cells and
Sensors.Transition Metal Oxides I: Perovskites. Transition Metal
Oxides II: Rock Salt and Rutile.
(ii) Marine Chemistry
Introduction to Oceanography; Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry;
Physical and Chemical Properties of Sea Water, Organic Matter and
Energy Fluxes, Carbon Dioxide Intake and Transformation, Major
Minor and Trace Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Sea Water and
Sediments and their Impacts on Biota; Renewable Energy Sources,
Industrial and Environmental Aspects of Arabian Sea. Geochemistry
and geochemical distribution of elements in coastal areas of Pakistan.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Weller MT “Inorganic Material Chemistry” (1994) Oxford Science
Publications, Oxford University Press
2. Shriver DF, Atkins PW and Langford CH “Inorganic Chemistry”
(1994) Oxford University Press
3. Olmsted J and Williams GM “Chemistry: The Molecular
Science” 1994) Mosby-Year Book, Inc

60
4. Buchner W, Schliebs R and Winter G “Industrial Inorganic
Chemistry” (1989) KH Buchel
5. Perry “Chemical Engineering Hand Book” 3 rd Ed (1950) Mc Graw
Hill Inc, New York
6. Hester RE, Harrison RM “Chemistry in the Marine Environment”
(2000) Royal Society of Chemistry
7. Millero FJ “Chemical Oceanography” 3rd Ed (2005) CRC Press
8. Sammartano S, Gianguzza A and Pelizzetti E “Chemistry of
Marine Water and Sediments” 1st Ed (2002) Springer

CHM-647: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Credit Hours: (0+3)

This laboratory course would be based on the introduction of

fundamental techniques of instrumental analysis. The instruments
include single beam spectrophotometer, double beam
spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, fluorimeter,
ion chromatograph and high performance liquid chromatograph and
introduction to statistical treatment of analytical data. Determination of
wavelength of maximum absorption, construction of calibration curves
by Beer‟s law, standard addition method, Internal standard method,
photometric titrations, simultaneous determination of metals ions,
Determination of metal-to ligand ratio by Job‟s plot and molar ratio
method, trace analysis by atomic absorption using flame, hydride
generation for As and cold vapor technique (for Hg), fluorometric
determination of acetylsalicylic acid in analgesic tablets, analysis of
mixture by HPLC or ion chromatography.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Harris D “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1998) W. H.

Freeman and Company
2. Mendham J, Denney RC, Barnes JD and Thomas MJK “Vogel‟s
Quantitative Analysis” 6th Ed (2000) Prentice Hall
3. Marr G and Rockett BW “Practical Inorganic Chemistry” (1972)
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
4. Pass G and Sutcliffe H “Practical Inorganic Chemistry:
Preparations, Reactions and Instrumental Methods” 2 nd Ed (1974)
Chapman and Hall
5. Pass G and Sutcliffe H “Practical Inorganic Chemistry:
Preparations, Reactions and Instrumental Methods” 3 rd Ed (1985)
Chapman and Hall

61
CHM-657: CLASSICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Credit Hours: (0+3)

1. Analysis of Caustic Soda, Washing Soda, Fe +2, Fe+3 in a Mixture,

Fe+2, Fe+3 and Al+3 in a Mixture, H2O2 as Oxidizing Agent, H2O2
as Reducing Agent, HCl and H2SO4 in a Mixture, HCl and H3BO3
in a Mixture, H2SO4 and H2C2O4. 2H2O in a Mixture, Ca+2 and
Mg+2 in a Mixture, H2SO4, H2C2O4. 2H2O and Na2C2O4. 2H2O in a
Mixture.

2. Determination of Formula of an Unknown Compound.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Jeffery GH, Bassett J, Mendham and Denny RC “Vogel‟s

Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1989)
Longman group UK Ltd
2. Marr G and Rockett BW “Practical Inorganic Chemistry” (1972)
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
3. Pass G and Sutcliffe H “Practical Inorganic Chemistry:
Preparations, Reactions and Instrumental Methods” 3 rd Ed (1985)
Chapman and Hall
4. Wesly WE “Industrial Water Pollution Control” (2000) Mc Graw
Hill New York

62
 SEMESTER- VIII
CHM-618: APPLICATIONS OF INSTRUMENTAL
TECHNIQUES
Credit Hours: (3+0)

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Theory, Various Techniques,

Applications and Problems related to ESR.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Specroscopy: Theory, Techniques,
Applications and Problems related to NMR.
Rotational and Vibrational Spectroscopy: Infra red and Raman
Spectroscopy Theories and derivation of related equations.
Characterization of complexes with respect to IR and Raman Spectra.
Detection of Functional Groups and study of Finger Print Region.

UV-Visible Spectra of Transition Metal complexes with Reference to

d-d Transitions. Interpretation of Spectra of Complexes with the help of
Tanabe Sugano Diagram.
Basics of Chromatography; Applications off Thin Layer
Chromatography (TLC), High performance Liquid Chromatography
HPLC, and Gas Chromatography (GC) to various inorganic and
organometallic compounds.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Lee JD “Concise Inorganic Chemistry” Chapman and Hall 5 th Ed
(1995)
2. Shriver DF, Atkins PW, and Langford CH “Inorganic Chemistry”
(1994) Oxford University Press
3. Harrington TJ and Earnshaw A “The Chemistry of the
Transition Elements” (1973) Oxford University Press
4. Banwell CN “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy” (1983)
Tata McGraw Hill New Delhi
5. Pople CP “Electron Spin Resonance” (1967) John Wiley, New
York
6. Choppins GR and Rayberg, J “Nuclear Chemistry and
Application” 1st Ed (1989) Pergaman Press, Oxford New York
7. Barrow GM “Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy” (1962) Mc
Graw Hill New York
8. Ayscough PB “Electron Spin Resonance in Chemistry” (1967)
Methuan and Co. London
9. Pople JA “High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance” (1959)
McGraw Hill

63
CHM-628: ORGANOMETALLIC COMPLEXES AND
INORGANIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)

(i) Organometallic Complexes

Olefein Complexes. Cyclopentadienyl Compounds. Arene Metal
Compounds Carbocylic Compounds. Heterocyclic Sandwitch
Compounds. Carbene Complexes. Alkyne and Allyl Complexes and
Their Spectroscopic Explanation and Characterization. Application of
Molecular Orbital Theory.

(i) Inorganic Industrial Chemistry

Nitrogen Containing Explosive, Initiators and propellant; Zeolites and
clays as sorbent; Water Conditioning, water treatment; sewage and
dissolved gases treatment; Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potash in
agriculture, Sulfur in Pulp and Paper Industry; Corrosion and Corrosion
inhibitors; Quality and uses of salts of marine, rock and lake origin;
Carbon dioxide and Green house gases, Chloralkali Industry, Cement
and Concrete Products; Fuel Cells;; Extractive metallurgy; Solid State
Technologies, Sol-Gel, Magnetic materials and Superconductors;
Materials for electronics

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bockhmann M
“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1987) John Wiley and
Sons, Inc
2. Cotton FA, Wilkinson G, Murillo CA and Bockhmann M “Basic
Inorganic Chemistry” 2nd Ed (1987) John Wiley and Sons, Inc
3. Bochmann M “Organometallics: Complexes with Transition
Metal-Carbon σ-Bond” (1994) Oxford University Publications
4. Basolo F and Johnson RC “Coordination Chemistry: The
Chemistry of Metal Complexes” (1964) W. A. Benjamin, Inc
5. Swaddle TW “Inorganic Chemistry: An Industrial and
Environmental Perspective” (1997) Academic Press
6. Buchner W, Schliebs R and Winter G “Industrial Inorganic
Chemistry” (1989) KH Buchel
7. Buchel KH, Moretto HH and Woditsch P “Industrial Inorganic
Chemistry” 2nd Ed (2000) Wiley-VCH

64
CHM-638: BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)
Development and Importance of Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, Introduction
to Metals of Biological Importance, Role of Different Metals in
Biological System, Metal Deficiencies and Metal Overload in
Biological System, Metalloproteins: Transferrin and Ferritin, Iron
Sulphur Proteins, Iron Transport Mechanism, Protein Peptides,
Metallo-enzymes and Metal activated enzymes, Carbonic anhydrase,
Carboxy Peptidase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Chlorin and Porphyrin Metal
Complexes, Cytochrome, Myoglobin and Haemoglobin, Haemocyanin,
Vitamin B12, Oxygen carriers, Nitrogen Fixation, Chelation Therapy
and Metallotherapy Photosynthesis.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Hay RW “Bio-inorganic Chemistry” (1987) Ellis Horwood
Limited
2. Lippard S J and Berg JM “Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry”
University Science Books
3. Das AK “A Text book on Medicinal Aspects of Bio-Inorganic
Chemistry” (1909) CBS Publishers and Distributors
4. Cox PA “The Elements on Earth: Inorganic Chemistry in
theEnvironment” (1995) Oxford University Press
5. Hay RW “Bio-inorganic Chemistry” Ellis Harwood Limited
(1987)
6. Lippard SJ and Berg JM “Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry”
(1994) University Science Books

CHM-648: SYNTHESIS, ANALYSIS AND

CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSITION METAL
COMLEXES
Credit Hours: (0+3)

1. Synthesis and characterization of K3Feox)3. 3H2O,

Cophen)3Br2, trans-Coen)2 Cl2 and cis- Coen)2 Cl2,
NH4CrNH3)2NCS)4.xH2O,CoNH3)5ClCl2,
CoNH3)5ONOCl2 and CoNH3)5NO2Cl2

2. Ion exchange separation of chromium complexes.

65
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Adams DM and Raynor JB “Advanced Practical Inorganic
Chemistry” (1965) John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
2. Pass G and Sutcliffe H “Practical Inorganic Chemistry” 2nd Ed
(1974) Chapman and Hall Ltd
3. Girolami GS, Rauchfuss TB and Angelici RJ “Synthesis and
Techniques in Inorganic Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual” 3 rd Ed
University Science Books Sausalito, CA
4. Woollins JD “Inorganic Experiments” (1994) VCH Publisher, Inc
5. Shriver DF, Atkins PW and Langford CH “Inorganic Chemistry”
(1994) Oxford University Press
6. Vogel AI “A Textbook of Inorganic Quantitative Analysis” (1987)
Longman.

CHM-658: ANALYSIS OF REAL SAMPLES USING

STATISTICAL METHODS
Credit Hours: (0+3)
The laboratory course is based on the analysis of real samples using
mainly titrimetric and gravimetric methods of analysis. The techniques
include neutralization titrations, redox titrations, complexometry, ion-
exchange chromatography and gravimetry. Accuracy and precision of
results will be checked using different statistical and computational
methods by performing experiments using more than one method.

Analysis of Acetic Acid in Vinegar, Calcium in Eggshell by Back

Titration, Calcium in Milk by EDTA Back-Titration, Mixture of Mg+2
and Mn+2 by EDTA, Copper by Iodometry, Copper by Complexometric
Titration, Magnesium Hydroxide in Milk of Magnesia, Ascorbic Acid
in Vitamin Tablets, Sodium Hypochlorite in Commercial Bleach by
Iodometry, Temporary and Permanent Hardness of Water, Total
Cations in Water by Cation Exchange Chromatography, Copper as
CuO by Gravimetry, Separation of Two Cations by Anion Exchange
Chromatography. Homogenous Precipitation of Fe as Fe 2O3.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Marr G and Rockett BW “Practical Inorganic Chemistry” (1972)

Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
2. Reif F “Statistical Physics-Berkeley Physics Course” (1965 )New
York McGraw Hill

66
3. Grant GH and Richard WG “Computational Chemistry” Oxford
Science Publications
4. Vogel AI “A Textbook of Inorganic Quantitative Analysis” (1987)
Longman

CHM-638.1: INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (3+0)

Optional Course Offered in lieu of CHM-638

Review of Basic Chemical Principles and Nomenclature; Introduction
to Environmental Chemistry with a Discussion of Elemental Cycles.
Aquatic Chemistry: Metal Ions, and Suspensions; Complexation and
Chelation; Common Pollutants (Agricultural and Biological
Interactions); Redox Chemistry in Aqueous Systems and pE; Solubility
(Equilibrium, States, Aqueous Interactions, etc.); Colloidal Particle
Formation and Related Interactions; Heavy Metal and Other
Contributions to Pollution (including Pesticides); Role of Halogenated
Hydrocarbons in Pollution; Water Pollution and Treatment from a
Chemical Standpoint; Interactions with Atmosphere, Soil, and Other
Interfaces. Geospheric Chemistry: Soil Chemistry; Ion-Exchange;
Acidity and Basicity in Soil; Transport and Interactions; Chemical
Interaction; Participation in Cycles. Atmospheric Chemistry:
Significance, Physical and Chemical Make-up, and Characteristics;
Chemical Interactions in the Atmosphere; Photochemistry,
Atmospheric Cycles S, N, O, C, X (Halogen) and other Specific
Interactions; Particulate Composition, Chemistry, Transport, and
Reactions; Significance of Emissions; Ozone Degradation. Tangential
Subjects: Speciation of Environmental Components; Significance of
Elemental Species; Detection of Species; Measurement of Species.
Special Topics: Anthropogenic Identification by Application of Modern
Statistical Tools.
Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA); Quality Control
Methods: Environmental Quality Management System ISO 14000;
Requirements, Conformances, Non Conformance; Audits and Audit
Stages; Role and Responsibilities of Lead Auditor, Detection-
Prevention and Waste Minimization, Industrial Environmental
Problems; ISO 9000 and Other Specific ISO Methods.

67
BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Swaddle TW “Inorganic Chemistry: An Industrial and

Environmental Perspective” (1997) Academic Press
2. Buchner W, Schliebs R and Winter G “Industrial Inorganic
Chemistry” (1989) KH Buchel
3. Buchel KH, Moretto HH and Woditsch P “Industrial Inorganic
Chemistry” 2nd Ed (2000) Wiley-VCH
4. Manahan SE “Environmental Chemistry” 7th Ed (2004) CRC
Press; New York
5. Gianguzza A, Pelizzetti E and Sammartano S “Marine Chemistry:
An Environmental Analytical Chemistry Approach” (1997)
Springer
6. Howard G “Aquatic Environmental Chemistry” (1998) Oxford
University Press, USA
7. Sparks DL “Environmental Soil Chemistry” 2nd Ed (2002)
Academic Press
8. Cresser M, Killham K, Edwards A, Campbell PGC, Harrison RM
and De Mora SJ “Soil Chemistry and its Applications” (1993)
Cambridge University Press
9. Dragun J “Soil Chemistry of Hazardous Materials” (1988)
Hazardous Materials Control
10. Goetsch DL and Davis SB “ISO 14000: Environmental
Management” 1st Ed (2000) Prentice Hall
11. Gitlow HS “Quality Management Systems: A Practical Guide”
(2000) CRC Press.

68
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER- VII
CHM-613: SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ORGANIC
MOLECULES
Credit Hours (3+0)

BASIC
Energy and electromagnetic spectrum, Units, Absorption of
electromagnetic radiations by organic molecules, Atoms and molecules
absorb light of certain wavelength, Understanding the origin of
vibrational, rotational and electronic spectra. Determination of the
energy difference between rotational, vibrational and electronic energy
levels of molecules.

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: BASIC CONCEPTS

Applications, Bond Properties and absorption mechanism,
Instrumentation-I.R. Spectrometer, FT-IR, Sampling, Distinction
between two different functional group isomers by I.R, Distinction
between position isomers of alkenes, alkynes and derivatives of
benzene, Interpretation of spectra, Factors affecting the absorption
frequency of various functional groups: Conjugation effect, Ring size
effect with internal double bond and external double bond,
Hybridization effect and substituent effect, Stretching vibration
frequency of carbonyl group in ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acids,
esters, amides, acid chlorides, anhydride, amine, nitrile and imines,
sulphur, phosphorus compounds and problems.
1
HNMR-NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RRESONANCE
Chemical shifts; factors affecting chemical shifts. Spin-spin coupling,
Coupling Constants; Mechanism of coupling, One bond coupling ( 1J),
Two bond coupling (2J)(Gem Vicinal Coupling), Three bond coupling
(3J-Vicinal Coupling), Long Range coupling, Magnetic Equivalence,
Failure of N+1 Rule, Mechanism of coupling in alkenes (Allylic
Coupling), Protons on alcohols and nitrogen, Spin system notation (A2,
AB and AX spin System, AB2, -----AX2 and A2B2---A2X2 spin systems),
Homotopic, Enantiotopic nd Diastereotopic system, Spin-spin-
decoupling method.

Pulsed Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy: Sensitivity, Rotating

frame of Reference, Free Induction Decay, Setting Pulse Width,
Adjustment of Pulse Frequency, Phase Corrections, Double Resonance,
Off-Resonance Decoupling.

69
CARBON-13-NMR INTRODUCTION
13
C-Nucleus, Interpretation of 13C Spectra (Peak assignment), Chemical
Shifts, Calculations of 13C Chemical shifts, Proton-coupled 13C-
spectra;spin-spin splitting of 13C, Proton-decoupled 13C Spectra, NOE
(Nuclear-Overhausev-Enhancement), Molecular relaxation process,
Sample-spectra-equivalent Carbon, C-13 NMR solvent, Hetero-nuclear
coupling of carbon to deuterium and problems (elucidation of structures
of organic compounds by 1H or 13C-NMR spectra).

ULTRA VIOLET SPECTROSCOPY

Nature of electronic excitation, Principles of absorption spectroscopy,
Instrumentations, Chromophores: Effect of conjugation, Woodwords
Fieser rules of dienes, Calculations of λmax, α-β unsaturated
compounds, Substituents with unshared electrons and problems.

MASS SPECTROSCOPY
a. Ionization: Ion Source and Methods of ionization (EI, CI, FI, FD,
FAB, Plasma desorption, Laser desorption), SIMS (Secondary Ion
Mass Spectroscopy)

b. High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy, Molecular Mass by isotopic

atoms

c. GC-Mass Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Columns Carrier gases,

Stationary Phases.

d. LC-Mass Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Types of Interfaces,

Thermal Spray Interface, Moving belt interface, Continuous Flow,
FAB Coupling, Electron Spray, Ion Spray.

e. Problems in Mass Spectroscopy.

COMBINED STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS BASED ON

SPECTRAL DATA
Minimum 20 problems.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Pavia.DL, Lampman GL and Kriz GS “Introduction to

Spectroscopy: A Guide for students of Organic Chemistry” 3 rd Ed
(2001) Saunders College Publishing/Hott.Rinehart and Winston
2. Silverstein.RM, Bassler GC and Morrill TC “Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds” 4th Ed (1981)John Wiley
and Sons, Inc

70
3. Kemp W “Organic Spectroscopy” 3rd Ed (1991) Macmillan
Education Ltd
4. Whittaker D “Interpretation Organic Spectra” (2000) The Royal
Society of Chemistry

CHM-623: ADVANCED ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM

(PART-1)
Credit Hours: (3+0)
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS
Introduction to Nucleophilic substitution reactions, Methods of
determining reaction mechanism: Kinetics methods; Collision theory
and transition state theory Chemical methods; Study of products, Study
of intermediates, trapping of intermediates, Stereo chemical studies,
Isotopic labeling, Kinetic isotopic effects (primary and secondary),
Crossover experiments, Hammett equation, thermodynamic and kinetic
control.
NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS AT
SATURATED CARBONS
SN1 and SN2 reactions: kinetics and characteristics, Mass law effect, Salt
effect, effect of solvents, Nucleophiles, Leaving groups, Substituents at
 and  carbons on SN1 and SN2 reactions. Ion pair mechanism and SN1
reactions, Borderline cases and allylic rearrangements, Neighboring
group participation; Neighboring group participation of electron rich
groups, Neighboring group participation by double bonds, Aromatic
rings and O bonds. SN1 and SN2 and SN1 mechanisms.

NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS AT

UNSATURATED
Nucleophillic substitution reactions at carbon-carbon double bond,
Nucleophillic substitution reaction and carbon-oxygen double bond:
reactivity, ractions and mechanism of acid derivatives with alcohols,
Water and amines, Chemistry of carbenes ; Structure and reactivity
Formations and reactions.

EXAMPLES OF NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION

REACTIONS
Reactions of carbon nucleophiles: Organometallic compounds;
Formation and reactions of Grignard reagent, Organosodium and
potassium compounds, Organocopper compounds and acetylides. Enols
and enolates and their quivalents; Formation and reactions ( alkylation,
acylation, halogenation and nitrosatin) of enols and enolates.

71
Thermodynamically and kinetically stable enolates and their reactions.
Scope and limitations of Claisen Ester condensation,
Dieckman reaction and thrope reaction, Reactions of oxygen
nucleophiles: Willamson‟s synthesis. Reaction of nitrogen
nucleophliles: reactions of amines, Gabriel‟s synthesis.

NUCLEOPHLIC SUBSTITUTIONS ANSMAHI

SNAr, Benzyne SN1 and SRN1 mechanisms
Aliphatic Electrophilic substitution reactions
SE1, SE2 and SEi reactions Examples

ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS

Reactivity of benzene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and
heterocyclic compounds (Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene and Pyridine)
Reactions and their mechanism- A comparative study of reagents and
reactions conditions of nitration, halogenation, sulphonation,
alkylation, acylation and nitrosation of benzene, polynuclear
hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds.
Examples of electrohillic aromatic substitution reactions, their
mechanism, scope and limitations: Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman
reaction, Gatterman- Koch reaction, Houben and Hoesch reaction,
Kolbe-Schmidt reaction, Riemer-Tieman reaction, Vilsmeyer
reaction, Diazocoupling recti on, .Ullman reaction, Ritter reaction.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”

(1986) Longman
2. Gould ES “Mechanism and Structure of Organic Chemistry”
(1959) Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc
3. March J “Advanced Organic chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms
and Structures” 4th Ed (1992) John Wiley and Sons Inc
4. Cleyden J, Greeves N, Warren S and Wothers P “Organic
Chemistry” ( 2001) Oxford University Press

CHM-633: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (3+0)
A: How chemical become drugs. How drugs act & why?
1 Physicochemical Properties in Relation to Biological Action.
Complex events between drug administration and drug action.
Solubility and partition coefficient. Drug-Receptor interactions.

72
2 Factors influencing dosage formulations. Disintegration &
dissolution. Absorption of drugs, its pre- requisites, effective blood
level, Placebo effects, MIC values etc. Drug-drug interactions

3 Drug Metabolism Factors influencing metabolism of drugs. Site of

metabolism, metabolic changes in GI tract. Types of metabolic
reactions. Reactions based on functional group.

4 Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Chemical Structure in relation

to Biological activity of molecules. Stereochemical factors in SAR.
Effect of various functional groups on the biological activity of
molecules. Prodrugs, Isosters and Pharmacophore groups.

B: Synthesis, Physical & Chemical Properties, Mode of action, SAR

studies and Toxicity of:

1 Sulfa drugs. Sulfa drugs in current therapy (Human and Veterinary

Veterinary use).
2 Drugs acting on NIDDM. Sulfonylureas.
3 Antibiotics. Penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines,
chloramphenicol, quinolones.
4 Anti-viral agents and anti-neoplastic agents.
5 Histamines and antihistamines. H1 and H2-receptor antagonists.
Proton pump inhibitors.
6 Antimalarials
7 Analgesics. (Peripheral as well as centrally acting)
8 Local Anaesthetics

C: Recent trends in drug development. Quantitative structure

activity relationship (QSAR), Computer Models & simulations
with examples (Case study of at least one drug).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Burger A “Medicinal Chemistry” 4th and 5th Ed Wiley Interscience

2. Gisvold W and Doerge “A Text Book of Organic Medicinal and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry” 9th Ed Lippincott
3. Korolkovas and Burckhaliter “Essentials of Medicinal Chemistry”
Wiley Interscience New York
4. Jenkins GL et al “The Chemistry of Organic Medicinal Products”
Wiley Interscience New York
5. Clarks ECG “Isolation and Identification of Drugs” Vol I and II
The Pharmaceutical Press, London

73
CHM-643: QUANTITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS
Credit Hours: (0+3)

A: DETERMINATION AND ESTIMATION OF SELECTED ELEMENTS IN

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY GRAVIMETRIC METHOD.
1 To estimate the percentage of sulfur.
2 To estimate the percentage of chloride.
3 To estimate the percentage of bromide.
4 To estimate the percentage of iodide.

B: ESTIMATION OF NITROGEN THROUGH MICRO

KJALDAHL METHOD.
C: TO ESTIMATE THE FOLLOWING.

1 Estimation of phenols by bromination method.

2 Estimation of -NH2 by acetylation method.
3 Estimation of -OH by acetylation method.
4 Percentage of amide group in the given organic sample.
5. Percentage and equivalent weight of unknown organic acids (2-3
samples).
6. Est. of ascorbic acid from given samples by oxidation method
7. Determination of steroids by UV spectrophotometric method.
8. Estimation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) by
UV spectrophotometric method.
9. Estimation of erythromycin by spectrophotometric method.
10. Determination of percentage of glucose by spectrophotometric
(o- toluidine) method.
11. Determination and estimation of -OH group in phenols by
spectrophotometric method.
12. Percentage of cholesterol in unknown samples by
spectrophotometric method.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Vogel AI “Quantitative Organic Analysis: Elementary Practical
Organic Chemistry part II”
2. Vogel AI “Quantitative Inorganic Analysis” (2000) ELBS
3. Casey M, Leonard J and Lygo B “Advanced Practical Organic
Chemistry” (1990) Blackie, Chapman and Hall New York

CHM-653: NATURAL PRODUCTS LABORATORY

Credit Hours: (0+3)

LITERATURE SURVEY PRESENTATIONS (ORAL AND WRITTEN)

74
PRACTICALS PERFORMANCE
1. Isolation and Identification of caffeine from tea leaves (using M.P,
TLC and HPLC).
2. Isolation and Identification of piperine from black pepper (using
M.P and TLC).
3. Isolation, identification and hydrolysis of casein from milk
(chemical tests and paper chromatographyof amino acids).
4. Isolation and Identification of cystine from human hair (using
paper chromatography and chemical tests).
5. Isolation of phosphates from milk.
6. Isolation and Identification of lactose from milk (using TLC, paper
chromatography and chemical tests).
7. Isolation and Identification of glucose from cane sugar (using
TLC, paper chromatography and chemical tests).
8. Isolation and Identification of starch from potato (using chemical
tests).
9. Isolation and Identification of mucic acid from milk.
10. Isolation and Identification of friedelin from cork (using HPLC).
11. Molecular modeling studies of friedelinol and epi-friedelin.
12. Isolation and Identification of azelaic acid from castor oil (using
Gas chromatography).
13. Isolalation of stigmasterol from soya beans.
14. Isolation and Identification (using UV-spectroscopy studies to
elaborate substitution pattern in flavinoids) of naringing from
grape fruit.
15. Isolation and Identification of hesperidine from orange peels (using
UV-spectroscopic studies).
16. Isolation and column chromatography of pigaments from spinach.
17. Isolation and Identification (using GCMS) of limonine and other
volatile compounds of orange peels by steam distillation.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Ikan R “A Laboratory Guide” (1969) Academic Press
2. Harbon TB “Phytochemical Methods” A Guide to Modern
Techniques of Plant Analysis 2nd and 3rd Ed (1988) Chapman

CHM 633.1: ADVANCED CHEMISTRY OF ALKALOIDS

Credit Hours: (0+3)

Introduction,Occurrence, Classification, Nomenclature, Physical and

Chemical properties. Detection, isolation and purification techniques.
Pharmacological importance of alkaloids. Biosynthesis of vinblastine,
ajmaline, jervine, imperialine and solanidine.snynthesis of ajmaline and

75
jervine. Stucture elucidation and Stereochemistry of following groups
of alkaloids by modern spectroscopic techniques(UV, IR, Mass 1H
NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, HOHAHA, NOESY)
a) Buxus, b) Veratrum, c) Indole, d) Diterpinoidal alkaloids

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. “The alkaloids Specialist Periodical Reports (All Volumes )” The
Chemical Society London
2. Manske “The Alkaloids” (Vol 1-33) Acedemic Press
3. Rehman A and Basha A “The Biogenesis Indole Alkaloids”
(1982) Oxford university press England
4. Cordell GA “Introduction to Alkaloids a Biogenetic Approach”
(1981) Wiley Inter Science Publications
CHM 633.2: CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS EXCULUDING ALKALOIDS
Credit Hours: (0+3)(OPTIONAL COURSE OFFERED IN LIEU OF CHM-633)
1. Derivatives of Ammonala.
2. Nitramines and Nitramides.
3. Amino Acids. Proteins, Peptides and Enzymes.
4. Aryl Nitrogen Compounds.
5. Dyes, Pigments and color photography.
a) Methods for applying Dyes to Fibers.
b) Commercial uses of Light Absorbing Compounds.
c) Color Photography.
6. Polymers.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Smith PAS “Open Chain Nitrogen Compounds” Benjamin Inc
2. Roberts and Caserio “Principles of Organic Chemistry”

76
 SEMESTER- VIII

CHM-614: ADVANCED ORGANIC REACTIONS

Credit Hours (3+0)
REACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS ACIDS AND
BASES
Bronsted theory and Lewis theory of acids and bases, Strength of acids
and conjugate acids of bases and Pka scales, Leveling effect of water.
Rate of acid base reactions using the table of Pka values to predict
equilibrium in chemical reactions, Pka values,The equilibrium
constants and free energy change in reaction, The effect of structural
change on acidity, Effect of the atom bonded to hydrogen, Influence of
inductive effect, Influence of resonance effect, Effect of hydrogen
bonding, Effect of hybridization, Influence of solvent on the strength of
acids, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur and halogen acids,General and
specific acid base catalysis, Differentiation between nucleophilicity and
basicity and acid base indicators (including spectroscopic indicators).

MOLECULAR REARRANGEMENT
Rearrangement of electron deficient system,Hofmann rearrangement,
Curtius and Lossen rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, Baeyer
rearrangement, Dakin rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement,
Rearrangement of peroxides, Pinacol rearrangement, Wagner
Meerwein rearrangement, Wolff rearrangement and Arndt-Eistert
synthesis, Rearrangement of electron rich system, Steven‟s
rearrangement, Wittig rearrangement, Somelet rearrangement,
Favorskii rearrangement ,Neber rearrangement, Benzil-benzilic acid
rearrangement, Allylic rearrangement, Neopentyl rearrangement and
Willgevot reaction.
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
Oxidation of common functional groups their procedures and
mechanisms, Oxidation by peroxides and hydrogen peroxide, Oxidation
by KMnO4 and osmimum tetraoxide,Oxidation by Iodine-Silver acetate
reagent, Ozonolysis, Oxidation by Chromium (IV) oxide and with
chromyl chloride, Oxidation by nitric acid, Oxidtion by selenium
oxide,Catalytic dehydrogenation,Reduction of common functional
groups and their mechanism, Reduction by addition of electron,
Reduction by hydride transfer and reduction by catalyzed addition of
molecular hydrogen.

77
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Principle of photochemical reactions, Photochemical reductions,
Photochemical addition, Photoaddition of alkenes to carbonyl
compounds,Photoaddition of alkenes and alkynes to aromatic
compounds, Photodimerisation of alkenes, conjugated dienes and
aromatic compounds, Photorearrangement, Cis trans isomerisation,
Intramolecular photocyclisation, Conjugated dienes, Cage compounds,
Sigmatropic rearrangement,Cyclohexadienone,Photodimerisation of
benzenoid compounds, Photooxidation, Formation of peroxy
compounds, Oxidative coupling of aromatic compounds,Photolysis of
carbonyl compounds, Photolysis of compounds containing the=N +=N-
group,Diazotization&alkylazides.

THE CHEMISTRY OF RADICALS

Introduction to the reaction of radicals, Comparison of the geometry
and stability of radicals, cations and anions, Methods of generating
radicals, Thermal cleavage, Photochemical cleavage from other radical
reaction. Redox reaction. Stable free radicals; factors influencing
reactivity and stability of radicals. The general radical reactions,
Radical coupling and disproportionation, Abstraction reaction
involving sigma bond. Addition of radical to common unsaturated
grouping, Radical chain reactions, Rearrangements, Formation of
carbon-halogen bond, Substitution in saturated compounds,
Substitution in allylic and benzylic compounds, the use of (NBS),
Addition to carbon multiple bonds, Bromodecarboxylation,
Iododecarboxylation, Formation of carbon-carbon bond,By addition to
carbon-carbon double bond, By intramolecular addition reaction, By
alkenyl and aryl addition, By polymerization of alkenes, By homolytic
aromatic substitution, Dimerization of alkyl radical: The Kolbi
electrolytic reaction, Dimerization of aryl radicals: The Ullmann
reaction, Pinacol reaction, A radical dimerisation, The acylion
synthesis, Formation of carbon-nitrogen bond, Nitration at saturated
carbon, By addition to carbon multiple bonds, Autoxidation, Oxidation
of phenols, Oxidative coupling of phenols, Phenols, Vitamin E & K as
antioxidants, Reduction and radical anions, Vinyl polymerization and
Biradicals.

6. Synthesis and reactions of following heterocyclics

a) Non aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing N, O & S i.e.,
Dioxane, Pyrolidine, Aziridine etc.
b) Aromatic heterocyclic compounds, Pyrrole, thiophane etc
c. Condensed aromatic heterocyclic compounds

78
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. March J “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanism and
Structure” 4th Ed (1992) John Wiley and Sons Inc
2. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”
(1986) Longman group Ltd.
3. Cleyden J, Greeves N, Warren S and Wothers P “Organic
Chemistry” (2001) Oxford University Press.
4. Parkimns AW and RC Poller “An Introduction to Organometallic
chemistry” (1986) Mac Millan Publishers, HongKong
5. Powell P “Principles of Organometallic Chemistry” (1988)
Chapman and Hall, London.
6. Pearson AJ “Metallo-organic Chemistry” (1985) John Wiley, New
York

CHM-624: ADVANCED ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM

PART- II
Credit Hours (3+0)

ELECTROPHILC & NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION TO

CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BONDS
Addition of halogens: Mechanism (ANTI & SYN), Effect of
substitutents on rate of addition, Orientation of addition, Addition of
unsymmetrical reagents (Addition of halogen derivatives, Hydration,
carbocations, Hydroxylation). Addition 0f symmetrical reagents
(Hydrogenation, Ozonolysis), Addition to conjugated dienes (1,2 &
1,4-addition, Dicls-Aldcr reaction), Nuclcophilic addition
(Cyanoethylation, Michael reaction). Oxymercuration and
demercuration, hydroboration etc. Regioselectivity, regiospecificity and
stereochemical aspects of addition products.

NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION TO CARBON-OXYGEN DOUBLE

BONDS
Electrophilic and nucleophilic reactivity of carbon-oxygen double
bond. Simple addition reactions:(Addition of water-Hydration,
Addition of alcohol, Addition of thiol, Addition of Hydrogen cyanide,
Addition of Bisulphate, Addition of hydride ions: Metal hydride ions,
Meerwein-Pondrof reaction, Cannizaro reaction; Addition-elimination
reactions: Derivatives of ammonia; Carbon as Nucleophile. Grignard
reagent, Acetylide anions, Aldol reactions, Nitroalkanes Perkin
reaction, Knoevenagel & Stobbe reactions, Benzoin condensation,
Leukart reaction, Streker syntllesis. Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl
analogues. Stereo selectivity in carbonyl addition reaction: Cram's
Rule.

79
MOLECULAR ORBITAL & ORGANIC REACTIONS
Pericyclic reactions, Frontier orbital theory. General description of the
Diels Alder reactions Dienes, dievophiles “the endo rule for the diels
Alder reactions Intermolecular Dicls Alder reactions. The woodward-
Hoffmann description of Diels Alderson

ELIMINATION REACTIONS
1,2-or -elimination, E1 mechanism, E1 CB mechanism, D2
mechanism: Stereochemistry in E2 mechanism, Orientation in E2
elimination (Saytzev elimination, Hofmann elimination, Bredt‟s
elimination) Elimination vs Substitution, Effect of activating groups,
1,1- () elimination, Pyrolytic elimination (Chugaev reaction, Cope
reaction).

CHEMISTRY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

Structure and bonding in transition and non-transition metal
compounds and complexes. Donar vs acceptor ligands and their effect
on the central metal atom. 16 and 18 electrons complexes. Complexes
or organic functionalities, olefins, acetylenes, arenas and their
reactivities. Oxidative additions and reaductive eliminations.
Applications of organometallic compounds usin Cu, Pd, Co, Fe, Ni, W,
Zn in organic synthesis: hydrogenation, isomerisation, coupling,
cyclisation, cycloaddition, carboxalation rearrangements.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Lowry TH and Richardson K.S “Mechanism and theory in Organic

Chemistry” (1976) Harper and Row
2. Sykes P “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry”
(1986) Longman
3. Gould ES “Mechanism and Streucture of Oranic Chemistry”
(1959) Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc
4. Streitwieser A and Heathocock CH “Introduction to Organic
Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1989) Macmillan Publishing Company
5. March J “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms
and Structures” 4th Ed (1992) John Wiley and Sons Inc
6. Den G, Warren and Wothers “Organic Chemistry” (2001) Oxford
University Press

80
CHM-634: STEREOCHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)

INTRODUCTION:
Different models and conventions for drawing three dimensional
structures: Drawing of Flying Wedge, Fischer Projection, Newman
Projection and Sawhorse Conventions.
Difference between Configuration and Conformation. Concept of
rotation about single bonds and restricted rotation about double bond in
view of symmetry of electron densities of molecular orbital for σ and π
bonds.

MOLECULAR SYMMETRY AND CHIRALITY:

Symmetry operations and Symmetry elements; axis, plane or centre.
Point group classification: (i) C1 Chirality: chirotopicity and
stereogenicity.Molecules with one stereogenic or chiral center.
Enantiomers and recemic mixture and R and S nomenclature of a chiral
centre. Plane polarized light and optical activity. Polarimeter and
specific rotation. Description of enantiomers as (+) or (-) and D or L.
Absolute and relative stereochemistry. Molecules with more than one
stereogenic center: Diastereoisomers with more than one stereogenic
centre. Diastereoisomers. Conversion of enantiomers and
diastereoisomers. Achiral compounds with more than one stereogenic
centre. Constitutionally unsymmetrical chiral molecules; erythro and
threo. Re and Si faces. Constitutionally symmetrical chiral molecules.
Diastereoisomerism E and Z nomenclature for compounds with more
than one non-cumulated double bonds. (ii) Axial and Plannar Chirality:
In appropriatly substituted alkenes, alkyldiene, cycloalkanes, spirans,
adamantoids, biaryl , trans cycloalkenes and cyclophanes.

TOPICITY AND PROSTEREOISOMERISM:

Topicity of Ligands: Homotopic, enantiotopic, diastereotopic ligands
and faces. Stereoheterotopic ligands and faces; Molecules with one
prochiral centre and pro-pseudosymmetrical centre. Molecules with
more than one prochiral centre. Molecules with a chiral as well as
prochiral centre. Molecules with a prochiral axis; Molecules with a
prochiral plane. Molecules with prostereogenic prochiral centres. Re
and Si system of nomenclature for ligands. Stereoheterotropic ligands
and NMR spectroscopy. Chemical and biochemical transformation of
heterotropic ligands and faces.

81
RACEMISATION AND RESOLUTION:
Racemisation: Involving carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, stable
symmetrical intermediates through rotation about bond, configurational
change in substitution reactions. Asymmetric transformation and
metarotation. Resolution: Methods of resolution through mechanical
separation, formation of diastereoisomeric salts, formation of molecular
complexes, chromatography, kinetic equilibrium, asymmetry
transformation, biochemical transformation, inclusion compounds.

OPTICAL PURITY AND ENANTIOMERIC EXCESS:

Isotopic dilution method, Enzymic methods, gas chromatographic
methods and NMR spectroscopic methods(use of diastereoisomers,
shift reagents, chiral solvating agents).

CONFORMATIONS OF ACYCLIC SYSTEMS:

Conformations of ethane, butane, haloalkane, n-propylchloride, 1,2-
dihalogeno ethanes, 1,2- diols. Conformations about sp3-sp2and sp2-sp2
bonds. Diastereoisomers; configuration and conformations;
diastereoisomers with two vicinal halogens, diastereoisomers with two
vicinal hydroxyl groups, diastereoisomers with vicinal hydroxyl and
amino groups. Kylne-Prelog terminology for tortional angles. Physical
methods of conformational analysis; thermodynamic, dipole moment
and spectroscopic methods.

CONFORMATIONS OF CYCLIC SYSTEMS:

Monocyclic compounds (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or larger membered rings):
Baeyer strain, Pitzer (tortional) strain and Stoll strain (nonbonded
interactions) in small, normal, medium and large rings. Conformations
of 3, 4, 5 membered rings. Conformations of cyclohexane: boat, chair,
half chair, twist conformations. Drawing of chair conformations and
axial and equatorial bonds. Ring inversion. Conformations of
monosubstituted cyclohexanes. Isolation and characterization of
conformers. Disubstituted cyclohexanes, cis and trans isomer and their
preferences. Reflux effect. Cyclohexane with one or two sp 2 carbons.
Conformations of cyclohexene. Conformations of 7 and 8 membered
rings. Effect of strain on methods of formation and reactions of
different rings. Conformational analysis of heterocycles. Conformation
of fused rings. Cis and trans fused decalines. Fused bicyclic rings with
nitrogen. Conformations of bicyclo [4.3.0]nonane, bicyclo
[3.3.0]octane, bicyclo [3.2.0]heptane. Bridged ring systems: bicyclo
[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo [2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo [2.2.2]octane.
Conformations and reactivity.

82
STEREOSELECTIVE REACTIONS:
Setereoselectivity, Asymmetric synthesis and asymmetric induction.
Acyclic stereoselective addition of nucleophiles to carbonyl
compounds, addition of enolates to carbonyl compounds. Selective
transformation of C = C bonds. Diastereoselectivity in cyclic systems:
nucleophilic addition to cyclic ketones. Enantioselective synthesis.

MOLECULAR DISSYMMETRY AND CHIROPTICAL

PROPERTIES:
Circular birefringences and circular dichroism.ORD and CD curves.
Applications of CD and ORD.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Giese RW, Mikulak RP and Runquick OA “Stereochemistry: An

Introduction A Programmed Text” (1976) Burgers Publishing
company, Minnesota
2. Eliel ES, Wilen H and Mandra LN “Stereochemistry of Organic
Compounds” (1994) John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York
3. Potapov VW “Stereochemistry” (1979) Miv Publishers, Moscow
4. Nogradi M “Stereoselective Synthesis” (1987) VCH, Wintreim

CHM-644: ORGANIC LABORATORY PREPARATIONS

Credit Hours: (0+3)
MULTI-STEP SYNTHESIS OF THE FOLLOWING OR
SIMILAR OTHER COMPOUNDS
1. Preparation of sulfanilic acid from aniline.
2. Preparation of methyl orange from sulfanilic acid
3. preparation of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol from benzaldehyde-
Cannizzaro‟s reaction
4. Preparation of benzanilide from benzoic acid
5. preparation of phthalimide from phthalic anhydride
6. Preparation of phthlamide from phthalimide
7. Preparation of benzipinacolone from benzipinacol
8. Preparation of benzpinacolone from benzipinacol
9. Preparation of diazoaminobenzene from aniline
10. Preparation of p-aminoazobenzene from diazoaminobenzene.
11. Preparation of benzophenone oxime from benzophenone
12. Preparation of cinnamic acid from benzalodehyde
13. Preparation of benzilic acid from benzyl
14. Preparation of benzilic acid from benzyl
15. Preparation of m-nitroaniline from m-dinitrobenzene

83
16. Preparation of m-nitrophenol from m-nitroaniline
17. Isomerisation of maleic acid to fumeric acid
18. Preparation of -nitronaphthalene from naphthalene
19. Preparation of -naphthylamine from -nitronaphthalene
20. Preparation of naphthanoic acid from -naphthylamine

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Vogel AI “A Text Book of Organic Practical Chemistry”

Longman, (1989) 5th Ed
2. S. Gupta and Bajpai, “Experimental Organic Chemistry Basic
Techniques and Preparations”, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Dehli.
3. G. Mann and C. Saunders, “Practical Organic Chemistry”
(1960), Longman, 4th Ed

CHM-654: QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS

Credit Hours: (0+3)

1. Separation of three component mixtures on the basis of their

solubilities in the polar and non polar solvents.

2. Identification of individual components of mixture through

qualitative tests based on preliminary
identification, element tests, functional group tests and physical
characteristics etc.

3. Confirmation of components by spectral analysis/ data on the basis

of their chemical structures.

4. Derivatisation of identified components.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Harwood LM “Experimental Organic Chemistry, Standard and

Microscale” 2nd Ed (1999) Black Well Science Publishers, London
2. Furniss BS, Hannaford AJ, Smith PWG and Tatchell AR “ Vogels
Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry” 5th Ed (1989) ELBS
Longman
3. Vogel AI “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry, Qualitative
Organic Analysis”
4. Arayne M.S. and Sultana “A manual of Qualitative Organic
Analysis” 3rd Ed. BCCT, University of Karachi

84
CHM-634.1: MODERN TRENDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Credit Hours: (3+0)
Optional Course Offered in lieu of CHM-634

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

The importance of organic synthesis, Bond polarity, Types of organic
reactions, Arrow notation. Synthesis of aromatic compounds and
sequence of the reactions. Synthesis of aromatic compounds and order
of revents

THE BASIC CONCEPTS

Introduction, Synthetic equivalent to common synthons,
Retrosynthetic analysis of a target molecule and its synthesis and
solved examples..

DESIGNING OF A SYNTHESIS
Introduction, Designing of a synthesis, consider a range of possibilities,
the availability, starting materials & equipment, Convergent & Linear
synthetic approach, Yield & Conversion, Use of Inherent Symmetry,
Solved examples.

LATENT POLARITY
Introduction, Two group disconnection, 1.3,1.5, 1.2, 1.4-
difunctionalized compounds and solved examples.

SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC COMPOUND

Introduction, Cyclization reactions, Dieckmann Condensation, Micheal
Reaction, Annelation,Robinson Annelation,Diels-Alder Annelation,
Three membered rings,Epoxide (oxacyclopropanes), Cyclopropanes,
Cyclopropyl ketones, Four membered rings, Cyclic ethers, Cyclic
amines,Five membered rings,Six membered rings and solved examples.

FUNCTIONAL GROUP INTERCONVERSIONS (FGIS) &

PROTECTING GROUPS
Introduction, Functional group interconversion (FGIs), Carboxylic
acid and its derivatives,Aldehydes, Ketones and their derivatives,
Alcohols and their derivatives, Oxidation & Reductions, Removal of
functional groups, Protecting groups, Protection of
alcohols,Acetals,Ethers,Trialkylsilyl ether,Protection of aldehydes and
ketones, Protection of amino acids, Protection of sugars and solved
examples.

85
CHEMOSELECTIVITY
Introduction,Chemoselective reactions, Chemoselective reduction,
Chemoselective oxidation,Carbonyl groups, Functional groups of
unequal reactivity, Functional groups of equal reactivity and solved
examples
REGIOSELECTIVITY
Introduction, Regioselective preparation of alkenes, Regioselective
electrophilic addition to alkenes, Regioselective ring opening of
epoxide, Regioselective alkylation of ketones, Regioselective
electrophilic aromatic substitution and solved examples
STEREOSELECTIVITY
Introduction, Stereospecific reactions,Stereospecificity in E 2
reactionsStereospecificity in SN2 reactions,Stereospecificity in
hydrogenation,Stereospecificity in hydroxylation,Stereospecificity in
Diels-Alder reactions,Stereoselective reactions Stereoselectivity in E2
reactions,Stereoselective Nucleophilic addition to unsymmetrical
ketone and solved examples

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Warren S “Organic Synthesis The Disconnection Approach”
(1982) John Wiley and Sons
2. Norman ROC and Coxon JM “Principle of Organic Synthesis” 3 rd
Ed (1993) Blackie
3. Corey EJ and Cheng XM “The logical of Chemical Synthesis”
(1989) Wiley Interscience
4. Greene TW and Nuts PG “Protecting Groups in Organic
Synthesis” 2nd Ed (1991) John Wiley and Sons
5. Cleyden J, Greeves N, Warren S and Wothers P “Organic
Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2001)
6. Nizami SS “Retrosynthetic Approach to Organic Synthesis”
(2003), HEC, Islamabad

CHM-634.2: ORGANIC REACTIONS AND MOLECULAR

ORBITAL SYMMETRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)
Optional Course Offered in lieu of CHM-634

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to molecular orbital symmetry (Woodward and Hofmann
Rules), Huckel molecular orbitals for ethylene and conjugated
polyenes.
Reactions obeying Woodward Hofmann rules.

86
ELECTROLYTIC REACTIONS:
a. Frontier Orbital Approach:
Introduction to frontier orbitals (HOMO and LOMO). Thermal and
photochemical conrotatary and disrotatory cyclization of linear ∏
electrons systems containing 2,4,6 and 8 electrons.

b. Orbital Correction Diagram:

Introduction. Classification of all the molecular orbitals of reactants
and products about a plane and a C2 axis and building up of a orbital
correlation diagram for 2,4,6 and 8 ∏ electrons systems.
Stereochemistry of electrocyclic ring opening and closing of
electroanalytical reactions (ring opening and ring closure).
Synthetic application of electrocyclic reactions.

CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS:
Introduction. Concepts of suprafacial and antrafacial terminologies.

a. Frontier Orbital Approach:

Orbital symmetry rule for thermal and photochemical supra-supra,
supra-antra, antra-antra cycloaddition of 2+2, 2+4, 4+4 ∏ electrons
systems and molecular orbital symmetry rules.

b. Orbital Correlation Diagram:

Classification of molecular orbital for supra-spra, supra-antra, antra-
antra cycloaddition of 2+2, 2+4, 4+4 ∏ electrons systems and their
corresponding products and orbital correlative diagrams. The symmetry
rules for thermal cycloaddition reactions.Reactivity, regioselectivity,
site selectivity, periselectivity in cycloaddition reactions.Alder‟s ene
reaction. [1,3]- dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Applications of
cycloaddition reactions to organic synthesis.

SIGMATROPIC REACTIONS:
a. Migration of Hydrogen:
Introduction to molecular orbital symmetry rules for thermal and
photochemical (suprafacial and antrafacial) [1,2], [1,3], [1,4], [1,5]and
[1,7] migration of hydrogen.Examples related to sigmatropic hydrogen
migration.
b. Migration of Alkyl Group:
Stereochemical suprafacial and antrafacial [1,2], [1,3], [1,4], [1,5]and
[1,7] migration of an alkyl group. Molecular orbital symmetry rules for
alkyl group migration. Examples of Sigmatropoic
reactions.Applications of Sigmatropic reactions to organic synthesis.
Migration of a delocalized system (Cope Rearrangement).

87
SECONDARY EEFFECTS IN PERICYCLIC REACTIONS:
BOOKS RECOMMENDED

1. Gilchrist TL and Storr RC “Organic Reactions and Orbital

Symmetry” (1979) Cambridge University Press, London
2. Giu GB and Willis MR “Pericyclic Reactions” (1974) Chapman
and Hall, London
3. Fleming I “Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions”
(1982) John Wiley and Sons, London
4. Ansari FL, Qureshi R and Qureshi ML “Electrocycic Reactions”
(1999) Wiley- VCH
5. Halevi EA “Orbital Symmetry and Reaction Mechanism” (1992)
Springer Verlagee
6. Woodward RB and Hoffmann R “The Conservation of Orbital
Symmetry” (1970) Verlag Chemie, Weinheim

CHM-634.3: FOOD AND COSMETIC CHEMISTRY

1. The chemistry of food components with special reference to

processesed foods.

FOOD PRESERVATION
Preservation of Foods containing polar components. Effect of acids,
bases and variation in pH etc. Use of NIR in Quality assessments.
Preservation of Fat containing foods, like meat, cheese butter margarine
etc. Preservation of Dairy Products, Flash heating technique etc.

FOOD COLORS
The control & use of food colors. Caramels and Beverages

COSMETIC CHEMISTRY
1 Introduction to the preparation of skin care & cosmetic products.
2 Preparation of Creams, Lotions and Sun-block preparations.
Medicated creams. Oil in water & moisturizing preparations.
Depletory creams.
3 Preparation of Tooth Pastes and Tooth Powders, mouth wash and
Gargles.
4 Preparation of Hair Dyes, Hair creams, Shampoos, other hair
softening and conditioning products.
5 Preparation of Health care products; Disinfectants, odour masking
products and deodorizers.

88
SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Stille JK “Industrial Organic Chemistry” (1998) Prentice Hall,

Inc, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
2. Coultate TP “Food, The Chemistry of its Components” (2004)
Royal Society of Chemistry, London
3. Edwards WP “The Science of Sugar Confectionery” (1996)
Royal Society of Chemistry, London
4. Poucher “Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soap” (1990)Vol 1-3 USP

89
 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER VII

CHM-615: THERMODYNAMICS & ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (3+0)

PRELIMINARIES
Entropy, molecular basics of entropy, statistical basis of the second
law. Quantum of entropy changes. Third law of thermodynamics.

QUANTUM STATES
Energy levels. Energy compartmentalized into translation, rotation and
vibrational segments. Equations for computing these Energies.
Microstates, concepts related to occupation of energy states. Boltzmann
factor.

THE BEHAVIOURS OF HEAT CAPACITY

Experimental and theoretical discrepancies in recorded heat capacity
data. Need for plausible explanation. Advent of quantum theory.
Partition function. The relationship of partition function to the various
thermodynamic functions.

DETERMINATION OF PARTITION FUNCTIONS

Localized and non localized systems. Partition functions specific to
Energy segments. The sackur Tetrode Equation. Equations for
Computing Vibrational and Rotational Partition functions. Partition
function and equilibrium constants.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electrical double layer: Interface, interphase. A look into the
interface. OHP and IHP. Contact adsorption Gibbs Surface Excess.
Potential differences across metal solution interfaces. Outer and surface
potential difference. Galvani potential difference. Electrochemical
potential difference. Interfacial tension. Electrocapillary
thermodynamics. Lippmann's equation. Helmholtz-perrin model, Gouy-
Champmann model. Stern model, and BDM (Bockris-Devanathan-
Muller) model. Charge density. Differential capacitance. Shape of
capacitance-Charge curve. The Capacitance hump.

90
ELECTRODE KINETICS

Electrochemical devices. Charge transfer processes in the absence and

presence of electrical field. The Over potential. Butler Volmer
equation. The Idea of Equilibrium exchange current density. The
Symmetry factor. High field and low field approximation. Tafel
equation. Nernst equation.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Gasser RPH and Richards WG “Entropy and Energy Levels”
(1974) Oxford University Press
2. Wayatt PAH “The Molecular Basis of Entropy and Chemical
Equilibrium”. (1971) Royal Institute of Chemistry London
3. Smith EB “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” (1990) 4th Ed
Oxford University Press
4. Bockris JOM and Reddy AKN "Modern Electrochemistry" Vol I
and II, 4th Ed (2003) Plenum Press, London
5. Bockris JOM and Drazic D "Electrochemical Science" (1972)
Taylor and Francis, London
6. Bockris JOM, Bonciocat N and Gutmann F "An Introducation to
Electrochemical Science” (1974) Wykeham Publications, London
7. Bockris JOM and Fredlein RA "A Work Book of
Electrochemistry” (1973) Plenum Press, New York
8. Muhammad M and Amjad M "Principles of Electrode Kinetics”
(2001) Rooha Printers, Lahore
9. Seddon JM and Gale JD "Thermodynamic and Statistical
Mechanics" (2002) Royal Soc Chem, UK

CHM-625: POLYMER CHEMISTRY

Credit Hours: (3+0)

Introduction to Polymers. Step-growth Polymerizations. polymer chain

growth. Kinetics of Polymer chain growth. Copolymerization.
Emulsion Polymerization. Natural and Inorganic Polymers. Physical
Aspects of polymers. Molecular Weights of Polymers: Distributions,
averages, and methods of determination. Vicosity. Osmometry. Light
scattering method. Diffusion. Sedimentation. Optical rotation method.
Structure of Polymer Chain: Introduction to chain isomerism,
stereochemistry, configurations, and conformations. (not in Hiemenz).
Amorphous State of Polymers: In depth examination of polymer
conformation, microstructure, and dynamics in the amorphous state.

91
Polymer viscoelasticity: Stress relaxation, mechanical models of
polymer behavior, time-temperature superposition, rheology.
Crystalline State of Polymers: Crystallization and kinetics, crystalline
structures, experimental metods. Polymer Solutions and Blends:
Thermodynamics, phase separation, mechanisms, kinetics. Relaxation
and Transitions in Polymers: the glass transition, experimental
methods, and introduction to viscoelastic behavior. Mechanical
Behavior of Polymers: Polymer fracture, stress-strain behavior, and
ultimate properties. Modern Topics of Polymers: Interfaces, Liquid
Crystalline Polymers, Flow-Induced Structures, Use of Polymer in
solar cell. Management of Polymer Solid Waste.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Hiemenz PC "Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts" (1984)
Marcel Dekker
2. Nicholson JW “ The chemistry of Polymers” 2nd Ed
3. Stevens MP " Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction” (1999) Oxford
University Press
4. Allcock HR and Lampe FW " Contemporary Polymer Chemistry"
(1990) Prentice-Hall
5. Rudin "The Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering” (1990)
Academic Press
6. Sperling LH "Introduction to Physical Polymer Science" (1992)
Wiley Interscience
7. Boyd RH and Phillips PJ "The Science of Polymer Molecules"
(1993) Cambridge
8. Flory PJ "Principles of Polymer Chemistry" (1953) Cornell

CHM-635: QUANTUM MECHANICS AND SPECTROSCOPY

Credit Hours: (3+0)
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Introduction: Classical mechanics and its laws, Max Planck‟s
explanation of black body radiation curves, concept of quantization of
energy, quantum theory and Max Planck‟s quantum theory, de
Broglies, postulate and its application. Heisenberg uncertainty
principal. Atomic structure: Line spectra of gases the Bohr model,
quantization of energy, Bohr radius, and Rydberg constant. Quantum
mechanical terms and postulates, eigenfunction, eigenvalue, coordinate
systems. Schrodinger wave equation. Particle in a one dimensional and
three dimensional box. Hydrogen and hydrogen like ions. The rigid
rotor. Lasers, their properties, types and applications.

92
SPECTROSCOPY:Introduction theory of rotational, vibrational,
electronic, and molecular systems, Microwave spectroscopy, e.s.r. and
e.p.r. spectra, microwave region, rotational line spectra. Linear and
asymmetric systems, selection rule, energy and angular momentum,
magnetic quantum numbers, summation method, term symbols,
instrumentation, nuclear spin, zeeman effect, vibrational spectroscopy,
vibrational spectra, Morse curves, rotational fine structures, P branch, R
branch and Q branch.
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: Introduction, theory of molecular
vibration, factors influencing vibrational frequencies, sampling
techniques; applications of infrared spectroscopy, identification by
finger printing, identification of functional groups.

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY:

Introduction, nuclear spin states, nuclear magnetic moments. Effect of
external magnetic field, precessional motion and precessional
frequency, energy transition. Chemical environment and number of
signal, chemical shift, internal standard. Factors influencing chemical
shift. Correction data, choice of solvent, solvent shift, concentration
and temperature effects, signal splitting, coupling, constant. Proton
nuclear magnetic resonance, spectra of carbocation, carbon-13 NMR
(CMR) spectroscopy,

MASS SPECTROMETRY: Introduction, experimental, source,

analyser, detector, classification of mass analysers, resolution,
sensitivity, valley definition, signal to noise ratio, electron impact
phenomenon, application of mass spectrometer, ionization/acceleration,
ion collection/amplifires, magnetic field deflection, quadrupole mass
spectrometer, double focusing, time of flight.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Chang R “Physical Chemistry with Applications to Biological
Systems” 2nd Ed (1981)
2. Alberty RA “Physical Chemistry” 7th Ed (1987) John Wiley and
Sons New York
3. Hanna MW “Quantum Mechanics in Chemistry” 3rd Ed (1981)
National Book Foundation
4. Cox PA “Introduction to Quantum Theory and Atomic Structure”
(1996) Oxford University Press.
5. Banwell CN “Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy” Mc FGaw
Hill Co, India (1978).

93
6. Barrow GM “Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy” (1962) Mc
Graw Hill
7. Kemp W “NMR in Chemistry: A Multinuclear Introduction”
(1992) The Macmillan Press Ltd
8. Silverstein RM, Terence GCB and Morrill C “Spectrometric
Identification of Organic Compounds” (1991) John Wiley and
Sons Inc

CHM-645: pH -METRY AND POTENTIOMETRY LABS

Credit Hours: (0+3)

pH- METRY
Titration including acid-base neutralization of both strong and weak
nature (and mixture of acids)
Detennination of % of a mineral acid in the given vinegar solution
.Detennination of amount of ascorbic acid in a given tablet
.Determination of acetyl salicylic acid in a given tablet
Detennination of folic acid in a given tablet
Detennination of dissociation constants of weak acids using
Henderson- Hasselbalch equation
Simultaneous determination of chromate and dichromate in a given
sample. Detennination Ksp, G, S, and H for the dissolution of
calcium hydroxide. Determination of complexation reaction of metals
(Cu, Ni, Co) with EDTA Determination of % of NaCO3 content in
washing soda

POTENTIOMETRY
.Redox titrations using different systems. Standardization of KMnO4 by
KI. Precipitation and complexation reactions (detennination of halides).
Detennination of Fe+2 with EDTA, Detennination of Formal potential
(E0/), Keq and "n" of some redox systems

AMPEROMETRY
Verification of Randles Sevcik equation for different redox system.
Detennination of calibration curve between diffusion current and
concentration of analyte. Amperometric titrations of some redox
systems

94
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. “Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis” 6 th Ed
(1980) ELBS
2. Braun RD “Introduction to Chemical Analysis” (1985) Mc Graw
Hill Co
3. Heinemann S “Chemistry Experiments for Instrumental Methods
(1987)
4. Harris DC “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1998) W.H.
Freeman and Co, New York
5. Euler WB (2000) J Chemical Education 77 (8) 109
6. Kkalbus LH (1991) J Chernical Education 68(8) 677

CHM- 655: SPECTROSCOPY LABS

Credit Hours: (0+3)

1. Study of the Absorption Spectra of a Conjugated Dye.

2. Determination of the Formula of a Complex ion.
3. Determination of Glucose in Soft drinks.
4. Analysis of Phosphorus in Detergents
5. UV Spectrophotometric determination of Nitrate in Water sample.
6. Quantitative Analysis of Aspirin by Single-Beam and Double-Beam
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrophotometry.
7. Study the effect of auxochromes on the spectrum of the
chromophore.
8. Atomic Absorption Analysis of Metals in Cereal.
9. Determination of Anthracene, Benzene and Naphthalene in a mixture
by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
10. Gas Chramatographic determination of water in Acetone,
Acetonitrile, Ethanol or Isopropanol.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Braun RD andWalters F “Applications of Chemical Analysis”
1982)
2. David P “Experiments in Physical Chemistry” 5th Ed (1989)
3. Shoemaker CW, Nibler GJW and Christian GD “Analytical
Chemistry” 6th Ed (2004)
4. Trost B “Problems in Spectroscopy” (1967)

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 SEMESTER- VIII
CHM- 616: RADIATION CHEMISTRY & PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)
RADIATION CHEMISRY
Introduc!ion, history, development and advancement in radiation
chemistry. Radiation Sources: Isotope and mechanical sources, pulsed
radiolysis and flash spectroscopy. Interaction of Radiation with
Matter: Photoelectric and Compton effect, pair production, energy
loss, linear energy transfer. RADIATION DOSIMETRY: Dose,
absorbed dose units, radiation yields, dosimetry methods of absolute
measurement, chemical dosimetry, Fricke dosimeter, dosimetry in
pulse radiolysis. ENERGY STATES IN RADIATION CHEMISTRY:
Excited states its production. Product formation through excited state,
fragmentation, pre dissociation, production, decay. evidence for the
existence of excited state and its types. Ions and electrons, radiolysis
of gases. radiolysis of liquids, solids, and frozen liquids and gases,
behaviour of ions in radiation chemistry: Ion recombination.
dissociation and its types, charge transfer processes. ion-molecular
reactions. electron addition. formation of free radicals, oxidation-
reduction processes. Properties, reactions and detection of free
radicals. Reactions in radiation chemistry: General energy transfer.
characteristics and applications of gas, liquid and solid phase
radiolysis. Instrumentation. purity of chemicals and methods, Recent
applications of radiation chemistry. Radiation hazards and safe
disposal of Radioactive wastes.

PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Introduction. basic principles. and scope of photochemistry. Energy
transfer in photochemical reactions. Fate of electron excitation,
secondary reactions, quantum yield. reaction kinetics. Absorption and
emission of radiation: Introduction to quantum efficiencies of
emission processes, radiative and non-radiative processes. Beer-
Lambert's law, spectroscopy and photochemistry. Emission
processes, luminescence, kinetics and quantum efficiencies of
radiative and non-radiative processes (fluorescence. phosphorescence,
inter system crossing, internal conversion, quenching), and Stern-
Volmer reactions. Photosensitized reactions, photo-stationary state.
Applied photochemistry, Atmospheric photochemistry,
photosynthesis, photochemistry of polymers, photo-medicines.
Techniques in photochemistry, introduction, light source.
incandescent filament lamps, discharge lamps, lasers, synchrotron
reaction,

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BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Calvert JG and Pitts JN "Photochemistry" (1966) John Wiley, New
York
2. Wayne and Richard P "Photochemistry" (1988) Macmillan
3. Hughes G “Radiation Chemistry” (1973) Oxford Series, UK
4. Spinks JWT and Woods RJ “An Introduction to Radiation
Chemistry” (1976) Wiley Inter Sci. Pub, USA
5. O'Donnell JH and Sangster DF “Principles of Radiation
Chemistry” (1970) Edward Arnold Pub, UK
6. Baco ZM and Alexander P “Fundamentals of Radiobiology”
(1972) ELBS, UK
7. Suppan P “Principles of Photochemistry” (1973) T'he Chemical
Sco, UK

CHM-626: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Credit Hours: (3+0)

Correlation between physical property and concentration. Thermal

decomposition of nitrogen pentaoxide. Collision theory of reaction
rates. Bimolecular and Unimolecular reaction theories. Transition
state theory. Potential energy surfaces. Theory of absolute reaction
rate. Derivation of the rate equation. Comparison of collision and
absolute reaction theories.

Thermodynamic formulation of reaction rates. Calculation of entropy

and enthalpy changes. Reversible reaction. Parallel reactions.
Consecutive reactions.

Influence of ionic strength on the reaction rate. Reactions in solutions.

Effect of dielectric constant of the medium on the rate of the reaction.
Single sphere activated complex model. Double sphere activated
complex model. Complex reactions. Chain reactions. Single chain
carrier with second order breaking. One chain carrier with first order
breaking. Two chain carrier with second order breaking. Experimental
techniques for fast reactions.

Activation energy and catalysis. Mechanism of catalytic process.

Kinetics of adsorption and desorption. Adsorption with dissolution.

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Mixed adsorption. Kinetics of surface catalyzed reactions.
Unimolecular reactions. Bimolecular surface catalyzed reactions.

Reaction kinetics. Michealis- Menten, kinetics. Bell shape pH activity

curve. Effect of pH on rate of enzyme catalysed reactions. Reversible
reactions. Rate equations for Lineweaver- Bur equation. Woolf and
Eisenthal and Cornish- Bowden methods. Non- competitive inhibition.
Multi Substrate Reactions. Enzyme Inhibition.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Frost AA and Pearson RG “Kinetic and Mechanism” 2nd Ed (J961)
John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York
2. Laidler KJ “Chemical Kinetics” 2nd Ed (1965) Mc Graw Hill Book
Company, New York
3. Laidler LJ “Reaction Kinetic VII, II Reaction in Solution” (1963)
Pergamon Press, New York
4. Segal H “Enzyme Kinetics” (1975) John Wiley, New York
5. Schlutz AR “Enzyme Kinetics” (1964) Cambridge University
Press England
6. Weston R and Schwavz HA “Chemical Kinetics” (1972) Prentice
Hall Inc, New Jersy
7. Logan SR “Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics” (1996) Longman
Group Ltd, England
8. Smith WM “Kinetics and Dynamics of Elementary Gas Reactions”
(1980) Butterworths and Co, London
9. Pilling MJ and Seaking PW “Reaction Kinetics” 2nd Ed (1996)
Oxford University Press, New York
10. Konnars KA “Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates on
Solution” (1990) VCH Publishers USA
11. Stenfeld JI, Francisco JS and Hase WL “Chemical Kinetics and
Dynamics” 2nd Ed (1999) Prentice Int. Inc, New Jersy

CHM-636: RADIOCHEMISTRY
Credit Hours: (3+0)

INSIGHT INTO NUCLEAR DECAY PROCESS

Atomic nucleus & modes of radioactive decay. Instability concepts,
Radioisotopes. Units of radioactive decay process. Decay schemes
Radioactive equilibrium.

98
DETECTION METHODS
Methods based on ion collection, Scintillation detectors, Semi
conductor detectors. Discussions on specific applications of detection
devices.

STUDY OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS

Preparation and dispension of labelled compounds. Details of job
oriented labelled compounds.

STATISTICS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Decay rate and statistics. Practical consideration. Optimum counting
rate. Background count. RADIATION

PROTECTION AND CONTROL

Units of radiation exposure. Safety measures.

RADIOISOTOPES IN CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS

Radiocarbon dating. Isotope dilution techniques Neutron activation
analysis. Radiometric analysis
Gravimetric methods. Radio immune assay. Applications of
radioisotopes in pharmaceutical dispensions. Radio tracers in chemical
applications. Study of self exchange reactions.

CHEMICAL EFFECT OF NUCLEAR DECAY

An introduction to hot atom chemistry. Recoiling atoms. Chemical
effects of nuclear transformations.

MOSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY

Basic information, Experimental technique Parameters and chemical

applications of Mosbauer spectroscopy.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Geary WJ “Radio Chemical Methods” . (1986) John Wiley and
Sons
2. Naqvi SII “Radiochemistry: Monograph” (1990) U.G.C. Islamabad
3. Vertes A “Basics of Nuclear Science” (2003) Kluwer Academic
Publisher London

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CHM- 646: CHEMICAL KINETICS PRACTICALS
Credit Hours: (0+3)

Kinetic Study of the reaction between iodide and peroxodisulphats ions

ions using spectrophotometric technique. Kinetic Study of the reaction
between iodide and bromate ions. .Kinetic Study of the reaction
between bromide and bromate ions and evaluation of activation
parameters.
Kinetics of fading of phenolphthalein in alkaline solution. Study of the
effect of pH on the rate constant of the reaction between iodide and
persulphate ions. .Study of the salt effect on the rate constant of the
reaction between similar charges of ions. Kinetics of autocalatytic
reaction between permanganate and oxalate ions. .Determination of
energy of activation of the reactions between similar charges of ions.
Kinetics of the reaction between methylorange and peroxodisulphate
ions in presence of bromide ion. Kinetics of the reaction between
chloroacetate and thiosulphate ions.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. James AM and Prichard FE "Practical Physical Chemistry" 3rd Ed
(1974) Longman
2. Mowry S and Ogren PJ(1999) J Chemical Education 76 (7)
3. Birk JP and Watters DL "Kinetics of Halogenation of Acetone"
(1992) J. Chemical Education 69 (7)
4. Shoemaker DP, Garland C W and Nibler JW "Experiments in
Physical Chemistry" (1989) Mc Graw Hills, New York
5. Connors KA "Chemical Kinetics: The Study of Reaction Rates in
Solution"
6. Wright MR "The introduction to Chemical Kinetics" (2004) John
Wiley and Sons Ltd, UK
7. Pilling MJ and Seakins P W "Reaction Kinetics" (1996) Oxford
University Press, UK
CHM- 656 CONDUCTOMETRY LABS
Credit Hours: (0+3)

CONDUCTOMETRY
Conductometric titration including acid-base neutralization of both
strong and weak nature (and mixture of acids). Titration between salt of
a weak acid vs. strong base. To study the displacement or replacement
reaction. Precipitation and complexation reactions (determination of
halides). Verification of Onsagar Equation by conductivity method for
different electrolytes. Determination of dissociation constants of weak

100
acids by conductivity method. Determination of molar conductivity of
different electrolytes. Determination of basicity of a weak acid by
conductivity method. Determination of solubility and solubility product
of springly soluble salts. Determination of% of a mineral acid in the
given vinegar solution. Determination of amount of ascorbic acid in a
given tablet. Determination of acetyl salicylic acid in a given tablet.
Determination of folic acid in a given tablet. Simultaneous
determination of chromate and dichromate in a given sample.
Determination of Ksp, G, S, and H for the dissolution of calcium
hydroxide in water by conductivity method. Determination of
complexation reaction of copper with EDTA by conductivity.
Determination of % of Na2CO3 content of washing soda by
conductivity determination of Ni with EDTA by conductivity method.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. “Vogel‟s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis” 6th Ed
(1980) ELBS
2. Braun RD “Introduction to Chemical Analysis” (1983)
3. Heinemann S “Chemistry Experiments for Instrumental Methods”
(1987)
4. Harris DC “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 5th Ed (1998) W.H.
Freeman & Co.
5. Euler WB et al. (2000) J Chemical Education 77(8) 1039
6. Kkalbus LH et aI, (1991) J Chemical Education 68(8) 677

101