HAZARD PROFILE

• Hazard profiling is a process of describing the hazard in its local context, which includes a general
description of the hazard, a local historical background of the hazard, local vulnerability, possible
consequences, and estimated likelihood

Each profile should include the following information about the hazard:

• Frequency of occurrence—how often it is likely to occur.·

Magnitude and potential intensity—how bad it can get.

• Location—where it is likely to strike.

• Probable spatial extent—how large an area it is likely to affect.

• Duration—how long it can be expected to last

• Seasonal pattern—the time of year during which it is more likely to occur.

• Speed of onset—how fast it is likely to occur.

• Availability of warnings—how much warning time there is, and whether a warning system exists.

2)

Steps for preparing hazard profile

• Step 1: Identify Hazards

• Step 2: Profile Each Hazard

• Step 3: Develop a Community Profile

• Step 4: Compare and Prioritize Risk

• Step 5: Create and Apply Scenarios

In our hazard profile we grouped the various hazards into primary and secondary hazards. The
hazards were classified on physical mechanisms, and temporal and spatial distribution

Primary Hazards include: earthquakes, floods, and wildfires

Secondary Hazards include: Landslides, Tsunamis and other human caused hazards.

Primary hazards potentially can account for the greatest combined losses (deaths, injuries, and
damage costs) in comparison to secondary hazards which account for substantially fewer losses and
often triggered by primary hazards. Primary hazards should be given the most attention for these
reasons

Challenges with Hazard Profiling

• Its easy to compare an earthquake in Japan to an earthquake in California because they are
measured using similar metrics and cause similar types of damage. However, it is much more difficult
to compare an earthquake to a flood to a volcanic eruption as they all have different impacts on
society and have varying spatial and temporal distributions
3,4)

DM CYCLE

Disaster Management:

It can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, particular, preparedness, response and recovery in
order to lesson the impact of disaster.

Mitigation – Minimizing the effects of the disaster

Preparedness – Planning how to respond.

Response – Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.

Recovery – Returning the community to normal.

Mitigation:
It involves in minimizing the effects of the disaster by supporting protection and prevention activities,
and speeding recovery to create better prepared communities

There are two types:

Structural and Non Structural

Structural :

Construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts

i.e dams, windbreaks, hazard resistant buildings etc

Non structural :

Policies and practices which raise awareness of the hazards

i.e public awareness

-> different types of insurances

-> family plans for some emergency situations

Preparedness:

Planning, training activities for things that cannot be mitigated.

 During the phase of preparedness Disaster management cycle, measures are taken to reduce
the disaster minimum level possible.
 It also involves in planning, training, organizing, interaction with other organizations etc.

Preparedness measures include:

 Preparedness plans
 Emergency training
 Warning systems
 Emergency communication systems
 Public education

Response:

It is the immediate aftermath of the disaster, when business is not usual.

The response includes immediate mobilization of emergency services and first responders in the
disaster areas

It most likely includes first wave of core emergency services, like firefighters, police and ambulances.

The focus in the response phase is on meeting the basic needs of the victims until sustainable
community has been established

It also may involve initial repairs to damaged infrastructures.

Recovery:

The beginning of repair of physical, social and economic damage

Continued health monitoring and care, reconstruction of vital facilities

Counselling programs

It may include economic impact studies.

5,6) Emerging approaches in DM

Pre-disaster stage

Emergency Stage

Post Disaster Stage

Emerging approaches in Disaster Management consists of Three Stages:

Pre-disaster stage ( Preparedness)

Emergency Stage (Disaster Phase)

Post Disaster Stage (Recovery Phase)

Pre-disaster stage:

This phase involves planning to respond immediately in case of a disaster.

This phase includes awareness about emergency exercises or training in various methods of safely
vacating the disaster

Such awareness programs must also strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of the
governments, organizations and communities to minimize the morality and property loss

Installations of Warning Systems, Emergency communication systems, emergency phone calls,

reserving food, equipment, water, medicines and other neccesities should be maintained.

 Mitigation phase:

It is the second aspect of pre-disaster stage

The measures needed to minimize the effects of disaster before occurrence of a disaster

For an instance, an earthquake would have damaged improperly constructed house.

In such situations, people begin to build stronger buildings that can sustain the impact of the
earthquake.

Emergency Stage:

All efforts are put forth to minimize the problems caused by the disaster

These include providing assistance to the affected population with food, water, medical resources,
shelters

The main objective of the response phase is to meet the basic needs of population affected with
disasters until sustainable arrangement made for them.
Post-Disaster Stage

This stage focuses on rebuilding the normalcy in the lives of the people,

Rebuilding the damaged infrastructure due to the disaster

Proper information to the public, educating people about the health and safety

Post trauma counselling programs by training volunteers.

7) Relief Mechanism during earthquake w/ case study

Activities in the relief phase include evacuations, establishment of relief centres, providing
temporary shelter and first aid.

Relief mechanism during earthquake:

Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety

Step 1 - Identify Hazards in the Home:

The majority of injuries and casualties during earthquakes are a result of items falling onto people in
their homes and businesses. These items can include the following:

– Bookcases, Cabinets, and Shelves

– Ceilings Lights and Fixtures

– Large Appliances - Such as Refrigerators and Water Heaters

– Windows and Other Potential Broken Glass

Step 2: Create your disaster plan

Step 3: - Create Disaster Supply Kits

Help might not always be available within hours or even days immediately following an emergency. A
disaster supply kit is necessary for survival while waiting for assistance from local officials.

Step 4 - Identify Your Home's Potential Weaknesses

The home structure needs to be strengthened to provide stability against the forces of an
earthquake. It is more likely to survive if it is properly secured from top to bottom.

Step 5 - Drop, Cover, and Hold On

During an earthquake, if possible, stop to find safety underneath a sturdy surface away from
dangerous objects that could fall onto you. Protect and cover your head while holding onto to your
covering until the shaking stops.

Step 6 - After the Shaking Stops Check for Damages and Injuries Needing Immediate Attention

Step 7 - When Safe Follow Your Disaster Plan

Put into motion the disaster plan you created and be on alert for news updates from local officials
and other advisory groups.
8) Disaster Management Act ACD-2005

The Disaster Management Act (December 23, 2005) No. 53 of 2005, was passed by Rajya Sabha, the
upper house of Parliament of the India on 28th November, and by Lok Sabha, the lower house of
Parliament of the India on 12th December 2005. It received the assent of the President of the India on
9 January 2006.

The Disaster Management Act, consists of 11 chapters and 79 sections.

This act extends to the whole of India

The act provides for the “efficient management of disasters and for matters connected therewith”

It consists of particulars like, NDMA, SDMA, DDMA, NDRF etc.

9) brief note on NDMA and SDMA

National Disaster Management Authority under the Prime Minister with nine or more members for
laying down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management.

The authority will be assisted by NEC National Executive Committee of Secretaries to Central
Government.

The National Authority to recommend guidelines for minimum standards of reliefs.

SDMA:

State Disaster Management Authority under the Chief Minister

One of the members maybe designated as Vice-Chairperson of the State Authority by the Chief
Minister.

The State Authority may constitute an Advisory Committee of experts.

The state authority will be responsible for laying down the policies and plans for disaster
management for the state

He will also be responsible for providing guidelines for minimum standards of reliefs

State authority will be assisted by SEC State Executive Committee.

10) Write a short note on NDRF

11) Short note on DDMA

The state government shall establish a district disaster management authority on each district

The chairperson of DDMA will be the collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the
District

The elected representative of the area is the member of the DDMA as an ex-officio

The District Authority shall act as the district planning, coordinating, and implementing body for DM.
Unit 4 –

Define Migration, its types and effects

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling,
permanently or temporarily, at a new location

• Climatic factors, such as natural disasters or rainfall and temperature variations, may increase
international migration through their effect on internal migration.

TYPES OF MIGRATION

Internal migration: moving within A state, country, or continent.

External migration: moving to a different state, country, or continent.

Emigration: leaving one country to move to another

Immigration: moving into a new country

Effects of migration

The expansion of the labour force

• the increase of cultural variety

the filling of skill gaps in the labour market, and

the boost to the local economy are the major positive effects of migration on host countries

negative effects of migration

Migrants may be exploited.

Increases in population can put pressure on public services.

Unemployment may rise if there are unrestricted numbers of incomers.

There may be integration difficulties and friction with local people.

2) Define ISDR, Presentation format

International Strategy For Disaster Reduction

Presentation Format

❑ What is Disaster Risk Reduction?

❑ International Response;

❑ ISDR Framework for Action;

❑ Disaster Risk – Poverty Nexus;

❑ Guiding Principles for Implementing Disaster Risk Reduction;

❑ Holistic and Strategic Approach;

❑ Holistic Approaches, Strategies and Institutional Frameworks;

3) What is Disaster Risk Reduction, explain its components?

Actions taken to reduce the risk of disasters and the adverse impacts of natural hazards through
systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causes of disasters, including through avoidance of
hazards, reduced social and economic vulnerability to hazards and improved preparedness for
adverse event”.

Components

Preparedness - to boost resilience and coping capacity of vulnerable people to better face hazards

Mitigation - to limit the adverse impact of various hazards

Prevention - to avoid the adverse impact of hazards outright and to minimize related disasters

Disaster Prevention or Disaster Reduction:

Disaster prevention aims at avoiding disasters, which, unfortunately is not possible at all times

Disaster reduction seeks to reduce or limit the severity of disasters

4) ISDR Framework for Action

ISDR revolves around three major concepts:

– Natural Hazards

– Vulnerability

– Risk of a disaster is the probability of disaster occurring

5) Explain in detail guiding principles for DRR

Provision of assistance should be informed by 3 basic humanitarian principles:

Neutrality

Humanity

Impartiality

Same as 3rd question but explain abit detailed

6) Explain the funds/scheme projects managed by NDM National Disaster Management

National Disaster Response Fund - The NDRF is established to provide immediate relief in the case of
severe disasters when the SDRF does not have adequate funds.

State Disaster Response Fund - The SDRF is used to provide immediate relief to victims of disasters.

Disaster Response Reserve - is a revolving fund of relief materials and equipment that the
Government of India created to help victims of disasters

Capacity Building Grant - an investment in the effectiveness and future sustainability of a nonprofit

Environmental Relief Fund - is a fund that provides immediate assistance to victims of accidents
involving hazardous substances.

National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project. - is a government of India initiative to reduce the effects of
cyclones in India's coastal states and union territories
7) What is NGO, Explain the role of NGO

NGO specifically refers to a non-governmental organisation with no government affiliation and

usually works for a cause.

Role of NGO’s

Support to participatory democracy

Representation of specific groups of people in relation to state and international organizations

Contribution to policy making

Contribution to project coordination

NGO has been successful in bringing the attention of government to issues like poverty, equity,
illiteracy, unemployment etc.

Government should appreciate the role and functioning of NGOs as they have always provided much
needed support to it in order to achieve its targets

8,9) Types of NGO’s & What are the top NGO’s in India
The names of the top 10 NGOs in India

1. Smile Foundation –

Type- Non- Governmental Organisation

– Founded- 2002 –

Founder- Santanu Mishra

Contact details – info@smilefoundationindia.org

– Official website- smilefoundationindia.org

Smile Foundation is a national level development organization currently benefitting more than
300,000 underprivileged children & youth directly through 158 welfare projects

2. Nanhi Kali

• Type – Non- Governmental Organisation

• Founded – 1996

• Founder – Anand Mahindra

• Contact details – support@nanhikali.org

• Official website – www.nanhikali.org

Project Nanhi Kali is one of India's largest programmes that enables underprivileged girls to complete
10 years of schooling

3. Goonj

Type- Non- Governmental Organisation

Founded- 1999

Founder- Anshu Gupta

Contact details – mail@goonj.org

Official website- goonj.org

Goonj undertakes disaster relief, humanitarian aid and community development in parts of 23
states across India

4.Sammaan Foundation

Pratham

10) Explain NGO’s role in Telangana and its purpose

Programme Purpose

Aarohi Education

• Advocates for Babies in Crisis Society Health & Family Welfare

Amma Social Welfare Association Health & Family Welfare

Arunodaya Trust Health & Family Welfare

Society to Save Rocks Environment & Forests

11) Write a brief notes on armed forces in disaster response

• The major role of armed forces in disaster management is to conduct the rescue operation and
evacuate the people

Always the first respondent to any disaster is the major challenge for them

There is a need for better cooperation between the armed forces and other government and civil
organizations of that area

Role and Employment of the Army in Disaster Management

It is invariably the first responder in disaster situations

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 has ensured that the Army's role in disaster response remain
focused on critical issues, with optimal utilisation of dedicated resources

12) ROLE OF POLICE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

-> Police organization plays a major role in DM

-> It has the first responder role during the disasters

-> It has to adopt disaster management function as a one of its primary functions

Role of Police

Being familiar with local terrain, Police should prepare emergency traffic plan including detail
mapping with focus on strategic points

Police has a robust and effective communication system that is also for non police functions, it can
also be used to propagate information about a disaster

Police personnel travel in their area frequently, They can be great help of identifying buildings and
campus which are easy to access and could be used as relief camps and go-down for storage of food
grains