Department of Education / Region V-Bicol

Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING

Pili National High School HANDOUTS

LESSON 1- MAKING SENSE IN A PARAGRAPH

For better understanding of the lesson, some important terms are defined.
1. Pattern - A particular way in which something is done, is organized or happens.
2. Discipline - A subject and a systematic way of approaching subject.
3. Feature - Distinctive attributes or aspects of something.
4. Transition - A process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another.
A pattern of development in writing refers to the particular strategy writers use to develop ideas. It is
the logical arrangement of ideas in a text. The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text better.
Moreover, knowing that these common patterns of human thought exist, will help you to both develop and
organize information in your essays or compositions.
Pattern of paragraph development presents ideas in logical and consistent structure to manage
information in an essay. Thus, the logical organization of paragraphs greatly enhances the ease with which one
can understand and remember the information presented. People seek out patterns to help make sense of
information. When a reader is not able to find a pattern that make sense, chaos and confusion abound.
NARRATION. It is the most basic pattern of development. It describes how, when and where an event
or occurrence actually happened. Likewise, it is used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events.
EXAMPLE:
It was July 21, 1969, and Neil Armstrong awoke with a start. It was the day he would become the first human
being to ever walk on the moon. The journey had begun several days earlier, when July 16th, the Apollo 11
launch from Earth headed into outer space. On board with Neil Armstrong were Michael Collins and Buzz
Aldrin. The crew landed on the moon in the Sea of Tranquility a day before the actual walk. Upon Neil’s first
step onto the moon’s surface, he declared. “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
DESCRIPTION. The pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or
location, in order to firmly set its appearance.
EXAMPLE:
Sunset is the time of day when our sky meets the outer space solar winds. There are blue, pink, and
purple swirls, spinning and twisting, like clouds of balloons caught in a blender. The sun moves slowly to hide
behind the line of horizon, while the moon races to take its place in prominence atop the night sky. People slow
to crawl, entranced, fully forgetting the deeds that still must be done. There is coolness, a calmness, when the
sun does set.
DEFINITION. It explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what
something is used for.
EXAMPLE:
Déjà vu is a French word meaning “already seen”. It has also been described as a feeling or experience that
one has seen something before. For example, you are waiting in line to check out the grocery store and the lady
behind you asks you to hand her a pack of gum. Suddenly you get an overwhelming feeling that you have been
there in the exact same spot, talking to the same lady, even the same brand gum. Even though everything seems
so familiar you know there is no way that could have happened before. There are many theories as to why and
how this phenomenon happens. One theory is that déjà vu is connected with temporal-lobe epilepsy, but people
without a history of epilepsy have also experienced déjà vu. Psychiatrists believe it is something in your brain
that confuses an event that happened in the past with the present. Another theory is parapsychologist think it is
connected with past life experiences. Whether déjà vu is an experience of the paranormal or simply some
confusion in the brain, it a perplexing feeling of having “already
CLASSIFICATION. A pattern that organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and
standards. This pattern can be used when classifying people, objects, events, things, places and other.
EXAMPLE:
There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best sellers – unread, untouched
(this deluded individual owns wood pulp and ink, not books). The second has many great books – a few of them
read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them read as clean and shiny as the day they were bought
(this person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect of their physical
appearance). The third has a few books or many – every one of them dog eared and dilapidated, shaken and
loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back (this man owns his books). In which
classification would you belong? --- Mortimer J. Adler, “Book Owners”

JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!
Department of Education / Region V-Bicol
Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING
Pili National High School HANDOUTS
EXEMPLIFICATION. This pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific and
concrete examples to expound on the main idea. Simply put, this pattern is used to provide an example of
something.
EXAMPLE:
While Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its downsides. One of these is phishing, which
refers to act of obtaining personal information, such a s passwords and credit card details, through online
means. In other words, phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. X. He
received an email stating that his Gmail account has been compromised and that he needed to click a link to
update personal information. If. Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal information will be illegally.

COMPARISON-CONTRAST. This pattern organizes ideas based on how events, places, people,
things and concepts are similar to or different from one another.
EXAMPLE:
Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are quite different. Both are bodies of water, but
ocean are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually
surrounded by land, while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants and animals living in them.
The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller forms of life. When
it is time for vacation, both will make a great place to visit and enjoy.

CAUSE AND EFFECT. This pattern explains why something happens or what results a particular
event produces. It organizes details based on the causes, the reason, and the result or consequences of certain
phenomenon.
EXAMPLE:
I do well in school, and people think I am smart because of it. But it’s not true. In fact, three years ago I
struggled in school. However, two years ago I decided to get serious about school and made a few changes.
First, I decided I would become interested in whatever was being taught, regardless of what other people
thought. I also decided I would work hard every day and never give up on any assignment. I decided to never,
never fall behind. Finally, I decided to make school a priority over friend and fun. After implementing these
changes, I became an active participant in classroom discussions. Then, my test scores began to rise. I still
remember the first time that someone made fun of me because “ I was smart:. How exciting! It seems to me that
being smart is simply a matter of working hard and being interested. Unfortunately, learning a new video game
doesn’t help you get into college or get a good job.

PROBLEM SOLUTION. This pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. The
problem section usually includes the what, who, when, why and how of the problem. The other part then
presents the major effects of the problem and the possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in
implementing the solution.
EXAMPLE:
Last week we installed a kitty door so that out cat come and go as she pleases. Unfortunately, we ran
into a problem. Our cat was afraid to use the kitty door. We tried pushing her through, and that caused her to
be even more afraid. The kitty door was dark, and she couldn’t see what was on the other side. The first step we
took in solving this problem was taping the kitty door open. After a couple of days, she was confidently coming
and going through the open door. However, when we removed the tape and closed the door, once again, she
would not go through. They say you catch more bees with honey, so we decided to use food as bait. We would
sit next to the kitty door with a can of wet food and click the top of the can. When kitty came through the closed
door, we would open the can and feed her. It took five days of doing this to make her unafraid of using the kitty
door. Now we have just one last problem, our kitty controls our lives!

PERSUASION. A persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence lead to a logical
conclusion or argument. Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence
that supports the position.
EXAMPLE:
Last year was the first time I had ever been the new kid at school. For the first four days, I was
completely alone. I don’t think I even spoke to a single person. Finally, at lunch on the fifth day, Karen Watson
walked past her usual table and sat down right next to me. Even though I was new, I had already figured out
who Karen Watson was. She was popular. Pretty soon, all Karen’s friends were sitting there right next to me.

JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!
Department of Education / Region V-Bicol
Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING
Pili National High School HANDOUTS
I never became great friend with Karen, but after lunch that day. It seemed like all sorts of people were
happy to be my friend. You cannot convince me that Karen did not know what she was doing. I have a great a
great respect for her, and I learned a great deal about what it means to be a true leader.

Note: Extemporaneous speech is a planned and prepared speech. Unlike memorized or manuscript speeches
which are delivered word-for-word, an extemporaneous speech is delivered with the help of short notes and a
clear outline. Most people who speak in public often prefer the extemporaneous method of delivery. Although
it might look more challenging than the manuscript or memorized speeches, it is more spontaneous and
personal.

PATTERN PURPOSE TRANSITIONAL

DEVICES
Narration The purpose of narration is to tell a story or relate an About Later
event meanwhile prior to
tomorrow
Description The purpose of description is to recreate, invent, or Above across
visually present a person, place, event or action so that alongside between
the readers can picture that which is being described. beyond
Definition It moves beyond a dictionary definition to deeply is defined as as defined
examine a word or concept as we actually use and means refers to
understand it. to define
Classification It is used to classify people, objects, events, things, Another another kind
places and other items. classified final type
the first category
Exemplification This pattern is use to extend the idea further: it carries For instance as an
one or more examples into great detail in order to show example for example
the details of a complex problem in a way that’s easy in particular namely
for readers to understand.
Comparison The goal of comparison and contrast is generally to Also as equally
and Contrast show that one item is superior to another, based on a in a similar fashion both
set of evaluations included as part of the writing.
Cause and This pattern is used to show the different causes and as since, due to
Effect effects of various conditions. for the reason consequently
Problem This pattern is designed to compel the reader to make nonetheless one reason
some kind of change in opinion or behavior by one solution is one way is
Solution
establishing that a problem exists, then providing a the problem
solution.
Persuasion This is used to presents the issue, the position, and the truly in fact
supporting evidence that supports the position inevitably
in essence
certainly

LESSON 2 - PITCHING PATTERN PAGES IN WRITING

Patterns of development in writing refer to the particular strategies writers use to develop ideas. These
patterns help sort out information and shape paragraphs. They serve as aids in writing as they provide certain
direction on where the writer wants his or her work to go. Furthermore, they set the structure of the written
work depending on what type of mood statement or purpose that is intended for the readers to convey. They
deliver emphasis of the points with greater weight of the texts base on the various intentions of each patterns.

 ESSAY - An analytic or interpretative literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a
limited or personal point of view.
 DEVELOPMENT - Act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more
advanced.
 ORGANIZE - Form into a coherent unity or functioning whole; arrange elements into a whole of
interdependent parts

JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!
Department of Education / Region V-Bicol
Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING
Pili National High School HANDOUTS
Paragraph writing is the foundation of all essay writing, whether the form is descriptive, narrative,
persuasive, etc.
Organizing Paragraphs using the different patterns
1. Problem-Solution Paragraph

2. Narrative Paragraph

3. Cause and Effect Paragraph

4. Persuasive Paragraph
Overview of the argument/thesis

Piece of evidence

Supporting Details

Opposing view

Conclusion

5. Classification Paragraph

Thesis Details Purpose of

Statement Classification

JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!
Department of Education / Region V-Bicol
Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING
Pili National High School HANDOUTS
6. Descriptive Paragraph

7. Definition Essay
examples explanation

THESIS
STATEMENT

Description Supporting
details

6. Comparison and Contrast

Paragraph

7. Exemplification Paragraph
Overview of the Paragraph

Supporting Arguments Final Impression

LESSON 1- STAY ORGANIZED

Make yourself familiar with the words listed below.
1. Organization – the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through it
2. Physical format – it is how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings,
bullet points or font emphasis
3. Signal words - these are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text
4. Structure - this is the framework upon which the text is organized
5. Chronological - it organizes events in the order they happened
6. Spatial - it describes a scene typically organizing that information by location
7. Sequence – arrangement
8. Logical – reasonable
JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!
Department of Education / Region V-Bicol
Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING
Pili National High School HANDOUTS
Text organization is the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through it. This
property makes a text readable and clear. In simpler words, it is the consistent development and
completeness of ideas in a text. You have to remember that a well-organized piece of writing supports
readers by making it easy for them to follow.

As you start studying this module, you will encounter some difficult words that might
hinder you in understanding the lesson. Try to make yourself familiar with the words listed below.
1. Organization – the way a text is organized that helps to guide the reader logically through
it
2. Physical format – it is how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet
points or font emphasis
3. Signal words - these are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text
4. Structure - this is the framework upon which the text is organized
5. Chronological - it organizes events in the order they happened
6. Spatial - it describes a scene typically organizing that information by location
7. Sequence – arrangement
8. Logical – reasonable

What are the techniques to achieve text organization?

Organization can be achieved through the following techniques:

1. PHYSICAL FORMAT
- it is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in how the
text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points or font emphasis.
However, use this technique with discretion as improper or superfluous formatting can be
confusing.
Example: Marxist ideology has three main theories. Historical materialism claims that all the features of
society can historically be traced back to economic activity. Social class in capitalist societies is what
produces unjust structures of power that exist today. Socialism would be the next rational step for the
development of human society.

Explanation: The words in bold are the three main most important Marxist theories that the first sentence is
referring to. By emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the correct term for the concepts along with
their definitions; this would also aid in remembering the theories since they stick out from the rest of the
text.

2. SIGNAL WORDS
- are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from one point to
another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration,
question and answer).

Example: Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club greatly influenced me as a fictional writer. First, his use of
the unreliable narrator fascinated me, and I have written similar characters in my works. Second, the theme
of patriarchal oppression can also be found in the stories I write. Third, the novel’s stunning twist is
JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!
Department of Education / Region V-Bicol
Division of CamarinesSur READING AND WRITING
Pili National High School HANDOUTS
something that I have been trying to recreate. Thus, I am extremely grateful to have encountered Palahniuk’s
genius early in my writing career.

Explanation: The words in bold are the three main most important Marxist theories that the first sentence is
referring to. By emphasizing these words, the reader can identify the correct term for the concepts along with
their definitions; this would also aid in remembering the theories since they stick

3. STRUCTURE
- provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the following:
Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook
Middle: supporting details
- End: conclusion, summary, final message

Example: Ancient philosophies believe that a person has an “aura,” this appears as a rainbow of light around
the body that can be seen by individuals with clairvoyant abilities. The colors change depending on one’s
mood, health and thoughts. Some scientists believe that the existence of the aura has something to do with
the electromagnetic fields produced by cells and tissues in the human body. Whether auras are real or not,
the fact remains that there are forces everywhere that are real even though we cannot see them.
Explanation Organization in this paragraph is not readily noticeable as it does not use cues like formatting
or signal word: . However, the text is organized in this way:
 Beginning: Introduce topic of aura
 Middle: Definition and evidence of existence of auras
 End: Ending message about forces in the world

By adhering to the structure, the writer can produce a text that is still easy to follow. The topic, supporting
details and concluding message is still clear to the reader

JENNY REY PETALLO BALBALOSA “Let all the you do be done in God’s love and grace.”
Subject Teacher / SHS T - I God Bless You!