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Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

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 Why I am Still an Anglican
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

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 For my parents
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

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 Why I am Still
an Anglican
Essays and
Conversations

Edited by
CAROLINE CHARTRES
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

continuum

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 CONTINUUM
The Tower Building, 80 Maiden Lane,
11 York Road, Suite 704,
London SE1 7NX New York
NY 10038

www.continuumbooks.com

Introduction, this collection and interviews copyright © Caroline Chartres,

2006
Individual contributions copyright © the contributors, 2006
Dr John Stott's chapter is abridged and adapted from his contribution to
Hope for the Church of England? edited by Gavin Reid (Kingsway
Publications, 1986) and is used with permission.
The extracts from 'In Church', originally published in R.S. Thomas,
Pieta (Rupert Hart Davis/London, 1966) and the extract from 'Balance',
originally published in R.S. Thomas, Frequencies (MacMillan/London,
1978), both © Kunjana Thomas 2001 and quoted by Frank Field are
used with permission.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

First published 2006

Reprinted 2008 (twice)

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-0-8264-8312-6 (pbk)

ISBN 978-0-8264-8143-4 (hbk)

Typeset by BookEns Ltd, Roys ton, Herts.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by
the MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King's Lynn

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 Contents

Acknowledgement vii

Introduction: why I am still an Anglican 1

Caroline Chartres
1 Pursuing Truth and Unity: why Evangelicals
should remain in the Church of England 7
John Stott
2 As it Was in the Beginning: the shaping of
a writer 16
P.D. James
3 Living a Life: family loyalties and the Church
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

of England's 'bumpy bits' 27

Anne Atkins
4 One Common Humanity: Anglicanism from a
Nigerian perspective 39
Emeka Anyaoku
5 Matters of Life and Death: the freedom to make
one's own judgements 47
Elizabeth Butler-Sloss

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 Contents

6 Building on the Past: social policy and Church

heritage 57
Frank Field
1 Faith and Work: an inside view of the Church
of England 67
Andreas Whittam Smith
8 Hearing the Call: meeting God through music 77
Stephen Layton
9 Alpha Plus: repackaging the Good News for the
next generation 89
Micky Gumbel
10 Atheist with Doubts: a C of E 'don't know' 99
Ian Hislop
11 Follow Me: radical convert and environmental
campaigner 109
Hugh Montejiore
12 Branded a Heretic: why science needs a
Reformation 119
Rupert Sheldrake
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

13 Converted by St Paul: unconvinced by the

modern Church of England 133
Fay Weldon
14 Signposts in Society: cathedral ministry and
being a woman priest in the Church of England 145
Lucy Winkett
15 Home Thoughts from Abroad: rediscovering the
Church of England from Europe 157
Edward Lucas

vi

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 Acknowledgements

Thanks to Carolyn Armitage, Commissioning Editor, and

her colleagues at Continuum, whose idea this was; to all the
contributors for their willingness to take part (and not least
for accommodating my erratic timetable); to our children
for their remarkable love and forbearance and above all to
my Beloved, who bears no responsibility for the contents of
this book but is at least part of the reason Why I am Still an
Anglican.
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

vii

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 Introduction

I am a cradle Anglican. 'Church', in its middle-of-the-road

Anglican manifestation, was part of the fabric of my
childhood. As a teenager, I played the organ (and
discovered that you didn't have to be particularly talented
to be in demand for services). I could never afford to rebel
against going to church — it was my principal source of
income.
I went to a school that had been founded for clergy
orphans (which I wasn't), where we learned - and had to
recite — the Prayer Book collect every Saturday morning,
while we were ostensibly doing our mending. (A more
lasting legacy than the memory of the collects is a reluctance
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

on my part to do any darning.)

Every now and then, the routine of formal chapel services
would be interrupted by an informal communion service in
the Upper (Common) Room. Wafers and wine gave way to
cubes of Hovis on plastic plates and a goblet of Ribena. We
sat in a circle on cushions or on the floor and hoped not to
be the ones who had to share the Peace with our
Headmistress. She was a good and godly person who would
clasp your hand firmly between hers and look you intently
in the eye as she said earnestly: 'The peace of the Lord be
always with you, Caroline.' Eye-contact would fail and my

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 Why I am Still an Anglican

voice would tail off in embarrassment before I'd finished

saying, 'And also with you, er, Miss, er ...'
Her favourite service was Compline (which I learned was
not a foul-tasting though nutritious drink for invalids), and
her favourite prayer the passage from St Paul that begins,
'Now unto Him that is able to do exceeding abundantly,
above all that we ask or think ...' I discovered that my own
favourite service was Evensong. On wet winter Sunday
evenings, nothing appealed less than going out from a warm
fireside to play the organ in a dark church — but it converted
me every time. Twenty-six years ago and 12,000 miles away,
I found myself outside Christchurch Cathedral in New
Zealand as Evensong was about to begin, and knew I was at
home.
There were contrasting experiences also, Anglican and
other: a period of running the Christian Union (despite my
evident lack of CU credentials or temperament); a Latin
Mass, celebrated by a French priest with a speech
impediment, which was almost entirely incomprehensible
but one of the most profoundly worshipful experiences I
have ever had. And years of running Sunday schools (for
adults, as well as children) helped to plug some of the gaps
in my own knowledge and required me to think more
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

critically about the inheritance of the faith I was trying to

pass on.
So my experience of the Church of England was timeless,
comforting and comfortable, rather than cutting-edge: it
seemed generous, capacious and undemanding. I had a
strong sense of God, was Trinitarian by instinct and
Anglican in my tastes and lack of fervour, but beyond that
gave remarkably little thought to the implications of my
Church allegiance. At school, I was envious of my Roman
Catholic friends: at least they knew what they were
supposed to believe. Even if they didn't agree with their

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 Introduction

Church's teachings (on birth control, say, or euthanasia, or

abortion), it gave them something to kick against, to help to
define their own views.
I still admire that but in the meantime, like others in this
book, I've been converted to Anglicanism from within.
Nothing has done more to strengthen my own faith and my
convictions about God than the experience of being a parent
and I see in the Church of England (at its best) the best sort
of parenting. I've come to value the breadth and the trust of
a church that gives me the freedom, within a framework, to
make my own judgements; that says that all are welcome to
share in its hospitality.
I've also seen something of the breadth and energy of the
Anglican Church, especially in London: the work being
done across social divides and barriers of race or income.
This is not the popular image of the Church of England.
Once it was more commonly portrayed as an object of fun or
pity, an anachronism or an irrelevance. People were
assumed to be Anglican by default, because they weren't
anything more interesting, or perhaps because faith didn't
matter very much to them anyway.
Today, apathy has been superseded by schism (or the
threat of it). Hardly a day passes without reports of the
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

latest disagreement to tear at the heart of the Anglican

Communion. We appear to have sex on the brain (which, as
the old joke goes, is a very uncomfortable place to have it).
We are reportedly riven with factions, for or against gay
priests, or women bishops, or civil partnerships, and our
internal debates are sometimes characterized by a marked
lack of charity.
It was famously said of the eighteenth-century Bishop
Warburton that, had he been aboard Noah's Ark, he
would have occupied 'a small corner of rationality, as
much appalled by the stench within as by the tempest

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 Why I am Still an Anglican

without'. It's easy to suppose that plenty of people today

might feel rather the same way about the Church of
England.
Ask a cross-section of them, therefore, to explain (for the
purposes of this book) why they are still Anglicans, and it
might be thought prudent to rush into print very quickly,
before they can change their minds. The underlying
assumption is that — if indeed they are still Anglican — they
might not be for very much longer. Surely they must soon
tire of the bickering, be driven out by dissent, or simply
disappear out of boredom or weariness?
Put this suggestion to the individuals in question,
however, and you discover that nothing could be further
from the truth. They may dissent from some of the
Church's decisions, regret the current disagreements, be
infuriated by the General Synod, or woolly bishops, or
troublesome priests, but leaving the Church is simply not
an option. They are not just steadfast, but unexpectedly
passionate.
This is surprising. Another old joke defines an Anglican
as someone who can believe anything they want, as long as
they don't believe it too strongly. More recently, Roger
Scruton wrote:
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

The truth about the Anglican Church is simple: it is a

longstanding pact between God and England, where-
by our country, its language and its manners are
brought within the Christian fold, but without
demanding anything embarrassing by way of belief,
ritual or devotion.1

That makes Anglicanism hard to pin down. All Christian

churches teach that we are persons in communion and bring
people together to learn to relate to God, to each other and

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 Introduction

to the world around us. By talking (most of the chapters are

based on interviews) to Anglicans whose ages span half a
century and whose experiences embrace half the globe, this
book seeks to capture something of the distinctive but
elusive flavour of the Church of England.
Despite the widely differing ages, backgrounds and
perspectives of the contributors, some common themes
emerge: a dislike of labels ('evangelical', 'liberal', 'charis-
matic', etc.); an enthusiasm for the parish system and for
Prayer Book Evensong (whether under turning fans in the
tropical heat or in Sir Christopher Wren's great masterpiece
at the heart of London); an appreciation, rather than
resentment, of a church that is broad enough to contain
those of opposing views.
A church that has grown through turbulent times,
holding in tension the historic inheritance of Catholicism
with the insights of the Reformation and seeking to follow a
via media, is always going to be open to charges of fence-
sitting. But the Church of England does reflect, in a
profound way, the character and temperament of the
English people. It knows that, told what to do, we become
counter-suggestible — so it requires us to think for ourselves
(and leaves open the possibility that we won't think at all).
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

It embraces Anglo-Catholics, middle-of-the-road don't-

knows and neo-Puritans, which - if we could only cease
our (below-the-) navel-gazing and look together in the same
direction - would still be an enormous strength.
What follows is not a profound theological tome
(although it begins with a distinguished theologian putting
the Church of England into its historical and theological
context), nor an attempt to plaster over the cracks that are
currently only too visible within the Anglican Communion.
Rather, it is a personal, partial and affectionate (though by
no means uncritical) glimpse of the Anglican Church, whose

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 Why I am Still an Anglican

diversity should still - most of the time - be a cause for

celebration.

Caroline Chartres

NOTE
1. Country Life, 9 June 2005.
Copyright © 2007. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. All rights reserved.

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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Canaries
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Canaries
their care and management

Author: Alexander Wetmore

Release date: December 2, 2023 [eBook #72289]

Language: English

Original publication: Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,

1923

Credits: Bob Taylor, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANARIES

***
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
FARMERS’ BULLETIN No. 1327

CANARIES
THEIR CARE AND
MANAGEMENT

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

T O MEET the requests continually
received for information on the care of
canaries in sickness and health, this bulletin
has been compiled from numerous sources,
including personal experiences and
observations of the author. It is intended for
all who are interested in canaries.
This bulletin is a revision of and
supersedes Farmers’ Bulletin 770.

Washington, D. C. Issued May, 1923.

CANARIES: THEIR CARE AND MANAGEMENT.
By Alexander Wetmore, Assistant Biologist, Division of Biological
Investigations, Bureau of Biological Survey.
 CONTENTS.

Page.
Introduction 1
History 2
Varieties 3
Cages 5
Care of cages 7
Indoor and outdoor aviaries 8
Food 9
Bathing 10
Molt 11
Color feeding 12
Breeding 13
Sex and age 15
Vermin 16
Care of feet and bill 17
Diseases and injuries 17
Broken limbs 18
Loss of feathers about head 18
Respiratory troubles 19
Intestinal complaints 19
Bibliography 20
 INTRODUCTION.

A MONG THE BIRDS kept for household pets none is more

common or better known than the canary. So simple are its
requirements in the way of food and care that it needs little attention,
and because of its pleasing songs and interesting habits it is a
universal favorite. Readily adaptable to cage life, canaries display
little of the fear shown by wild birds in captivity, and the ease with
which they may be induced to nest and rear young adds to their
popularity.
Canaries have been domesticated for several hundred years and,
though more common in western Europe and the United States than
elsewhere, have been carried over practically the entire civilized
world. In England and Germany there are hundreds of canary
breeders and many avicultural societies. Several periodicals dealing
solely with cage birds are published there, and in the larger cities
bird exhibitions are held annually. Similar activities in the United
States, while of younger growth, are making considerable progress.
During the 10-year period prior to 1915 more than 3,250,000
canaries were imported into the United States, mainly from Germany
and England. With the continuance of the World War the number
brought in decreased steadily, until it fell from an average of more
than 1,000 birds per day in 1914 to about 10,000 for the year 1918.
Importations from Germany practically ceased, and comparatively
few birds were to be obtained from England, so that dealers were
forced to look to the Orient, mainly to China, for the small number
secured. This depression continued until 1920, but with return to
more normal conditions in 1921, about 70,000 were imported, and in
1922 more than 150,000, largely from the former sources in Europe
as well as the Orient.
Canaries seem to thrive in any climate where not exposed to too
severe weather conditions, and in spite of the long period they have
been protected and held in captivity they are capable of enduring a
surprising degree of cold when hardened to it. In England it is not
unusual to find them in outdoor aviaries throughout the year, and in
the comparatively mild climate of California they thrive under these
conditions. They seem able to establish themselves again in a wild
state under favorable circumstances. A brood of domestic canaries
released in 1909 on Midway Island, a sandy islet in the Hawaiian
group, had increased by 1914 until it was estimated that it numbered
about 1,000.
 HISTORY.

The origin of the canary as a cage bird is as obscure as is the

early history of other domesticated animals. It seems probable that
captive canaries were first secured from the Canary Islands, a group
with which they have long been popularly associated. There are in
the Old World, however, two closely allied forms from which the
domesticated canary may have come. One of these, the bird now
recognized as the “wild canary,” is found in the Canary Islands (with
the exception of the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote),
Madeira, and the Azores. This form is illustrated in Figure 1. The
other form, the serin finch,[1] ranges through southern Europe and
northern Africa, extending eastward into Palestine and Asia Minor. In
a wild state these two forms are very similar in color and to a novice
are hardly distinguishable.

Fig. 1.—Wild canary.

If, as is supposed, the original supply of canaries came from the

Canary Islands, it may be considered doubtful that the stock thus
secured has furnished the ancestors of all our canaries. The slight
differences in color between the serin finch and the canary would
probably have passed unnoticed by early ornithologists and bird
lovers. With bird catching a widespread practice in middle and
southern Europe, the serin would often be made captive and be
accepted without question as a canary. In this way serins and wild
canaries may have been interbred until all distinguishable
differences were lost.
The original canary, whether serin or true wild canary, in its native
haunt was much different in color from its modern pure-bred
descendant. The back of the wild bird is, in general, gray, tinged with
olive-green, especially on the rump, with dark shaft streaks on the
feathers. Underneath it is yellowish, streaked on sides and flanks
with dusky. Wild canaries from the Canary Islands, the Azores, and
Madeira differ from the Continental serins in being slightly grayer
with less of yellowish green in the plumage above. In addition, the
rump is duller yellow and the bill is distinctly larger. All the wild birds
have the feet and legs (tarsi) horn brown, the upper half of the bill
dark brown or horn color, and the lower half paler.
Both of the wild varieties inhabit vineyards, thickets, and more
open country where bordered by trees. At times, during fall and
winter, great flocks are found together. The birds feed upon various
seeds and occasionally eat figs or other small fruits in season. In a
wild state they nest early in spring and again later, rearing two
broods. The nest, made of plant stems and grasses and lined with
hair and plant downs, is placed in bushes or low trees. The eggs are
clear green in color, spotted and clouded with deep wine red and
reddish brown. From three to five eggs are deposited.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The scientific name of the serin is Serinus serinus serinus.

The wild canary is known as Serinus s. canarius. Both were first
described by Linnaeus.
 VARIETIES.

Variation among domesticated canaries began early, as

Hernandez, in 1587, speaks of the canary as wholly yellow in color
save for the tips of the wings. The various forms have had their
origin in distinct geographic areas, and though some are almost
extinct at present, all at one time or another have had a devoted
following of fanciers. At present at least 14 distinct strains, with a
large number of varieties, are known.
The common canary is reared primarily for its song, and from it
probably came the roller, or song canary, a great favorite in Germany
and, more recently, in England and the United States. In rearing
song canaries attempt is made to produce males with clear, soft,
pleasing songs with long rolls or trills, and no attention whatever is
paid to other characters. These birds, therefore, may be nondescript
as regards color and appearance, and in mating care is taken only to
secure males that are good singers and females from good stock.
The young birds when fledged are put in rooms with males noted
for their soft song, and here, through imitation, they develop their
own vocal powers. Careful watch is kept over them, and any bird that
develops harsh notes is removed at once to prevent his corrupting
the purity of tone in the song of his brothers. A mechanical
instrument known as a bird organ, that produces liquid trills, is
frequently utilized in training, usually when the adult birds are silent
during molt. Ordinarily the room where song canaries are being
trained is darkened, and frequently the cages containing the young
birds are screened with cloth to lessen a tendency to objectionable
loudness of song. In six months or less, their education completed,
these songsters may be sold or in their turn utilized in training others
still younger. It is common to teach these birds some simple strain or
air, through its constant repetition by whistling or by means of an
instrument. Well-trained birds are popular pets and frequently bring
high prices.
 In the class of exhibition birds, perhaps none is more striking than
the Belgian canary, pictured in Figure 2. Formerly known as the “king
of the fancy,” it was reared extensively in Belgium, but of late years
its popularity has been on the decline, so that as late as 1911 it was
said that few pure-bred Belgians were to be found. The typical
Belgian canary is a large bird with a small head, long, slender neck,
large shoulders, and a long, tapering body. It is primarily a bird of
“position.” When assuming the peculiar and desired attitude the bird
throws its shoulders up and brings the head down well below their
level; the back and tail form a perpendicular line and the feet are
held close together.
Another bird of position is the Scotch fancy canary, illustrated in
Figure 3. This variety resembles the Belgian, but when in position
throws the tail in under the perch until its outline in profile is almost a
semicircle.

Fig. 2.—Belgian fancy canary.

 Fig. 3.—Scotch fancy canary.

Another well-marked variety is the cinnamon canary, one of the

earliest forms to appear, but one whose origin is wholly unknown. Its
true color is a dun or dull brown that has been likened to cinnamon.
In exhibition birds the color is usually intensified by color feeding
(see p. 14). The cinnamon canary is peculiar also in possessing red
or pink eyes, a character that denotes cinnamon blood even in a
yellow or buff bird. The cinnamon inheritance is transmitted only by
the male; young reared from a cinnamon mother and a male of any
other form lacking cinnamon blood never show signs of their
cinnamon parentage.
Among the old-established varieties that now are in decadence
none is more striking than the lizard canary. Lizard canaries are
known as “gold” or “silver,” according as the body color is yellow or
silvery gray. The wings and tail are black and the back is spangled
with numerous somewhat triangular black spots. The crown in pure-
bred birds is unspotted and light in color, as shown in Figure 4.
 Fig. 4.—Lizard canary.

The crested canary, pictured in Figure 5, is another unusual form,

with a long crest that extends down around the head below the level
of the eyes. Another, the frill or Dutch frill canary, is a large bird with
long curling feathers. The Lancashire is the largest of known
varieties of the canary, standing head and shoulders above all
others. These “giant” canaries may be crested or smooth headed.
Other forms that may be mentioned are the Border Fancy, a small
bird; and the Norwich, or Norwich plain-head, from which come
many of the common canaries.

Fig. 5.—Crested canary.

 It must not be supposed that the varieties of canaries enumerated
above cover the entire field. For each of the main forms there are
almost endless groups or divisions that have been developed on
color peculiarities. To obtain pure-bred birds requires constant care
and supervision, and with any slackness of method hosts of
mongrels appear. Interbreeding between various forms, even though
they differ widely in color, results in reversion to the original type,
which was a spotted or striped greenish bird, certain proof of the
common origin of all.
 CAGES.

When choosing cages in which to keep canaries, the primary

consideration should be the comfort of the birds, and this should not
be sacrificed to any desire for ornate appearance. There are several
types on the market, any of which may serve. So far as shape is
concerned, a square cage is best, as it affords more room for
exercise than one that is round.
For one bird, the cage should not be less than 9½ inches long, 6½
inches wide, and 9 inches high. A larger size is to be preferred. The
ordinary cages obtained from dealers in this country are made of
wire and are open on all sides. Each is fitted with receptacles for
food and water, usually at opposite ends. A fine-mesh wire screen
may be bought from the dealer and fastened around the lower half of
the cage to prevent the scattering of seeds and seed hulls. A
common substitute for this is a simple muslin bag, held in place by a
drawstring fastening tightly about the middle of the cage.
In a cage of ordinary size three perches are sufficient. One may be
placed at either end at a distance that will allow easy access to the
food and water receptacles, and the third elevated above the middle
of the cage at its center. Another convenient arrangement is to run
one perch lengthwise of the cage, in such way that the bird may
reach the feeding receptacles from it, and to place the two other
perches transversely above it near either end. A bird confined in
small quarters is dependent for exercise on hopping about from
perch to perch, and this arrangement will give the maximum freedom
of movement. In larger cages four perches may be advisable. These
should not be placed so that they interfere with the free movement of
the bird, and for reasons of cleanliness one perch should not be
directly above another. In small wire cages, if the swing perch
usually found suspended in the center is removed, the bird will have
more room, and in hopping back and forth will not be continually
striking head or wings. In larger cages this perch may remain.
Perches should be large enough for the toes of the bird to grasp
them readily and encircle them for three-fourths of their
circumference. If they are too small they cramp the foot, while if too
large they may cause malformed toes or claws, especially in young
birds. Perches should be elliptical in shape, about three-eighths of
an inch in the long diameter, which should be horizontal. If those
furnished with the cage do not meet these requirements, others may
be made from soft wood without much trouble.
Cages in which canaries are to breed must be large and roomy in
comparison with those intended for single occupants. An English
authority gives the standard size for breeding cages as 22 inches
long, 12 inches wide, and 16 inches high. Several types of open
breeding cages made of wire may be obtained, or a box with a
removable wire front may be made. If it is planned to use wooden
cages for several seasons they should be enameled or whitewashed
inside to permit thorough cleaning. Such cages should be smooth
inside and any with cracked or warped boards should be avoided, as
crevices may harbor dirt or mites. Though cages may be made of
wire screen this is not advised, as cages so constructed become
very dirty, and there is danger that birds may catch their claws in the
wire and become injured.
Where numbers of canaries are kept box cages with wire fronts
are convenient, as they may be placed in racks one above another
or arranged on a series of shelves along the wall of the bird room.
They are provided with a sand tray three-fourths of an inch deep that
slides in and out from the front and facilitates cleaning. Perches for
these cages may be adjusted in the following manner: One end is
notched and the other has a brad driven in it filed to a sharp point.
The sharpened brad is pressed against the back of the cage and a
wire on the front is slipped into the notch. If made the right length the
pressure of the wire will hold the perch in position.
For shipping birds the small wicker cages in which canaries come
to dealers are best. These are fitted with deep, narrow-necked food
and water receptacles that do not readily spill, so that there is a
minimum of waste during the journey. A small packet or sack of seed
should be tied to the outside of the cage in order that the bird’s
supply may be replenished en route.
 CARE OF CAGES.

Though canaries when acclimated can endure a great degree of

cold without discomfort, they are susceptible to sudden changes in
temperature, and cold drafts may soon prove fatal. This should be
borne in mind in choosing a place for the cage. Direct exposure to a
strong draft of cold air must always be avoided. A cage may be
placed on a small shelf along the wall or suspended from a bracket
attached to the wall or window casing. Swinging brackets are
inexpensive and are convenient for use when it is impracticable to
fasten hooks in the ceiling. When one or two canaries are kept as
pets, it is usual to suspend their cages before a window, where the
birds may enjoy light and sunshine, a good practice where the
window is kept closed during cool or stormy weather and the joints
are tight. It may be necessary to line the edges of the window frame
and the junction of the upper and lower halves of the window with
weather stripping to prevent drafts, and it is best to suspend the
cage so that it will hang opposite or below the junction of the two
halves of the window frame. The room must remain at a fairly even
temperature day and night, and in cold weather it is well to cover the
cage with a towel or other light cloth at night. A cage should never be
suspended directly above a radiator, and it is best to avoid keeping
birds in small kitchens, as the fluctuations in heat are perhaps more
marked there than in any other part of the house. Exposure to damp
air may prove fatal, another reason for avoiding the steam-laden air
of small kitchens.
Wherever placed, the cage must be kept scrupulously clean if the
canary is to remain in good health and free from vermin. The supply
of water should be renewed daily, and the seed cup replenished at
least every other day. The receptacles for these necessities should
be cleaned and washed carefully at short intervals. Cages that have
removable bases should have the tray in the bottom covered with
several thicknesses of paper, or the heavy coarse-grained
sandpaper, known as gravel paper, that may be secured from
dealers in cage-bird supplies, may be used. This should be renewed
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