MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
PADMINI
CONTENT PRASHADINI SHARMA
Introduction ROLL NO: BS(B)22-124
History +3 2ND YEAR
Types
Procedure for mushroom cultivation
Benefits of mushroom cultivation
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:
Mushroom is a fungi producting a fleshy fruiting body, especially one consisting of stalk
with an umbrella cap.
It has two part:
1. PILEUS
2. MYCELIUM
Cap like structure are called PILEUS which is attached to the thread like structure called
mycelium.
Mycelia absorb nutrient from the soil it do not require sunlight for growing .
HISTORY:
Mushroom has been eaten since prehistoric time.
In ancient Rome the word used for mushroom is ‘food of God’.
Mushroom cultivation was first started in early part of the 18th century in France.
Many cultural believes that mushroom could give the superhuman strength.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES :
Mushrooms contain more protein than fruits & vegetable.
Mushrooms can also be low in cholesterol.
Apart from their protein content, mushrooms can also be high in certain vitamins like B, C,
vitamin D, riboflavin.
It is also an excellent source of iron, and Potassium along with folic acid.
Different Types of Mushrooms:
There is various type of edible mushroom available in the world but in India mostly four
type of mushroom is cultivated.
1. White Button Mushroom
2. Portobello Mushroom
3. Oyster Mushroom
4. Paddy Straw Mushroom
PROCEDURE :
In India, the favorable season for mushroom cultivation is October to march.
Cultivation Procedure has five main steps:
1. Spawn production
2. Compost preparation
3. Spawning
4. Casing
5. Fruiting and preservation
The major mushroom producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Himanchal Pradesh, Punjab,
Tamilnadu.
Spawn production:
Mushroom growing process start form Spawn preparation.
Spawn is planting material for mushroom cultivation that is it is a seed of mushroom.
The quality, texture, size, flavor of mushrooms depend upon spawn quality and purity .
Mushroom spawn produce in research laboratories, universities and also sold in markets .
Good Qualities mushroom spawn has following qualities:
1. The spawn should Be rapidly growing in the compost.
2. Provide early pruning following casing.
3. High yielding.
4. It must create the greater grade of mushroom.
COMPOST PREPARATION:
Compost is the substrates on which mushroom are cultivated.
It is generally prepared from plant and animal wastes, salt, supplements, water.
Compost is an artificially prepared growth medium from which mushroom can derive
essential nutrients necessary for growth.
There are two primary methods for compost preparation:
1. Long Method
2. Short Method
LONG METHOD:
This is an outdoor procedure and takes around 28 days in its conclusion with a total of
seven turnings.
Day 1 : In this stage make a 5-feet-wide, 5-foot-high stack. With the help of wooden box
or any other equipment in grow room.
The length of the stack depends on the amount of material, but the height and width should
not be more or less than the measurements written above and It kept as it is as for five
days.
Water is spray as per the requirement of lower moisture in the outer layers. The temperature
of this stack in about two to three days gets around 65-70 ° C, which is a good sign.
6th day – 1st turning: If the moisture content in the compost is reduced, then the
water is sprayed as per the requirement.
10th day – 2nd turning: As similar as the first turnaround.
13th day – 3rd turning: Add Gypsum and follow the same procedure.
16th day – 4th turning: Same as the 1st turnaround.
19th day- 5th turning: Same as the 1st turnaround.
22nd Day- 6th turning: Same as the 1st turnaround.
25th day- 7th turning: Add BHC and follow the same procedure.
28th day- 8th turning: Check the Ammonia and moisture in compost.
The compost is now ready for spawning.
Short Method:
Compost prepared by this method gives the high-quality product, and there is very little
chance of infections.
In this method Paddy straw is used, the straw is sufficiently watered to keep it wet.
1st day- preparation of substrate.
2nd day - 1st turning: water is added sufficiently.
4th day- 2nd turning: Gypsum and sufficient water is aaddaed.
12th day- 3rd turning: colour of the compost become brown and check for the
ammonia smell.
Now the compost is ready for spawing.
Spawning:
Spawning is basically the process of sowing the mushroom mycelium into the compost bed.
It’s done in several ways:
1. Spot spawning
2. Surface spawning
3. Layer spawning
SPOT SPAWNING:
In this method lumps of spawn are planted in 5cm deep holes made in the compost at a
distance of 20-25cm.
The hole is covered by compost.
Surface spawning:
The spawn is spread evenly at the top layer of the compost and then mixed to a depth of
35cm.
Covered with thin layer of compost.
Layer spawning:
3-4 layers of spawn mixed with compost are prepared which is again covered by a thin
layer of compost.
Spawn running:
The time between spawning and casing during which the mycelium fully colonizes the
mushroom compost.
The ideal temperature for a spawn run depends on the type of mushroom but it generally
between 23-28c.
Casing:
After spawn running process, the compost bed should be covered with a layer of about 3-
4cm thick.
The casing material must be highly porous with high water holding capacity.
Peatmoss is best for casing but not available easily.
After the casing soil is spread on the compost the temperature is maintained at 25⁰C for 72
hours & then lowered to 18⁰C.
Remember that casing stage requires a lot of fresh air. Therefore the room must have
sufficient ventilation facilities during the casing stage.
FRUITING AND PRESERVATION:
After 15 to 20 days of casing, under the favorable condition the pinheads start becoming
noticeable.
White colored, small-sized buttons start developing within 5 to 6 days of this stage.
Mushrooms are ready for harvesting when the caps are placed tight on the short stem.
During harvesting, the cap should be twisted off gently.
Once the harvesting is done the gap most be covered with fresh sterilized casing material.
Mushroom Productivity:
Generally from the longer method of composting 14-18 kg mushroom produce & 18 –
20 kg mushroom produced from the short method from 1000 kg compost.
Post-harvest management:
Harvested mushrooms softly wash with 5g. KMS solution in ten litter water. After
washing remove excess water and pack these mushroom in the polythene bag.
Storage:
Storage of mushroom is most important or they will be damaged .
Benefits of mushroom cultivation:
1. Low investment: Mushroom cultivation requires minimal investment and can be done in
small spaces.
2. High yield: Mushrooms have a high yield per unit area compared to other crops.
3. Nutritional value: Mushrooms are rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals.
4. Medicinal properties: Certain types of mushrooms have medicinal properties and are
used in traditional medicine.
Conclusion
Mushroom cultivation is a profitable and sustainable business that has several benefits. With
the right knowledge and techniques, anyone can start their own mushroom farm and reap the
rewards.
