The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a
period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General
of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the
formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental
principles of liberal democracy,[1] while its values and institutions remain central to
modern French political discourse.[2]
The causes of the revolution were a combination of social, political, and economic
factors which the ancien régime ("old regime") proved unable to manage. A
financial crisis and widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates
General in May 1789, its first meeting since 1614. The representatives of the Third
Estate broke away, and re-constituted themselves as a National Assembly in June.
The Storming of the Bastille in Paris on 14 July was followed by a series of radical
measures by the Assembly, among them the abolition of feudalism, state control
over the Catholic Church, and a declaration of rights. The next three years were
dominated by the struggle for political control, and military defeats following the
outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792 led to an insurrection on 10
August. The monarchy was replaced by the French First Republic in September,
and Louis XVI was executed in January 1793.