DEPARMENT OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY -ALANGALANG

Binongtoan,Alangalang, Leyte, 6517, PHILIPPINES
Email: alangalang@vsu.edu.ph
Website: www.vsu.edu.ph

AS 21
Principles of Animal Science
Name: ____________________________ Rating: _____________
Lab Schedule: __________________________ Date Submitted: ____________

Exercise No. 1

THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY AND BODY MEASUREMENTS OF FARM

ANIMALS

Introduction

Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine which studies the structure of living
organisms. Human anatomy studies the structure of humans, zootomy deals with animal body
structures, and phytotomy studies the structure of plants. There are many branches to anatomy,
such as comparative anatomy, developmental anatomy or pathological anatomy, etc. The basic
unit of life is a cell. Groups of cells with similar functions form tissue. There are four basic types
of animal tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous. An organ is formed by a collection
of tissues; while an organ system comprises two or more organs which cooperate with one
another in order to perform a certain task. The body is a unique collection of interdependent
organ systems.
This lab is intended to get you kind of up to speed with the topic. It is this observer
experience that will allow them to create the whole body program they can one day become:
identifying various external parts of animal anatomy, using their hands to observe, create and
mark their observations. The hands-on method not only reinforces theoretical concepts, but
promotes engagement through participation in the learning process. The laboratory will also
useful for the teacher to know if the students understand the particular topic properly. The goal
of this initiative is to create a more interactive and informative space for all involved in the
learning process.

Objectives

1. To acquaint and familiarize students with the different terms that refer to the
specific external parts of the animal’s body.
2. To comparatively evaluate and give the different external parts of the animal.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 3. To apply the knowledge of the external anatomy in estimating the live weight of
some livestock.

Materials

Calculator
Tape measure
Live animals

Methods

Students will be guided to the different animal projects of the Department of Agricultural
Technology and do the following:

External Anatomy

• Locate and identify the different external parts of the body in live animals.
• Note the similarities and/ or differences between species, breeds, sex and age of the
different farm animals.

Body Weight Estimation

There are two methods of body weight determinations of pigs.

For Pigs

a. Body Measurement. Using a tape measure, take the heart girth (cm) and body
length (cm) of the pig. Based on the data obtained, get the estimated body weight (kg) of
the pig using the following formulas:

Note: Heart girth = circumference of the body at the chest immediately behind the point of the
elbow.

Body Length = measured along the arc of the back from the poll (point
midway between the ears) to the base of the tail.

W = H2 x L
400

Where: W = Live weight (lbs)

L = Body length

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 b. Weighing Scale. With the use of a weighing scale, weigh the actual body weight
(kg) of the pig assigned to your group.

Results and Discussion

Goat Number Heart Girth Body Length Estimated Weight

Goat no. 1 43 22 61.6333
Goat no.2 29 24 30.58181
Goat no.3 24 15.5 13.52725
Goat no.4 21.5 18.5 12.95700
Goat no.5 26.5 20.5 21.81231

This table provides the data of the goat that we’ve measure at the Visayas State University
Alangalang.

The first goat that we measure is a female and the heart girth of the first goat is and the body lenth is
and we compute it by multiplying the heart girth by itself and multiply to body length wich is 22
and divided by 660 and the result is 61.6333. The second goat that we measure is the baby one and the
heart girth is 29 and multiply in itself and to 24 which is the body length and the estimated weight is
30. 58181. The next one is the black goat and the hearth girth is 24 and body length is 15.5 and the
estimated weight is 13.52725. The next goast the heart girth is 21.5 multiplying by 18.5 and diveded
by 660 with the result of 12.957000. Finally, the last goat with an heart girth of 26.5 and with the
body length of 20.5 diveded by 660 come up with the result of 21.81231.

The first goat or the mother goat has an bigger weigth with ab 61.6333 compared to the other goats.
Next to it is the goat no.2 with an estimated weight of 30.5818.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
Questions to answer

1. In establishing a herd and in selecting and judging, what primary differences exist in
swine as compared to beef cattle and sheep?

 In establishing a herd and in selecting and judging, the primary

differences in swine as compared to beef cattle and sheep include the
following:
1. Breeding and Reproduction: Swine have a shorter gestation period and
larger litter sizes compared to beef cattle and sheep. Breeding and
reproduction practices for swine will therefore focus on different
parameters than those for beef cattle and sheep.

2. Body Conformation: Swine have a different body conformation than

beef cattle and sheep. When selecting and judging swine, factors such as
muscle mass, body length, and structural correctness are prioritized,
while beef cattle and sheep may be judged based on different
characteristics.

3. Growth and Feed Efficiency: Swine tend to have a faster growth rate
and higher feed efficiency compared to beef cattle and sheep. This may
impact the selection criteria for breeding and judging, as well as the
management practices for establishing a herd
.
4. Market Orientation: Swine are typically raised for pork production, while
beef cattle are raised for beef and sheep for both meat and wool. The
market orientation for each species will influence the breeding and
selection priorities.

5. Health and Disease Management: Swine, beef cattle, and sheep have
different health challenges and disease vulnerabilities. Establishing a herd
and selecting animals may require differing strategies for disease
prevention and management. Overall, while there may be some
similarities in the process of establishing a herd and selecting and judging
animals, the specific characteristics and priorities for swine will differ from
those of beef cattle and sheep.

2. State the major differences between mature male and female of the following animals
based on their external anatomy.
a. Chicken
b. Pig
c. Cattle
d. Goat
e. Sheep

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 f. Ducks
g. Turkey
1. Swine:
Male (Boar): - Typically larger and more muscular
- Have a thicker neck and broader shoulders
- Develop prominent tusks or teeth, especially in heritage breeds
- Male genitalia are visible and located beneath the body

Female (Sow): - Generally smaller and less muscular

- Have a longer body with a more defined waist
- A pair of teats running along the underside of the body
- Udder development in mature sows
- Female genitalia are also visible

2. Beef Cattle:
Male (Bull): - Larger in size than cows
- Have a more muscular and thicker neck
- Prominent dewlap (loose, fatty skin hanging below the neck)
- Develops a noticeable hump on the back in some breeds
- Male genitalia are visible and located beneath the body

Female (Cow): - Typically smaller in size

- Have a more refined neck and shoulders
- Developed udder, especially after calving
- Female genitalia are also visible

3. Sheep: Male (Ram): - Larger and more muscular

- Prominent curved horns in some breeds
- Develops a thicker, coarser fleece
- Male genitalia are visible

Female (Ewe): - Smaller and less muscular

- No horns in most breeds
- Develops a softer, finer fleece
- Udder development in mature ewes
- Female genitalia are also visible

4. Cow- Size of horns

In some breeds, male goats have larger, more prominent horns than females.
Horn size and shape vary by breed, age, and gender.
Presence of beards
Male goats, also called bucks or billys, usually have beards.

Female goats are called does or nannys.

Other external differences

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 Male goats have a reproductive system that includes a scrotum containing two testicles.
Goats can have erect or drooping ears, and their hair can be short or long, curled, silky, or
coarse.
Goats can have wattles on their necks.
Goats can come in many colors, including solid black, white, red, brown, spotted, two- and
three-colored, or blended shades.
Hornless breeds
Some goat breeds are naturally hornless or polled, meaning they do not have horns.

5. Observe the color of the duck's feathers. During the mating season (March-July), male ducks
generally have very bright coloration in their plumage to attract mates. After mating season,
however, the male duck molts, sometimes losing his bright coloration in the process to more
closely resemble a female.
Mallard ducks are sexually dimorphic, which means the males and females look different from
each other. The females are brown and relatively dowdy, whereas the males have a vivid purple
sash on the wings and are iridescent colors. The male Canvasback has solid white to light gray
plumage. His female counterpart has plumage that is grayish-brown. The male Wood Duck has
gray feathers with blue markings on the wings during mating season. The female's plumage is
usually grayish-brown. Male and female Mottled Ducks have similarly colored feathers, making
it difficult to tell them apart by plumage alone.

6. Turkeys have many of the same basic external parts as chickens—ears, earlobes, eyes, eye
rings, beak, wings, tail, thighs, hocks, shanks, spurs, claws, and toes. However, some differences
exist in the external anatomies of turkeys and chickens. For example, a turkey’s head (shown
in Figure 1) differs from a chicken’s head in several ways. A turkey does not have a comb on the
top of its head. Instead, it has a fleshy growth from the base of the beak known as the snood. The
snood is longer in males and hangs down over the male turkey’s beak. A turkey has a wattle
under its beak and fleshy growths on the head and neck called caruncles.
A male turkey, or a Tom, has a tuft of long, bristle-like fibers attached to the breast, as shown in
This tuft is referred to as a beard.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 3. Label the external parts of farm animals.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
Conclusion

Therefore, Animals has also its purpose in environment. Our animals has a different
external anatomy. Through this laboratory I’ll able to identify the differences in every animals,
the female one and the male one. All of those animals that has been mentioned has its own
purpose. Goat, swine and chicken can serve as meat to the people, this farm animals has a big
help not just in us but also in our environment.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
Reference/s:

.Class Ace. https://www.classace.io/answers/1-in-establishing-a-herd-and-in-selecting-and-judging-

what-primary-differences-exist-in-swine-as-compared-to-beef-cattle-and-sheep

Answers to: 1. In establishing a herd and in selecting and judging, what primary differences exist

in swine as compared to beef cattle and sheep. (2024, February 1). Class Ace.

https://www.classace.io/answers/1-in-establishing-a-herd-and-in-selecting-and-judging-what-

primary-differences-exist-in-swine-as-compared-to-beef-cattle-and-sheep

(2024, February 1). Class Ace. https://www.classace.io/answers/1-in-establishing-a-herd-and-in-

selecting-and-judging-what-primary-differences-exist-in-swine-as-compared-to-beef-cattle-

and-sheep

Lederer, R. J., PhD. (2025, February 5). How to tell the difference between male and female ducks.

wikiHow. https://www.wikihow.com/Tell-the-Difference-Between-Male-and-Female-

Ducks#:~:text=Across%20species%2C%20male%20ducks%20tend,thicker%20necks

%20than%20the%20females.&text=Look%20for%20a%2

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF TURKEYS – Small and backyard poultry. (n.d.).

https://poultry.extension.org/articles/poultry-anatomy/external-anatomy-of-turkeys/

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas
MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
Supplemental Information

A. Definition of Terms:
1. Anatomy – is a branch of biological science, which deals with the form, and structure of
organisms.
2. Comparative anatomy – is the description and comparison of the structure of animals, and
forms the basis for their classification.
3. Special anatomy – is the description of the structure of a single type or species.
4. External anatomy – the study of the physical or outward manifestation of the body
conformation of an animal. Major divisions of external anatomy include the head and
neck, body, and appendages (tail, legs, wings, etc)
5. Topographic anatomy – designates the methods by which the relative positions of the
various parts of the body are accurately determined.

B. Topographic terms necessary in locating body parts

In order to indicate precisely the position and direction of parts of the body, certain descriptive
terms are employed, and must be understood at the outset. These are the following:

1. Cranial and Anterior- are directional terms meaning toward the head. The shoulder is
cranial to the hip.
2. Caudal and Posterior- mean toward the tail. The rump is caudal to the loin.
3. Median plane- is an imaginary plane passing through the body craniocaudally which
divides the body into the equal right and left halves.
4. Sagittal plane- is any plane parallel to the median plane. Median plane is sometimes
called midsagittal plane.
5. Transverse or segmental plane - a plane which is at right angles to the median plane and
divides the body into cranial and caudal segments.
6. Frontal plane- a plane which is at right angles to both the median plane and transverse
plane.
7. Medial- is an adjective meaning close to or toward the median plane. The heart is medial
to the lungs.
8. Lateral- antonym of medial; meaning away from the median plane. The ribs are lateral to
the lungs.
9. Dorsal- is directional term meaning toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column.
The kidneys are dorsal to the intestines.
10. Ventral- means away from the vertebral column or toward the abdominal wall.
11. Frontal – is a plane perpendicular to the median and transverse planes.
12. Proximal and distal – express relative distances of parts from the long axis of the body.
These include the extremities.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
Similarities and Differences of external parts between animal species:

• Dewlap is only present in cattle

• Wattles are present both in goats and poultry species
• Hairs in livestock while feather in poultry
• Horns in some livestock while comb in poultry
• Udder section of female livestock is well-developed while rudimentary in males.
• External genetalia of male is topographically ventral while caudal or posterior in that of
females.

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF CATTLE (Bovine)

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF DAIRY CATTLE (Bovine)

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF HORSE (Equine)

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF PIG (Porcine)

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF GOAT (Caprine)

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
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EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF POULTRY SPECIES (Gallinaceous)

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF TURKEY

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 EXTERNAL BODY PARTS OF SHEEP (Ovine)

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
Name: REQUIZA, SHYRINE C. Date: February 15, 2025
Course and Year: BSA-1A Rating:
Lab Sched:

Exercise No. 1
THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY AND BODY MEASUREMENTS OF FARM ANIMALS

Introduction

Objectives:
1. To acquaint and familiarize students with the different terms that refer to the specific
external parts of the animal’s body.
2. To comparatively evaluate and give the different external parts of the animal.
3. To apply the knowledge of the external anatomy in estimating the live weight of
some livestock.

Methods

Answers to Question

1. In establishing a herd and in selecting and judging, what primary differences exist in swine as
compared to beef cattle and sheep?

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 2. State the major differences between mature male and female of the following animals
based on their external anatomy.

a. Chicken

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 b. Pig

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 c. Cattle

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 d. Goat

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 e. Sheep

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 f. Ducks

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.
 g. Turkey

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MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
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 3. ?

References

Author: Year of Publication: Title of the book: Vol. Publisher/ Publishing Company and
its address: Page

VISION: The premier university of science and technology in the Visayas

MISSION: Provide excellent instruction, conduct relevant research and foster community engagement that produce highly
competent graduates necessary for the development of the country.