.

50 BMG
The .50 BMG (.50 Browning Machine Gun), .50 BMG
also known as 12.7×99mm NATO, and
designated as the 50 Browning by the C.I.P.,[1]
is a .50 in (12.7 mm) caliber cartridge
developed for the M2 Browning heavy
machine gun in the late 1910s, entering official
service in 1921. Under STANAG 4383, it is a
standard service cartridge for NATO forces.
The cartridge itself has been made in many
variants: multiple generations of regular ball,
tracer, armor-piercing (AP), incendiary, and
saboted sub-caliber penetrator rounds. The From left: .50 BMG, .300 Win Mag, .308 Winchester,
rounds intended for machine guns are made 7.62×39mm, 5.56×45mm NATO, .22 Long Rifle
into a continuous ammunition belt using Type Heavy machine gun
metallic links. Anti-materiel rifle
Place of origin United States
The .50 BMG cartridge is also used in anti-
materiel rifles. A wide variety of ammunition is Service history
available, and the availability of match grade In service 1921–present
ammunition has increased the usefulness of .50 Used by NATO
caliber rifles by allowing more accurate fire Wars World War II
than lower-quality rounds.[3] Korean War
Vietnam War
Cambodian Civil War
History Falklands War
Persian Gulf War
In response to the need for new anti-aircraft The Troubles
weaponry during World War I, John Browning Global War on Terrorism
developed the .50 BMG. He wanted the round War in Afghanistan (2001–
to be used in a machine gun based on a scaled- 2021)
up version of the M1917 Browning.[4] Iraq War
Colombian conflict
The development of the .50 BMG round is Mexican drug war
sometimes confused with the German 13.2 mm
Sri Lanka Civil War
TuF, which was developed by Germany for an
Syrian Civil War
anti-tank rifle to combat British tanks during War in Iraq (2013–2017)
World War I and against aircraft. According to Yemeni Civil War (2014–
American Rifleman: "Actually, the Browning present)
.50 originated in the Great War. American Saudi Arabian-led
interest in an armor-piercing cartridge was intervention in Yemen
influenced by the marginal French 11 mm Saudi–Yemeni border
(0.43 in) design, prompting U.S. Army conflict (2015–present)
Ordnance officers to consult Browning. They Russian invasion of
wanted a heavy projectile at 2,700 ft/s Ukraine
(820 m/s), but the ammunition did not exist. Production history
Browning pondered the situation and, Designer Winchester Repeating
according to his son John, replied, 'Well, the Arms Co. and Frankford
cartridge sounds pretty good to start. You make Arsenal
up some cartridges and we'll do some
Specifications
shooting.'"[5]
Case type Rimless, bottleneck
The American Rifleman further explains that Bullet diameter 12.98 mm (0.511 in)
development was "[r]eputedly influenced by Land diameter 12.65 mm (0.498 in)
Germany's 13.2x92 mm SR (.525 in) anti-tank
Neck diameter 14.22 mm (0.560 in)
rifle" and that then "Ordnance contracted with
Shoulder diameter 18.14 mm (0.714 in)
Winchester to design a .50-cal. cartridge.
Subsequently, Frankford Arsenal took over Base diameter 20.42 mm (0.804 in)
from Winchester, producing the historic .50 Rim diameter 20.42 mm (0.804 in)
BMG (12.7×99 mm) cartridge. The Army then Rim thickness 2.26 mm (0.089 in)
returned to John Browning for the actual gun. Case length 99.31 mm (3.910 in)
Teamed with Colt, he produced prototypes
Overall length 138.43 mm (5.450 in)
ready for testing and, ironically, completed
Case capacity 18.973 cm3 (292.80 gr
them by Nov. 11, 1918—the Great War's
H2O)
end."[5]
Primer type #35 Arsenal Primer
The round was put into use in the M1921 Maximum pressure 378.68 MPa (54,923 psi)
Browning machine gun. This gun was later (TM43-0001-27)
developed into the M2HB Browning, which,
Maximum pressure 417.00 MPa (60,481 psi)
with its .50 caliber armor-piercing cartridges, (EPVAT)
went on to function as an anti-aircraft and anti-
Maximum pressure 370.00 MPa (53,664 psi)
vehicular machine gun, capable of penetrating
(C.I.P.)
0.9 inches (23 mm) of face-hardened armor
steel plate at 200 meters (220 yd),[6] 1 inch Ballistic performance
(25 mm) of rolled homogeneous armor at the Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy
same range,[7] and 0.75 inches (19 mm) at 547 3,044 ft/s 13,310 ft⋅lbf
yards (500 m).[8] 647 gr (42 g) Speer
(928 m/s) (18,050 J)
3,029 ft/s 13,350 ft⋅lbf
During World War II the .50 BMG was 655 gr (42 g) ADI
(923 m/s) (18,100 J)
primarily used in the M2 Browning machine
gun, in both its "light barrel" aircraft mount 700 gr (45 g) 2,978 ft/s 13,971 ft⋅lbf
version and the "heavy barrel" (HB) version on Barnes (908 m/s) (18,942 J)

ground vehicles, for anti-aircraft purposes. An 750 gr (49 g) 2,820 ft/s 13,241 ft⋅lbf
upgraded variant of the M2 Browning HB Hornady (860 m/s) (17,952 J)[2]
machine gun used during World War II is still 800 gr (52 g) 2,895 ft/s 14,895 ft⋅lbf
in use today. Since the mid-1950s, some Barnes (882 m/s) (20,195 J)
armored personnel carriers and utility vehicles
Test barrel length: 45 in (1,100 mm)
have been made to withstand 12.7 mm machine
Source(s): Ammoguide.com (http://ammoguide.com/) [1]
gun fire, restricting the destructive capability of
the M2. It still has more penetrating power than lighter weapons such as general-purpose machine guns,
though it is significantly heavier and more cumbersome to transport. Its range and accuracy, however, are
superior to light machine guns when fixed on tripods, and it has not been replaced as the standard caliber
for Western vehicle-mounted machine guns (Soviet and CIS armored vehicles mount 12.7×108mm
NSVs, which have similar dimensions to .50 BMGs).

Decades later, the .50 BMG was chambered in high-powered rifles as well.[4] The Barrett M82 rifle was
developed during the 1980s and, along with later variants, has upgraded the anti-materiel power of the
military sniper.[4]

Typical uses
The primary military use of this round is in the M2 Browning machine gun and anti-materiel rifles such
as the Barrett M82.[9]

The U.S. Coast Guard uses .50 BMG rifles onboard armed helicopters to disable the engines on boats
during interdictions. Similarly, .50 BMG weapons have attracted attention from law enforcement
agencies; they have been adopted by the New York City Police Department as well as the Pittsburgh
Police. A .50 BMG round can effectively disable a vehicle when fired into the engine block. A .50 BMG
round will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete cinder blocks.

The .50 BMG round was used as a sniper round as early as the Korean War.[10] The former record for a
confirmed long-distance kill was set by U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in 1967 during the Vietnam
War, at a distance of 2,090 meters (2,290 yd; 1.30 mi);[11] Hathcock used the .50 BMG in an M2 machine
gun equipped with a telescopic sight. This weapon was used by other snipers, and eventually purpose-
built sniper rifles were developed specifically for this round.[12]

In June 2017, a McMillan TAC-50 was used by a sniper with Canada's Joint Task Force 2 to kill an
Islamic State insurgent in Iraq, setting the new world record for the longest confirmed kill shot in military
history at 3,540 meters (3,870 yd; 2.20 miles).[13] Before that, a British sniper in Afghanistan held the
record at 2,475 meters (2,707 yd; 1.538 miles) using an Accuracy International AWM L115A3 long-range
rifle chambered for .338 Lapua Magnum (8.58×70 mm) rounds.[14][15]

In addition to long-range and anti-materiel, the U.S. military uses .50 BMG weapons to detonate
unexploded ordnance from a safe distance. It can disable most unarmored and lightly armored
vehicles.[16]

Some civilians use .50 caliber rifles for long-range target shooting: the US-based Fifty Caliber Shooters
Association holds .50 BMG shooting matches.[17]

Cartridge dimensions
The .50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO)
cartridge has a capacity of 290 gr (19 g).
The round is a scaled-up version of the
.30-06 Springfield but uses a case wall
with a long taper to facilitate feeding
and extraction in various weapons.

The common rifling twist rate for this

cartridge is 1 in 15 in (380 mm), with
eight lands and grooves. The primer
type specified for this ammunition is a
boxer primer that has a single
centralized ignition point (US and
NATO countries).[18] However, some
other countries produce the ammunition
with Berdan primers that have two flash
holes.

The average chamber pressure in this

round as listed in TM43-0001-27,[19] 12.7×99mm NATO cartridge 12.7 x 99mm NATO
the U.S. Army Ammunition Data dimensions in inches dimensions converted to
Sheets — Small Caliber Ammunition, millimeters
not including plastic practice, short
cased spotter, or proof/test loads, is
54,923 psi (378,680 kPa). The proof/test pressure is listed as 65,000 psi (450,000 kPa).

Power
A common method for understanding the actual power of a cartridge is comparison of muzzle energies.
The .30-06 Springfield, the standard caliber for American soldiers in both World Wars and a popular
caliber amongst American hunters for medium to large game animals, can produce muzzle energies
between 2,000 and 3,000 foot-pounds force (3,000 and 4,000 J). The .50 BMG round can produce
between 10,000 and 15,000 foot-pounds force (14,000 and 20,000 J), depending on its powder and bullet
type, as well as the weapon it is fired from. Due to the high ballistic coefficient of the bullet, the .50
BMG's trajectory also suffers less "drift" from crosswinds than smaller and lighter calibers, making the
.50 BMG a good choice for high-powered sniper rifles.[20]

Military cartridge types

The .50 BMG cartridge is also produced commercially in a wide range of specifications, including armor-
piercing, tracing, and incendiary:[19]

Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M1

This tracer is used for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary
purposes. This bullet has a red tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, incendiary, M1
This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The incendiary bullet has a
light blue tip
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, M2
 This cartridge is used against personnel and
unarmored targets. This bullet has an unpainted
tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing (AP), M2
This cartridge is used against lightly armored
vehicles, protective shelters, and personnel, and
can be identified by its black tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary
(API), M8
This cartridge is used, in place of the armor-
piercing round, against armored, flammable
targets. The bullet has a silver tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M10 Left to right, rear:
Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target green/gray tip Raufoss Mk 211 HEIAP
designation, and incendiary purposes. Designed
(high-explosive incendiary armor-piercing)
to be less intense than the M1 tracer, the M10
yellow/red tip (M48 spotter)
has an orange tip.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, M17 silver tip (M8 armor-piercing
Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target incendiary)
designation, and incendiary purposes. Can be light blue tip (M20 incendiary)
fired from the M82/M107 series of rifles. black tip (M2 armor piercing)
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary silver tip/red sabot (M962 SLAP-T)
tracer (API-T), M20 silver tip/amber sabot (M903 SLAP)
This cartridge is used in place of the armor-
red tip (M17 tracer)
piercing round against armored, flammable
unpainted copper (M33 ball)
targets, with a tracer element for observation
purposes. It is effectively a variant of the M8 Front row are 5.56×45mm NATO and .500
armor-piercing incendiary with the added tracer S&W Magnum, for size comparison
element. Can be fired from the M82/M107 series
of rifles. This bullet has a red tip with a ring of
aluminum paint.
Cartridge, caliber .50, tracer, headlight, M21
Tracer for use in observing fire during air-to-air combat. Designed to be more visible, the
M21 is three times more brilliant than the M1 tracer.
Cartridge, caliber .50, incendiary, M23
This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The tip of the bullet is
painted blue with a light blue ring.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, M33
This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets. Can be fired from the
M82/M107 series of rifles.
Cartridge, caliber .50, saboted light armor penetrator (SLAP), M903
This cartridge has a 355 – 360 gr (23.00 – 23.33 g) heavy metal (tungsten) penetrator that
is sabot-launched at a muzzle velocity of 4,000 ft/s (1,219 m/s). The 0.50 in (12.7 mm)
diameter sabot is designed to separate after leaving the muzzle, releasing the 0.30 in
(7.62 mm) penetrator. The sabot is injection molded of special high strength plastic and is
reinforced with an aluminum insert in the base section. The cartridge is identified by an
amber sabot (Ultem 1000). Used only in the M2 series of machine guns. This round can
penetrate 0.75 in (19 mm) of steel armor at 1,500 yards (1,400 m).[21]
Cartridge, caliber .50, saboted light armor penetrator tracer (SLAP-T), M962
Like the M903, this is a SLAP round, with the only difference being that the M962 also has
a tracer element for observing fire, target designation, and incendiary purposes. It has a
red plastic sabot for identification and is used only in the M2 series of machine guns.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, XM1022
A long-range match cartridge specifically designed for long-range work using the M107
rifle.
Cartridge, caliber .50, M1022 long-range sniper
The .50 caliber M1022 has an olive-green bullet
coating with no tip ID coloration. The projectile is
of standard ball design. It is designed for long-
range sniper training and tactical use against
targets that do not require armor-piercing or
incendiary effects. It exhibits superior long-range
accuracy and is trajectory matched to MK211
grade A. The M1022 is ideal for use in all .50
caliber bolt-action and semi-automatic sniper
rifles.[22] The bullet remains supersonic from
1,500 m (1,640 yd) to 1,600 m (1,750 yd).[23] .50 BMG rounds and projectiles. Left to
right:
Cartridge, caliber .50, high-explosive incendiary
armor-piercing (HEIAP), Mk 211 Mod 0 M2 ball
A "combined effects" cartridge, the Raufoss Mk M1 tracer
211 Mod 0 HEIAP cartridge contains a .30 M2 armor piercing
caliber tungsten penetrator, zirconium powder,
M17 tracer
and Composition A explosive. It can be used in
any .50 caliber weapon in the US inventory with M8 armor piercing incendiary
the exception of the M85 machine gun. The M20 armor piercing incendiary
cartridge is identified by a green tip with a gray tracer
ring. M1 incendiary
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary
dim tracer (API-DT), Mk 257 M903 SLAP
The .50 caliber Mk 257 API-DT has a purple M962 SLAP-T
bullet tip. The bullet has a hardened steel core XM156 spotter tracer
and incendiary tip. It is used in the M2, M3, and
M85. Dim tracer reduces the possibility of the
weapon being located during night fire and is visible
only with night-vision devices.[22]
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing (AP), Mk 263 Mod
2
The .50 caliber Mk 263 has a black tip. The bullet has
a hardened steel core and features double valleys to
reduce bearing surface thereby decreasing friction and
increasing stability. It is used in the M2, M3, and M85. Raufoss Mk 211 Mod 0 HEIAP
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing incendiary tracer projectile
(API-T), Mk 300 Mod 0
as with the Mk 211 Mod 0, but with a tracer
component. This cartridge likely can be used in any .50 caliber weapon in the US
inventory with the exception of the M85 machine gun, as with the Mk 211 Mod 0.
Cartridge, caliber .50, armor-piercing explosive incendiary (APEI), Mk 169 Mod 2
This cartridge is used against hardened targets such as bunkers, for suppressive fire
against lightly armored vehicles, and ground and aerial threat suppression. It is generally
fired either from pilot-aimed aircraft-mounted guns or anti-aircraft platforms, both
produced by FN Herstal.[24] It is identified by a gray over yellow tip.[25] A tracer variant of it
also exists.
Cartridge, caliber .50, ball, Mk 323 Mod 0
Created by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, this cartridge uses M33 ball
projectiles in polymer cases instead of brass. It has a clear polymer case, with a standard
brass head fused at the bottom. The Mk 323 can be fired from M2HB/M2A1 machine guns
and GAU-21/A aircraft guns with the same performance. It gives a 25 percent weight
saving over brass-cased ammunition allowing 40 percent more ammunition to be carried
 for the same weight. The Mk 323's polymer casing is applied to tracer, AP, API, and SLAP
projectiles.[26][27]

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracted with Teledyne Scientific Company to
develop the EXACTO program, including a .50-caliber guided bullet. Videos published by DARPA show
the guided bullet diverting to strike a moving target.[28][29][30][31]

Belt links
Three distinct and non-compatible metallic links have been used for .50 BMG cartridge belts. The M2
and M9 links, "pull-out" designs, are used in the Browning M2 and M3 machine guns.[32][33] The M15-
series metal "push-through" links were used in the M85 machine gun. Pull-out cloth belts were also used
at one time but have been obsolete since 1945.

M2 and M9 links M15A2 link M9 links in use

Legal issues

United Kingdom
Within the United Kingdom, it is legal to own a bolt action .50 BMG rifle with a section 1 Firearms
Certificate.[34] Applications requesting firearms in this caliber are assessed by the same criteria as smaller
calibers; with the applicant having to prove they have a valid reason for owning such a weapon.[35]

United States
The specified maximum diameter of an unfired .50 BMG bullet is 0.510-inch (13.0 mm); while this
appears to be over the .50 inch (12.7 mm) maximum allowed for non-sporting Title I firearms under the
U.S. National Firearms Act, the barrel of a .50 BMG rifle is only .50 inch (12.7 mm) across the rifling
lands and slightly larger in the grooves. The oversized bullet is formed to the bore size upon firing,
forming a tight seal and engaging the rifling. Subject to political controversy due to the great power of the
cartridge (it is the most powerful commonly available cartridge not considered a destructive device under
the National Firearms Act), it remains popular among long-range shooters for its accuracy and external
ballistics. While the .50 BMG round is able to deliver accurate shot placement (if match grade
ammunition is used) at ranges over 1,000-yard (910 m), smaller-caliber rifles produce better scores and
tighter groups in 1,000-yard (910 m) competitions.[36]
A 1999 Justice Department Office of Special Investigations briefing on .50 caliber rifle crime identified
several instances of the .50 BMG being involved in criminal activities. None of the cited cases has
confirmed domestic violent criminal use of a .50 BMG firearm, and a majority of the domestic cases were
possession charges.[37]

In the United States, Washington, D.C. disallows registration of .50 BMG rifles, thus rendering civilian
possession unlawful.[38][39] California prohibits the private purchase of a rifle capable of firing the .50
BMG through the .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004.[40] Connecticut specifically bans the Barrett
82A1 .50 BMG rifle.[41] However, .50 BMG rifles registered prior to the enacted bans remain lawful to
possess in California[39][42] and Connecticut.[39][43] In Illinois, it is legal to possess a .50 caliber rifle only
if it was acquired by January 10, 2023, and it was registered with the state police by January 1, 2024.[44]
Maryland imposes additional regulations on the sale and transfer of .50 BMG rifles and other weapons
classed as "regulated firearms", and limits purchases of any firearm within this class to one per month,
but does not impose registration requirements or any form of categorical ban.[39]

Contrary to a persistent misconception within the United States Armed Forces, using .50 BMG directly
against enemy personnel is not prohibited by the laws of war.[45] Writing for the Marine Corps Gazette,
Major Hays Parks states: "No treaty language exists (either generally or specifically) to support a
limitation on [the use of .50 BMG] against personnel, and its widespread, longstanding use in this role
suggests that such antipersonnel employment is the customary practice of nations." Parks theorizes that
the misconception originated in historical doctrine discouraging the use of the M8C spotting rifle—an
integral .50-caliber aiming aid for the M40 recoilless rifle—in the antipersonnel role. This limitation was
entirely tactical in nature and was intended to hide the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until
the main anti-tank gun was ready for firing; however, Parks concludes that some U.S. troops assumed the
existence of a legal limitation on the use of .50-caliber projectiles more generally.

Partial list of .50 BMG firearms

Carbines
Barrett M82CQ (a carbine version of the M82A3)

Rifles
Accuracy International AS50 DSR-50
Accuracy International AW50 Gepárd anti-materiel rifle
Accuracy International AX50 McMillan TAC-50
ArmaLite AR-50 OM 50 Nemesis[47]
Arms Tech Ltd. TTR-50[46] PGM Hécate II
Barrett M82/M107 Pindad SPR-2[48]
Barrett M95 Ramo M600[49]
Barrett M99 Robar RC-50
Bushmaster BA50 Snipex M
Cadex Defence CDX-50 Tremor Snipex Rhino Hunter
Desert Tech HTI Steyr HS .50
 WKW Wilk Zastava M93 Black Arrow

Machine guns
GAU-19
GAU-21 FN M3M
M1921 Browning machine gun
M2 Browning machine gun
M85 machine gun
MAC-58 - only built as prototype
Rolls-Royce Experimental Machine Gun - only built as prototype
STK 50MG
XM218
XM312
XM806 (LW50)
Kord machine gun - export variant
NSV machine gun - export variant of the original West Kazakhstan Machine Building
Company NSV machine gun
WKM-B - Polish version of the NSV machine gun
Zastava M87 - Serbian export variant of the NSV machine gun

Pistols
Triple Action Thunder

Chain gun
Profense PF 50

See also
.50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004
.50 caliber handguns
.510 DTC EUROP
.510 Whisper
12 mm caliber
12.7 × 108 mm (Russian equivalent)
14.5 × 114 mm
Gun laws in the United States (by state)
List of firearms
List of rifle cartridges
NATO EPVAT testing
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges

References
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