VISION IAS

CSAT
TEST-18 (3743)
FULL LENGHT TEST
2022
 VISION IAS
www.visionias.in

TEST BOOKLET

CSAT APTITUDE TEST (3743) – 2022

C
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

INSTRUCTIONS

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3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet in

the Box provided alongside. DO NOT write anything else on
the Test Booklet.

4. This Test Booklet contains 80 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you feel
that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider most appropriate. In any
case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item.

5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See direction in the answers
sheet.

6. All items carry equal marks. Attempt all items. Your total marks will depend only on the number of correct
responses marked by you in the answer sheet. For every incorrect response one-third of the allotted Marks will
be deducted.

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fill in some particulars in the answer sheets as per the instruction sent to you with your Admission Certificate.

8. After you have completed filling in all responses on the answer sheet and the examination has concluded, you
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Booklet.

9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

1
Directions for the following 4 (four) items: 2. Which of the following best sums up the
Read the following three passages and answer the items passage given above?
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
(a) Kerala‘s case study shows that population
should be based on the passages only.
Passage – 1 growth continues despite the population
The lesson in the wake of Partition was that to avoid reaching replacement fertility rates.
violence, you need to lower the stakes of politics by
(b) Developing countries having a higher level
keeping religion out of it. The animating impulse of
Indian secularism was to produce peace by trying not to of fertility in the past cannot stabilise their
make religion a matter of public contestation. And a lot population.
of our compromises were a result of that. This was an
(c) High growth rate of population can be
impossible position to hold because the reforms of the
modern state require intervening in religion, to liberate mitigated to some extent if young people
individuals from oppressive and hierarchical religious delay childbearing and space their children.
hierarchies. Sometimes this intervention was
(d) Only young people can eliminate the
asymmetrically applied to some groups more than
others. momentum effect in population.
1. With reference to the above passage, the Passage – 3
following assumptions have been made:
Evidently, the Indian government has chosen to
1. Religious reforms are easier to be
implemented when they are not made a ‗abstain‘, based on an assessment of its core interests.
matter of public contestation and debates. However, there is a cardinal principle associated with
2. In case of India, partition lessons forced
Security Council votes on issues in such charged times.
policymakers to detach religion from
politics as much as possible. A ‗for‘ or ‗against‘ vote is intended to convey a blunt
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? message of ‗support‘ or ‗opposition‘. It is a black or
(a) 1 only
white choice, and once exercised, the messaging is
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 clear. On the other hand, ‗abstention‘ takes us into a
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 grey zone because it is the middle path. It can either be
Passage – 2 seen as fence-sitting (which is a sign of helplessness) or
Many people believe that the population would stabilise
create space for diplomatic manoeuvre (which is a
or begin to reduce in a few years once replacement
fertility is reached. This is not so because of the successful outcome). In the Ukraine instance — the
population momentum effect, a result of more people West should feel satisfied that India ‗abstained‘ because
entering the reproductive age group of 15-49 years due
it perhaps expected India to oppose the West‘s draft
to the past high-level of fertility. For instance, the
replacement fertility level was reached in Kerala around proposals given New Delhi‘s traditional ties with
1990, but its annual population growth rate was 0.7 Russia, while Russia should also feel satisfied at India‘s
percent in 2018, nearly 30 years later. Some of this
‗abstention‘ because it perhaps expected New Delhi to
momentum effect can be mitigated if young people
delay childbearing and space their children. give in to western persuasion.

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3. With reference to the above passage, the 6. A military column of 1 km length marches with
following assumptions have been made: a constant speed of 6 kmph. A courier from the
1. Both the West and Russia should be back of the column is sent to the front of the
satisfied with India‘s stand in the Security column by bike to deliver a message. After
delivering the message, he instantly returns
Council vote as India voted according to
back. When he returns to the end of the
their expectations.
column, he finds that the column has travelled a
2. Exercising the choice of ‗for‘ or ‗against‘
distance of 1 km since he left. What must have
by a country makes it clear whether they been the speed of the courier, if he drove with a
stand in support or in opposition of the constant speed?
issue. (a) 14.5 km/h
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? (b) 16 km/h
(a) 1 only (c) 18.5 km/h
(b) 2 only (d) 12 km/h
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 7. The letters of the English alphabet are
numbered from 26 to 1 such that 26 stands for
A, 25 stands for B and so on. Thereafter, these
4. What is the most logical inference that can be
assigned numbers are used to code the letters of
drawn from the above passage?
the original alphabet. Which of the following
(a) India‘s choice to abstain from the voting in sequence denotes a valid word?
the Ukrainian instance is to uphold her core (a) 6-12-17-23
interests and satisfies both the West and (b) 5-11-18-22
Russia. (c) 5-12-18-23
(b) In charged times, countries should take a (d) 5-12-17-23
clear stand in support or opposition by
conveying ‗for‘ or ‗against‘ votes. 8. A statement followed by Conclusion –I and
(c) India‘s stand to abstain from voting has Conclusion –II is given below. You have to
take the statement to be true even if it seems to
been taken as a sign of helplessness and is
be at variance from commonly known facts.
not going to create space for a diplomatic
Read all conclusions and then decide which of
manoeuvre.
the given conclusions logically follows/ follow
(d) India‘s stand in the Security Council votes from the statement, disregarding the commonly
is going to further strengthen ties with known facts.
Russia but it will be at the cost of its Statement: All ants are hardworking. Some ants
relationship with the West. are lazy.
Conclusion I: All lazy are hardworking.
5. If a + b = 2, then what is the value of a3 + b3 + Conclusion II: All hardworking are lazy.
6ab? Which of the above conclusions follow(s) the
(a) – 8 given statement?
(a) Only I follows
(b) 8
(b) Only II follows
(c) – 6
(c) Both I and II follow
(d) 6
(d) Neither I nor II follows
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9. The professor in a college gave a project to the 12. From a 10 × 10 × 10 cube, which is formed by
students of his class on a Monday. He told them combining 1 × 1 × 1 cubes, the outer layer of
smaller cube is removed from all sides. What is
that the project should be completed not later
the number of 1 × 1 × 1 cubes present in this
th
than the 50 day from the day on which the new cube?
project was given. What is the day of the week (a) 900
by which the project should definitely be (b) 488
(c) 512
completed?
(d) 729
(a) Monday
(b) Tuesday 13. Consider the following statements:
(c) Wednesday M, N, O and P are different individuals.
M is the daughter of N.
(d) Thursday
N is the son of O.
O is the father of P.
10. A box contains 10 balls out of which 3 are red Which among the following information can be
and the rest are blue. In how many ways can a concluded from the statements given above?
(a) P is the father of M.
random sample of 6 balls be drawn from the
(b) O has three children.
bag, so that at the most 2 red balls are included (c) M has one brother.
in the sample and no sample has all the 6 balls (d) M is the granddaughter of O.
of the same colour?
14. Two Statements are given below followed by a
(a) 105
Question.
(b) 168 S1: x + y + t is even.
(c) 189 S2: tz is odd.
(d) 120 Question: Is x + y – z + t even?
Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above Statements and the Question?
11. 7 years ago, Rajat was x times as old as Rahul (a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
and Rahul was 2x times as old as Rajesh. If Question
Rajat is 31 years old now, then how old is (b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question
Rahul?
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer
(a) 19 years the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2
(b) 12 years alone is sufficient to answer the Question
(c) 31 years (d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to
answer the Question
(d) Cannot be determined.

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15. Two Statements are given below followed by a Passage – 1
Question. There are thousands of legislative bodies in India,
ranging from the panchayat, block panchayat, zila
S1: The LCM of x and 18 is 36.
parishad, municipal corporations to State legislatures
S2: The HCF of x and 18 is 2.
and Union Parliament at the national level. Despite
Question: What is the value of x? these mammoth law-making bodies, they lack their own
Which one of the following is correct in respect common public recruiting and training agency at the
of the above Statements and the Question? national level. Parliament and State legislative
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the secretariats recruit their pool of bureaucrats separately.
Ensuring competent and robust legislative institutions
Question
demands having qualified and well-trained staff in
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
place. The growth of modern government and
Question expansion of governmental activities require a matching
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer development and laborious legislative exercise. A
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2 common service can build a combined and experienced
alone is sufficient to answer the Question legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from
across local bodies to Union Parliament.
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to
17. With reference to the above passage, which of
answer the Question
the following is/are the most rational and
practical implication/implications?
16. On January 1, 2018, two new organizations O1 1. There is an urgent need for a decentralized
and O2 were formed, each having ‗x‘ members. system of recruitment and training keeping
On the first day of each subsequent month, O1 in mind the local needs and aspirations.
2. There is an urgent need for all the Indian
adds ‗p‘ members while O2 multiples its current
legislative services to fulfill the mandate of
numbers by a constant factor ‗q‘. Both the
maximum governance from local bodies to
organizations have the same number of the Parliamentary level.
members on July 15, 2018. If p = 10.5x, what is 3. Indian governance architecture is mired
the value of ‗q‘? with red-tapism and cumbersome processes
(a) 2 which at times creates hindrances to
development and growth prospects.
(b) 3
4. Strengthening the legislative institutions by
(c) 4
common public recruiting agencies will
(d) 5 ensure effective policy making.
Select the correct answer using the code given
Directions for the following 4 (four) items: below.
(a) 1 and 3 only
Read the following four passages and answer the items
(b) 2 and 4 only
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
(c) 2 only
should be based on the passages only. (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
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 Passage – 2 Passage – 3
Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. The Arctic is more impacted by global warming than

Higher temperatures eventually reduce yields of any other place in the world. For the people and
animals that live in the Arctic‘s unique environment,
desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest
climate change is not a debate; it‘s a daily reality. And
proliferation. Changes in precipitation patterns increase
with the world growing warmer, Arctic ice is melting
the likelihood of short-run crop failures and long-run even faster, threatening their safety and way of life.
production declines. Although there will be gains in Already in the past 30 years, we‘ve seen areas of Arctic
some crops in some regions of the world, the overall sea ice melt that are larger than Norway, Sweden and
impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected Denmark combined.
19. Which one of the following is/are the most
to be negative, threatening global food security.
logical and rational inference/inferences that
Populations in the developing world, which are already
can be made from the above passage?
vulnerable and food insecure, are likely to be the most 1. The effect of climate change poses a threat
seriously affected. In 2005, nearly half of the to the survival of arctic animals.
economically active population in developing 2. The melting of ice in areas of the Arctic sea
countries-2.5 billion people- relied on agriculture for its is speeding up climate change and making
the world warmer as a result.
livelihood.
Select the correct answer using the code given
18. With reference to the above passage, the
below.
following assumptions have been made:
(a) 1 only
1. Climate change is detrimental for (b) 2 only
agricultural productivity and threatens (c) Both 1 and 2
global food security and livelihood all (d) Neither 1 nor 2

around the world. Passage – 4

Transfer of information is considered as a basic
2. Climate change has increased the risk of
requisite for determining the future activities of
invasion by pests.
economic and social development of a region.
3. There is a need for structural changes, like Particularly the grass-root level administration needs
climate-smart agriculture, to enhance such facilities. The predominantly rural nature of the
agriculture resilience as well as to ensure northeast emphasizes the need to bring about
food security for developing countries. sustainable development of the rural areas and their
people, to cope with other developed parts of India.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
However, despite the best efforts, rural areas have not
(a) 1 and 2 only
been able to keep pace with their urban counterpart. To
(b) 2 only
abolish these developmental imbalances and to give due
(c) 2 and 3 only priority to development in rural areas, efforts are going
(d) 1 and 3 only on in the Northeast also.

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20. Which one of the following statements best 24. Find the next term in the series 6, 18, 54,
reflects the central idea of the passage? 162, ...
(a) Northeast India is the most underdeveloped (a) 408
region of India. (b) 348
(c) 486
(b) Transparency in Information dissemination
(d) 416
is essential for improving the grassroots
level administration.
25. If 5432A7 is divisible by 9, then the digit in
(c) Sustainable development is not being place of A must be:
undertaken in rural areas. (a) 0
(d) Developmental imbalances cannot be (b) 1
addressed without rapid improvements in (c) 6
rural development. (d) 8

26. Two Statements are given below followed by a

21. How many times does the 29th day of a month
Question.
occur in any given 400 consecutive years?
S1: X is greater than atleast one of Y and Z.
(a) 4497
S2: Y is greater than atleast one of X and Z.
(b) 97 Question: Consider the three real numbers X, Y
(c) 4500 and Z. Is Z the smallest of these numbers?
(d) 4800 Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above Statements and the Question?
22. Mr. X generally runs at a speed of X kmph to (a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
cover a distance of 1 km. But one day, due to Question
wet ground his speed is reduced by Y kmph. If (b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question
he now takes Z hours to cover the same
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer
distance, then-
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2
(a) 1/Z = 1/X +1/Y
alone is sufficient to answer the Question
(b) ZX - ZY = 1 (d) Either S1 alone or S2 alone is sufficient to
(c) Z = X + Y answer the Question
(d) None of the above
27. Choose the alternative which closely resembles
23. The probability that a person will hit a target in the water image of the given question figure?
one shot in a shooting practice is 0.3. If he Question Figure:

shoots 10 times, the probability that he hits the

target at least once is
(a) 1 Answer Figures:
10
(b) 1 - (0.7)
(c) (0.7)10
(d) (0.3)10

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28. Two Statements are given below followed by a Passage – 1
Question. A friend who suffers from bipolar disorder can become
withdrawn and uncommunicative. This mental illness
S1: 1 ɸ 2 = 3
of a person might sometimes not be under control. Long
S2: a ɸ b = (a + b)/a, where a and b are positive depressive episodes where a person did not talk to
integers. anyone can be followed by short manic ones. As a
Question: Find 2 ɸ 3. friend, one might have no idea how to help or how to
help ourselves while living with such an individual. The
Which one of the following is correct in respect
person might suddenly get angry at others, and we may
of the above Statements and the Question?
get worried about what to do if the person hurt
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the himself/herself. We might not know how to manage, if
Question we should call someone, and even we might not be
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the aware of the consequences of how a suffering person
would react.
Question
30. Which one of the following statements best
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer reflects the central idea of the passage?
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2 (a) There is a substantial threat to the life of a
alone is sufficient to answer the Question bipolar patient if this disorder is not treated
properly.
(d) Even S1 and S2 together are not sufficient
(b) Due to limited research, managing a bipolar
to answer the Question
patient is a complicated task.
(c) Bipolar disorder requires the caretaker to
29. There are 200 students in a school. 120 of these have compassion for the suffering person.
students are learning French, 50 students are (d) Bipolar disorder does not only affect the
patient but also the person living with the
learning Mandarin and 30 students are learning
patient.
both Mandarin and French. What is the number Passage – 2
of students who are learning Mandarin but not The World Values Survey (WVS) forwards a
French? complementary understanding of social capital which
will further aid in our understanding of political
(a) 20
participation. Social capital is defined in terms of
(b) 30 attitudes that reflect interpersonal trust. This
(c) 40 interpersonal trust can be traced through membership in
(d) None of the above non-political organizations, voluntary work for
nonpolitical organizations and social networking
through interaction with friends, work, school, church
Directions for the following 4 (four ) items:
colleagues or sports clubs. In essence, it is about
Read the following four passages and answer the items relationship building whether at the individual or the
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items organizational levels, which forms the nexus on which
should be based on the passages only. all other genres of activities take place.

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31. Which of the following is/are the most rational Passage – 4
and logical Inference/Inferences that can be In Ethiopia, the current trend of rapidly increasing
made from the passage? human population together with growing urbanization
1. People who are less involved in non- creates even greater markets and has increased the
political organizations are less likely to demand for milk and its products. In this country, milk
participate politically. is produced in urban and rural areas mostly in a non-
2. Social networking sites are the most organized way and is usually supplied to the consumers
important method to build social capital in in raw form. However, the quality of milk remains
today‘s time. poor. On the other hand, there is little information about
Select the correct answer using the code given the hygienic practices done at different points in the
below. milk value chain; and milk quality either at farm level,
(a) 1 only milk distributing centres or at market level.
(b) 2 only 33. Based on the passage given above, the
(c) Both 1 and 2 following assumptions have been made:
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 1. People are falling sick in Ethiopia mainly
Passage – 3 due to poor hygienic practices in the milk
According to a study, personal beliefs might represent supply chain.
differences in skills; altogether, disordered personal 2. The increased demand for milk and its
beliefs weaken resistive skills and following that, products indicates a higher GDP.
cognitive interactions (irrational beliefs) and Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
behavioural interactions (ineffective behaviours) are (a) 1 only
created. In this regard, tempting ideas and drug-related
(b) 2 only
beliefs can be examples of the consequent irrational
(c) Both 1 and 2
beliefs from these cognitive interactions. Researchers
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
showed that the existence of wrong beliefs leads to the
formation of ineffective cognitive and behavioural
34. What is the ratio of the areas of the
interactions in the individuals and by weakening
circumcircle and incircle of an equilateral
resistive skills; they prepare the ground for drug use.
triangle?
32. Which of the following is/are the most rational
(a) 3
and logical Inference/Inferences that can be
(b) 4
made from the passage?
(c) 2
1. No rational person would consume liquor,
(d) 6
or be a drug addict.
2. All addictions can be given up if a person
35. If three numbers are in the ratio 1:3:5, and half
has a liberal belief system.
of their sum is 9, then the ratio of the cubes of
Select the correct answer using the code given
these numbers is:
below.
(a) 6:12:13
(a) 1 only
(b) 1:3:25
(b) 2 only
(c) 1:27:125
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) 3:5:7
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
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Directions for the following 2 (two) items: 38. A Statement followed by Conclusion–I,

Consider the following nodal diagram and answer the 2 Conclusion–II, Conclusion –III and Conclusion

(two) items that follow. –IV is given below. You have to take the

statement to be true even if it seems to be at

variance from commonly known facts. Read all

conclusions and then decide which of the given

conclusions logically follows/ follow from the

statement, disregarding the commonly known

facts.
The diagram above shows the pipelines carrying
Statement: No table is fruit. No fruit is window.
material from one location to another. Each location has
All windows are chairs.
a demand for material. The demand at B is 400, at C is

400, at D is 700 and at E is 200. Each arrow indicates Conclusion I: No window is table.

the direction of material flow through the pipeline. The Conclusion II: No chair is fruit.

flow from B to C is 300. The quantity of material flow Conclusion III: No chair is table.

is such that the demands at all these locations are met Conclusion IV: All chairs are windows.

exactly, and there is no wastage. The maximum Which of the above conclusions is/are correct?

capacity of each pipeline is 1000. (a) Only III and IV follow

36. What is the quantity of material that is moving (b) Only I and II follow

from A to E? (c) All follow

(a) 200 (d) None follows

(b) 800

(c) 700 39. Which set of letters when sequentially placed at

(d) 1000 the gaps in the given letter series shall complete

it?

37. The free capacity available in A-B pipeline is a _ c b c_c a _ a b _ b c a _ a b

(a) 0 (a) b a b c c

(b) 100 (b) b c a b b

(c) 200 (c) a b c b c

(d) 300 (d) b c a b c

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40. Two Statements are given below followed by a 42. Find the greatest possible speed at which a man
Question. could walk to cover the distances of 70 km and
S1: The first boy steals 4 fruits, the fourth boy 245 km in integral number of days?
steals 16 fruits, the eights boy steals 32 fruits,
(a) 55 km/day
and the tenth boy steals 40 fruits.
(b) 60 km/day
S2: The first boy stole minimum number of
fruits and the tenth boy stole the maximum (c) 35 km/day
number of fruits. (d) 45 km/day
Question: Ten boys visit a neighboring orchard
with the intention of stealing fruits. What is the 43. Which of the following is not the reciprocal of
total number of fruits that they steal?
(2/3)4
Which one of the following is correct with
(a) (3/2)4
respect to the above Statements and the
Question? (b) (2/3)-4
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the (c) (3/2)-4
Question (d) 34/24
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question 44. If ax = b, by = c and xyz = 1, then what is the
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer
value of cz?
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2
(a) a
alone is sufficient to answer the Question
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to (b) b
answer the Question (c) ab
(d) a/b
41. Two Statements are given below followed by a
Question. 45. If 196x4 = x6, then x3 is equal to which one of
S1: (x - y)2 = 4
the following?
S2: (x+ y)2 < 100
Question: What is the value of x, if x and y are (a) x6/14
consecutive positive even integers? (b) 14x4
Which one of the following is correct with (c) x2/14
respect to the above Statements and the (d) 14x2
Question?
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
46. If Rs. 1 produces a simple interest of Rs. 9 in
Question
60 years, then what must be the rate of interest
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question per annum?
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer (a) 13 %
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2
(b) 15%
alone is sufficient to answer the Question
(c) 14%
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to
answer the Question (d) 12%

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47. Find the missing number in the third triangle: 48. Which of the following is/are the most rational

and logical Inference/Inferences that can be

made from the passage?

1. Excess of wealth with the urban

communities makes them fearful about

(a) 2
crime.
(b) 7
2. Fear of crime is probably not only limited
(c) 11
to urban spaces.
(d) 3
Select the correct answer using the code given

Directions for the following 5 (five) items: below.

Read the following three passages and answer the items (a) 1 only
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items (b) 2 only
should be based on the passages only.
(c) Both 1 and 2
Passage – 1
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Fear of crime is a social reality, and it is especially a
problem that has troubled the urban communities more,
significantly affected urban dissatisfaction and many 49. Which one of the following statements best

factors in the city have created and intensified it. Urban implies the crux of the passage?

space is structural in which human life is moving (a) Fear of crime is about how people respond
through it. So, human movement in this structure needs to incidents of crime and it affects their
a space that is compatible with the spiritual,
spiritual, psychological, and physical
psychological, and physical conditions of the
conditions.
residences. Urban space without its psychological
(b) Social development of urban societies can
security is just a sole communication artery. Fear is
happen only in a crime-free environment.
created in a person by understanding the potential
danger of a place (whether explicitly or mentally) and it (c) Increased policing could help alleviate the

is a consequence of experiences, memories and fear of crime in urban communities.

relations with others. So, fear of crime includes a wide (d) Considering crime a social reality, the best
range of tentative and sensitive reactions to crime and solutions should come from within the
disorders that individuals and communities are the
society.
creators of.
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 Passage – 2 51. Which one of the following statements best
Agriculture gives us most foods known as functional implies the suggestion given by the author of
the passage?
foods like Flaxseeds, Garlic, Ginger, Tomatoes, Green
(a) Understanding the positive effects of
Tea, spices and so on. What makes a "functional food,"
functional foods, they should be adequately
however, is the presence of biologically active included in the diet.
components and their potential ability to positively (b) Research behind food nutrition should be
affect health. There is now increasing scientific funded to uncover the hidden potential of
functional foods.
evidence to support the hypothesis that some foods and
(c) Government should aggressively promote
food components have beneficial physiological and
the cultivation of functional foods through
psychological effects over and above the provision of policy initiatives.
basic nutrients. Today, nutrition science has moved on (d) Nutritional deficiencies can cause diseases

from the classical concepts of avoiding nutrient and affect physical and mental wellbeing.
Passage – 3
deficiencies and basic nutritional adequacy to the
The indigenous agricultural systems of the world have
concept of "positive" or "optimal" nutrition. The been built on local knowledge and experiences that
research focus has shifted more to the identification of reflect the evolution of humankind, the diversity of its
biologically active components in foods that have the knowledge, and its profound relationships with nature.
These systems have resulted not only in outstanding
potential to optimize physical and mental wellbeing,
landscapes, maintenance and the adoption of
and which may also reduce the risk of disease.
agricultural variability, indigenous knowledge systems
50. Based on the passage given above, the and resilient ecosystems but also food and livelihood
following assumptions have been made: security for millions of poor and small farmers in a
1. The science of nutrition has evolved from sustainable manner.
52. Which one of the following statements best
preventing nutrition shortages to ensuring
reflects the crux of the passage?
sufficient nutrition for optimum health.
(a) Considering the benefits of indigenous
2. For a positive impact on our physiological agricultural systems, their adoption should
and psychological wellbeing, we may be universalized.
consume a diet containing biologically (b) Indigenous agricultural systems offer a
good source of food and livelihood than
active components.
current unsustainable agricultural practices.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(c) Traditional knowledge forms the basis of
(a) 1 only indigenous agricultural systems which in
(b) 2 only turn helps in building a robust environment.

(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Societies across the world should exchange
their knowledge to diversify the indigenous
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
agricultural systems.
13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
53. Two Statements are given below followed by a Directions for the following 2 (two) items:
Question. Study the following graph carefully and answer the
questions that follow.
S1: n is divisible by 3, 5, 7 and 9.
S2: 0 < n < 400
Question: Is ‗n‘ odd?
Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above Statements and the Question?
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question 56. Which of the state(s) contribute(s) less than 10
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer percent in the total production?
(a) Only Rajasthan
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2
(b) Rajasthan, and Karnataka
alone is sufficient to answer the Question (c) Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Haryana
(d) Either S1 alone or S2 alone is sufficient to (d) Rajasthan, Karnataka, Haryana and Gujarat
answer the Question
57. By what percentage is the rose production of
‗Other states‘ more than that of Maharashtra?
54. The average of a batsman for 40 innings is 50 (a) 25%
runs. His highest score exceeds his lowest score (b) 30%
(c) 20%
by 172 runs. If these two innings are excluded,
(d) 15%
his average drops by 2 runs. Find his highest
score. 58. Which of the following diagram best indicates
the relation between Rabi Crop, Paddy and
(a) 172
Wheat?
(b) 173 (a)
(c) 174
(d) 175
(b)
55. If three numbers are added in pairs, their sums
come out to be 10, 19 and 21. What are these
(c)
three numbers?
(a) 4, 6, 10
(b) 6, 4, 15 (d)
(c) 3, 5, 10
(d) 2, 5, 15

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59. If L denotes ‗ב, M denotes ‗’‘, P denotes ‗+‘ Directions for the following 3 (three) items:
and Q denotes ‗– ‗, then what will be the value Consider the information given below and answer the 3
of 8P36M6Q6M2L3? (three) items that follow.
(a) 13/6
A team must be selected from ten probable players —
(b) -1/6
(c) 14 A. B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J. Of these, A, C, E and J
(d) 5 are forwards, B, G and H are point guards and D, F and
I are defenders. There is no restriction on the number of
60. Two Statements are given below followed by a members in the team.
Question. Further, the following conditions need to be observed:
S1: xyz is odd.
(i) The team must have at least one forward, one-point
S2: xy + yz + zx is even.
guard and one defender.
Question: If x, y and z are real numbers, then is
z – x even or odd? (ii) If the team includes J, it must also include F.
Which one of the following is correct in respect (iii) The team must include E or B, but not both.
of the above Statements and the Question? (iv) lf the team includes G, it must also include F.
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the (v) The team must include exactly one among C, G
Question and I.
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
(vi) C and F cannot be members of the same team.
Question
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer (vii) D and H cannot be the members of the same team.
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2 (viii) The team must include both A and D or neither of
alone is sufficient to answer the Question them.
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to 62. What could be the size of the team that includes
answer the Question G?
(a) 4
61. Consider the diagram given below:
(b) 5
(c) 6
(d) More than one of the above options are
possible

63. What could be the size of the largest possible

team?
(a) 4
Five hundred candidates appeared in an (b) 5
examination comprising of English, Hindi and (c) 6
Mathematics tests. The diagram gives the (d) 7
number of candidates who failed in different
tests. What is the percentage of candidates who 64. Who cannot be included in a team of size 6?
failed in at least two subjects?
(a) A
(a) 0.078%
(b) 1.8% (b) H
(c) 6.8% (c) J
(d) 7.8% (d) E
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65. Which number should appear next in the series Passage – 2
20, 40, 30, 60, 50, 100, .... Integrated and sustainable management of the coastal
(a) 70 resource is an iterative and evolutionary process to
(b) 80 realize an optimal and sustainable development of a
(c) 90 coastal area. The goal of Integrated Coastal Zone

(d) 110 Management is not only to pursue short term economic

growth but also to ensure that the economic growth can
be enjoyed equally and proportionately by all
Direction for the following 5 (five) items
stakeholders involved. It also preserves the carrying
Read the following four passages and answer the items
capacity and the quality of the coastal environment
that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
which leads to lasting development.
should be based on the passages only.
Passage – 1
67. Which one of the following is the most logical
Old age has been viewed, as a problematic period of
corollary to the above passage?
one‘s life and this is correct to some extent. The aged
(a) Economic growth will ensure that the
become increasingly dependent on others. As a man carrying capacity and quality of the coastal
grows, his reduced activities, income, and consequent environment is maintained.
decline in the position of the family and society make (b) Inclusive economic growth and sustainable
his life more vulnerable. An old person begins to feel environment should be the prime focus of
that even his children do not look upon him with that Integrated coastal zone management.
degree of respect, which he used to get some years (c) Integrated coastal zone management is not
earlier. The old persons feel neglected and humiliated. only about stakeholder participation but
This may lead to the development of the psychology of also adequate financing mechanisms.
shunning the company of others. (d) Sustainable development of coastal areas is
66. What is the crucial message conveyed by the only possible with integrated coastal zone
given passage? management.

(a) The trend of children giving up the Passage – 3

responsibility of their parents needs to stop. Actually, economic figures as quantitative variables are
measured in almost all countries with relatively simple
(b) Government needs to invest more in
and widely acceptable indexes, such as income per
geriatric care to ensure happy and peaceful
capita, while social and political aspects of human
aging.
action can only be successfully expressed by more
(c) To reduce the dependency of old age
complicated procedures on which generally there is no
people, their reskilling and upskilling
wider agreement. This difficulty however should not be
should be adopted.
the reason for countries to reduce their concern for the
(d) To avoid the impending isolation of old age
social and political dimensions of overall development,
people, we must address their critical socio- as economic growth although necessary is not a
psychological aspects. sufficient condition for the wealth of nations.
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68. Based on the passage given above, the 69. Which of the following is/are the most rational
following assumptions have been made: and logical Inference/Inferences that can be
1. In the absence of any reliable measure for made from the passage?
socio-political development, an 1. A person in the USA consumes more
international agreement could be a ray of energy than that in China or India.
hope. 2. As the gas reserves will be exhausted, India
2. Development is not only concerned with needs to acquire gas fields abroad to ensure
income per capita but also with the social unhindered supply.
and political aspects of growth. Select the correct answer using the code given
3. There is no easy mechanism to measure
below.
social and political aspects of development.
(a) 1 only
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(b) 2 only
(a) 1 and 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
70. Which one of the following statements best
Passage – 4
reflects the crux of the passage?
The energy consumption of a country is one of the
(a) Only focusing on meeting energy demands
indicators of its socio-economic development. Per
can help improve India‘s socio-economic
capita, energy consumption in India is also one of the
conditions.
lowest in the world. It is about 30% of that in China,
(b) Robust policy on renewable sources of
about 22% of that in Brazil, and about 3.18% of that in
energy is the need of the time.
the USA. With development the per capita energy
consumption is likely to increase. At present, our (c) With the current rate of consumption and to

annual economic growth rate is 8–10%, per annum. For meet the rising energy demands, India‘s

energy India depends on oil and gas imports, which fossil fuel reserves will soon end.

account for over 65% of its consumption; it is likely to (d) Both (a) and (b)

increase further considering the economic development,

rise in the living condition of people, and rising prices. 71. If PAINT is coded as 74128 and EXCEL is
Coal, which currently accounts for over 60% of India‘s coded as 93596, then ACCEPT would be coded
electricity production, is the major source of emission as?
of greenhouse gases and acid rains. In the business-as- (a) 455978
usual scenario, India will exhaust its oil reserves in 22 (b) 547978
years, its gas reserves in 30 years, and its coal reserves (c) 554978
in 80 years. (d) 735961
17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
72. Four individuals namely P, Q, R and S live in 75. 40% of the people read newspaper X, 50% read
red, green, yellow and blue coloured houses newspaper Y and 10% read both the papers.
positioned in a sequence on a street. R lives in a What percentage of the people read neither
yellow house. The green house is adjacent to newspaper?
the blue house. P does not live adjacent to R. (a) 10%
The yellow house is in between the green and (b) 15%
red houses. What is the colour of the house in (c) 20%
which P lives? (d) 25%
(a) Blue
(b) Green
76. A is the uncle of B, who is the daughter of C. C
(c) Red
is the daughter in law of P. How is A related to
(d) Not possible to determine
P?
(a) Brother
73. Six boys A, B, C, D, E and F are marching in a
(b) Son
line. They are arranged according to their
(c) Father
height, the tallest being at the back and the
shortest at the front. (d) Granddaughter
F is between B and A.
E is shorter than D but taller than C, who is Direction for the following 4 (four) items
taller than A. Read the following four passages and answer the items
E and F have two boys between them. that follow each passage. Your answers to these items
A is not the shortest among them. should be based on the passages only.
What is the position of E? Passage – 1
(a) Between A and B The concept of casual employment is riddled with
(b) Between C and A ambiguity and paradoxes. Making sense of them is the
(c) Between D and C key to understanding the significance, especially for
(d) In front of C labour productivity and casualization. Definitional
ambiguity reflects changes in the form rather than the
74. Two Statements are given below followed by a substance of long-term employment relations in the
Question: workplace. The characteristics of most casual workers
S1: With Rs. 84, I can buy 14 bananas and 35 indicate that this form of employment has more to do
oranges. with limited choices available to young people, women,
S2: If price of bananas is increased by 50%, and low skilled workers than any flourishing of choices
then we can buy 48 bananas in Rs. 12.
for people at work.
Question: What is the price of 6 bananas?
77. Based on the above passage, the following
Which one of the following is correct in respect
assumptions have been made:
of the above Statements and the Question?
1. Casual labour is less productive than
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
permanent labour.
Question
2. Skill has a bearing on nature of
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question employment.
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2 (a) 1 only
alone is sufficient to answer the Question (b) 2 only
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to (c) Both 1 and 2
answer the Question (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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 Passage – 2 79. Which one of the following is the most logical
Young people use the internet to impart data to others, and rational inference that can be drawn from
associate with companions, make new companions, the above passage?
send messages and remark on others' profiles pages. In (a) The world is becoming more chaotic day
any case, young people may get to be dependent on the by day.
(b) Only people born with adaptive skills can
internet and can be presented with legitimate
become resilient people.
repercussions. Most young people make no less than a
(c) Successful management of challenges
fundamental profile, with their name, age, status,
requires comprehensive development of
photographs, and interests, however numerous goes
personal resources.
much further. It's excessively simple for predators to
(d) Financial resources are a must to overcome
discover casualties utilizing online interpersonal
any emerging challenges.
interaction. Passage – 4
78. Which one of the following statements best A look at the larger picture of the Indian federation,
implies the crux of the passage? keeping in mind the political backdrop of a majoritarian
(a) The Internet can be a friend as well as a government with a fractured mandate at the Centre, and
threat to the privacy of youngsters. coalition governments and the rising power of regional
(b) Youngsters should use the internet parties at the state level, drives home the need and
responsibly. significance of reinforcing and strengthening the
(c) Youngsters should never share their details ―cooperative‖ element in our federal structure. It is
like photographs, age, status etc. on the indeed a sorry state of affairs that current debates
among politicians have a personal note of unacceptable
internet.
stridency and policy debates seem to have become a
(d) Social institutions like families and schools
thing of the past. In this milieu, it would appear that
should monitor the use of the internet by
cooperative federalism is a long shot.
young students.
80. Which one of the following statements best
Passage – 3
reflects the central idea of the passage?
We all know that the world contains numerous (a) Desired cooperation among different units
challenges that often emerge when we least expect of federation seems implausible in the
them. A resilient person has developed the adaptive present scenario.
skills to identify challenges and to adjust problem- (b) Poor cooperation among states and centre
solving methods to new or novel situations. When calls for a debate among politicians to find
someone relies exclusively on one or two accounts, a viable solution.
they face the danger of being overwhelmed by stress. (c) Cooperative federalism offers answers to
The concept of diversifying our financial resources difficult questions posed by the politics of
applies as well to our physical, psychological, social, coalition.

and spiritual resources. The resilient individual uses (d) Rise of regional parties from state to centre
level is a must for strengthening
assets and capital from all of their accounts to
cooperative federalism.
successfully navigate new challenges.
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 VISIONIAS
www.visionias.in

ANSWERS & EXPLANATION

APTITUDE TEST–Test (3743) – 2022

1 (b)
Statement 1 is incorrect. The passage mentions that it is almost impossible to hold religion away from
public contestation if reform has to be achieved, as mentioned in the lines, ―The animating impulse of
Indian secularism was to produce peace by trying not to make religion a matter of public contestation.
And a lot of our compromises were a result of that. This was an impossible position to hold because the
reforms of the modern state require intervening in religion...‖ Thus, the author assumes debate,
discussions and intervention on religion important for reforms. Thus, statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct. The author explains the context of Indian secularism through the history of
partition as discussed in the lines, ―The lesson in the wake of Partition was that to avoid violence, you
need to lower the stakes of politics by keeping religion out of it. The animating impulse of Indian
secularism was to produce peace by trying not to make religion a matter of public contestation.‖ Further,
the author discusses that such a stance has led to compromises being made as stated in the passage, ―And a
lot of our compromises were a result of that. This was an impossible position to hold because the reforms
of the modern state require intervening in religion‖ Thus, statement 2 is correct.

2 (a)
Option (a) is correct. The passage explains the fact that controlled TFR does not necessarily imply lower
population growth rates immediately. To substantiate this point, Kerala‘s case is used by the author as an
example to prove the concept of the population momentum effect. It is stated in the line, “the population
momentum effect, a result of more people entering the reproductive age group of 15-49 years due to the
past high-level of fertility. For instance, the replacement fertility level was reached in Kerala around
1990, but its annual population growth rate was 0.7 percent in 2018, nearly 30 years later.”
Option (b) is incorrect. The author is of the opinion that countries with a past record of high fertility will
have a momentum effect and continued population growth despite reaching replacement rate. It is evident
from the line, ―This is not so because of the population momentum effect, a result of more people entering
the reproductive age group of 15-49 years due to the past high-level of fertility.‖ However, we cannot say
that their population cannot be stabilised in the long term. Also, this passage is in context of India.
Generalizing it for all developing countries will probably not be correct.
Option (c) is incorrect. This statement, though correct, is only a supporting argument made in relation to
the main argument of controlled TFR not necessarily implying lower population growth rates
immediately. Only the last line of the passage deals with this particular argument. Hence, this answer
option does not adequately sum up this passage.
Option (d) is incorrect. The passage states that, ―Some of this momentum effect can be mitigated if young
people delay childbearing and space their children.‖ So, we cannot say that only young people can
eliminate the momentum effect in population. Also, the author is merely talking about mitigation and not
elimination of this effect. Moreover, even if this statement was true, it could not have been the main
summary of the passage. Thus, option (d) is an extreme assumption and not the proper gist of the passage.

3 (b)
Statement 1 is incorrect. The author agrees that the West and Russia should be satisfied with India‘s stand
in the Security Council. However, the satisfaction arises not because India voted according to their
expectations, but in opposition to what they expected as mentioned in the passage, ―the West should feel
satisfied that India „abstained‟ because it perhaps expected India to oppose the West‟s draft proposals
given New Delhi‟s traditional ties with Russia while Russia should also feel satisfied at India‟s
„abstention‟ because it perhaps expected New Delhi to give in to western persuasion.‖ Thus, statement 1
is incorrect.
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 Statement 2 is correct. The author assumes that exercising the ‗for‘ or ‗against‘ vote leads to proper clear
stand in the international arena as discussed in the passage, ―A „for‟ or „against‟ vote is intended to
convey a blunt message of „support‟ or „opposition‟. It is a black or white choice, and once exercised, the
messaging is clear.‖ Thus, the author considers that exercising the choice of ‗for‘ or ‗against‘ by a
country, makes it clear whether they stand in support or in opposition of the issue. Thus, statement 2 is
correct.

4 (a)
Option (a) is correct. The initial lines in the passage mention the reason behind India‘s stand, ―Evidently,
the Indian government has chosen to „abstain‟, based on an assessment of its core interests.‖ Further, the
author believes that India‘s stand satisfies both the West and Russia as discussed in the concluding lines
of the passage, ―In the Ukraine instance — the West should feel satisfied that India „abstained‟ because it
perhaps expected India to oppose the West‟s draft proposals given New Delhi‟s traditional ties with
Russia while Russia should also feel satisfied at India‟s „abstention‟ because it perhaps expected New
Delhi to give in to western persuasion.‖
Option (b) is incorrect. The author appreciates India‘s choice of abstention in Security Council as it
satisfied both the sides- West and Russia. Further, the author does not suggest taking a clear stand in
charged times as discussed in the passage, ―A „for‟ or „against‟ vote is intended to convey a blunt message
of „support‟ or „opposition‟. It is a black or white choice, and once exercised, the messaging is clear. On
the other hand, „abstention‟ takes us into a grey zone because it is the middle path.‖ Thus, option (b)
cannot be inferred from the passage.
Option (c) is incorrect. The author describes the two possible outcomes of abstention, ―On the other hand,
„abstention‟ takes us into a grey zone because it is the middle path. It can either be seen as fence-sitting
(which is a sign of helplessness) or create space for diplomatic manoeuvre (which is a successful
outcome).‖ However, this option is negative in tone regarding the stance of India, while the passage is
very positive. So, while the author may suggest that India‘s stand can lead to an indication of helplessness.
the second part of the option, i.e. “is not going to create space for a diplomatic manoeuvre‖ is definitely
incorrect.
Option (d) is incorrect. According to the author, India‘s choice of abstention is suitable for both the West
and Russia, as mentioned in the passage, ―In the Ukraine instance — the West should feel satisfied that
India „abstained‟ because it perhaps expected India to oppose the West‟s draft proposals given New
Delhi‟s traditional ties with Russia while Russia should also feel satisfied at India‟s „abstention‟ because
it perhaps expected New Delhi to give in to western persuasion.‖ Thus, it cannot be inferred from the
passage that India‘s stand in the Security Council votes is going to further strengthen ties with Russia and
that it will be at the cost of its relationship with the West.

5 (b)
Given, a + b = 2
a+b–2=0
a + b + (– 2) = 0
a3 + b3 + (-2)3 = 3ab(-2)
[x +y3+z3 = 3xyz, if x + y + z = 0)
3

a3 + b3 – 8 = -6ab
a3 + b3 + 6ab = 8

6 (a)
The relative speed of the courier (compared to the column) is v-6 on the journey to the front, and v+6 on
the way back.
The distance travelled (relative to the column) by the courier is in both cases 1 km.
Therefore, the total travel time of the courier boy = [1/(v - 6)] + [1/(v + 6)]
The column travels 1 km in 10 minutes, i.e. in 1/6 hours.
Therefore, [1/(v - 6)] + [1/(v + 6)] = 1/6
Or (v + 6) + (v - 6) = (v - 6) × (v + 6)/6
Or 12v = v2 – 36
Or v2 – 12v – 36 = 0
Or v = 6 + 6 × √2 km/h (approximately 14.5 km/h)
Thus, the speed of the courier bike is 14.5 km/h.
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7 (c)
Checking option (c):
5-12-18-23  V-O-I-D
VOID is a valid word.
Hence, option (c) is correct.

8 (d)
Venn diagram for the given statement is represented below:

By looking at the above diagram, we can conclude that neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Hence, option (d) is correct.

9 (b)
50 days makes 7 complete weeks and 1 extra day.
So, the project will be completed one day after Monday, i.e. by Tuesday.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.

10 (b)
Six balls can be selected in the following ways:
* One red ball and 5 blue balls or
* Two red balls and 4 blue balls
So, Total number of ways = 3C1 x 7C5 + 3C2 x 7C4 = [3 x (7 × 6) / (2 × 1)] + [3 × (7 × 6 × 5) / (3 × 2 × 1)]
= 63 +105 = 168

11 (d)
Let the age of Rajesh 7 years ago be ‗a‘ years.
Then, the age of Rahul 7 years ago = 2ax years
And the age of Rajat 7 years ago = 2ax2
Age of Rajat at present = 2ax2+ 7 which is also equivalent to 31 as given in the question.
So, 2ax2+ 7 = 31
Or ax2= 12
Thus, the possible values of x are 1 and 2. If x is 1 then a = 12 and if x is 2 then a = 3. So, ax = 12 or 6.
Age of Rahul now = 2ax + 7 = 19 or 31.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

12 (c)
A 10 × 10 × 10 cube has 10 cubes of 1 × 1 × 1 dimension along its length, breadth and width each. If we
remove the outer layer of 1 × 1 × 1 cubes, then the new cube will have the following dimensions:
Length = 10 – 1 – 1 = 8
Breadth = 10 – 1 - 1 = 8
Height = 10 – 1 – 1 = 8
So, the number of 1 × 1 × 1 cubes in the new cube = 8 × 8 × 8 = 512
Hence, option (c) is correct.

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13 (d)
The given information has been represented in the table given below:
Generation People Relationships
First generation O (male) O is the father of N and P, M is
the granddaughter of O
Second generation P (gender unknown) N is the father of M and son of
N (male) O. Also, N is the brother of P
Third generation M (female) M is the granddaughter of O and
daughter of N.
Thus, M is the granddaughter of O.
Hence, option (d) is correct.

14 (c)
From S1:
x + y + t is even.
z term is missing in S1. So, S1 alone is not sufficient.
From S2:
tz is odd. It shows that both t & z are odd, because odd number × odd number = odd number.
x and y terms are missing in S2. So, S2 alone is not sufficient.
From S1 and S2:
x + y + t is even. z and t are odd.
odd + odd = even; It means x + y is odd. So, exactly one out of x and y must be odd, and the other one
even.
So, out of x, y, z, and t, there are 3 odd numbers and 1 even number.
Thus, x + y – z + t is odd. So, x + y – z + t is not even.
Hence, S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer the question.

15 (c)
x can be obtained by using the information provided in both S1 and S2.
Using S1, we get x= 4, or 12.
Using S2, we get that x is a multiple of 2.
Using both S1 and S2,
LCM × HCF = 1st number × 2nd number
36 × 2 = x × 18
or, x = 4.
Hence, S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer the question.

16 (a)
Organization O1:
Number of members on January 1, 2018 = x,
Number of members on February 1, 2018 = x + p,
Number of members on March 1, 2018 = x + 2p and so on.
So, Number of members on July 1, 2018 = x + 6p
[A.P. (arithmetic progression)],
Number of members on July 15, 2018 = x + 6p = x + 6(10.5x) (Given, p = 10.5x)
= 64x.
Organization O2:
Number of members on January 1, 2018 = x,
Number of members on February 1, 2018 = xq,
Number of members on March 1, 2018 = xq2 and so on.
So, Number of members on July 1, 2018 = xq6
[G.P. (geometric progression)],
Number of members on July 15, 2018 = xq6.
Now, 64x = xq6 (Given)
q6 = 64
q6 = 26
q = 2.

4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

17 (b)
Statement (1) is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Despite these mammoth law-making bodies, they lack
their own common public recruiting and training agency at the national level”. Also ―A common service
can build a combined and experienced legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from across local
bodies to the Union Parliament”. So, the passage mentions that it is not a decentralized system of
recruitment and training, but a common system of public recruiting and training agency at the national
level that is needed for competent and robust legislative institutions and their functioning. Hence, this
answer option is incorrect.
Statement (2) is correct. It is given in the passage, ―The growth of modern government and expansion of
governmental activities require a matching development and laborious legislative exercise. A common
service can build a combined and experienced legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from across
local bodies to the Union Parliament”. So it can be implied that there is a need for all-India legislative
services that will fulfill the mandate of maximum governance from local bodies to Parliament level. These
arguments are aptly captured in this answer option.
Statement (3) is incorrect. The passage is advocating for a common public recruiting and training agency
at the national level. It is also mentioned that a qualified and well-trained staff will ensure a competent
and robust legislative institution. But there is nothing mentioned about ‗red-tapism and cumbersome
processes‘. So, this statement is incorrect.
Statement (4) is correct. The passage mentions “Despite these mammoth law-making bodies, they lack
their own common public recruiting and training agency at the national level. Ensuring competent and
robust legislative institutions demands having qualified and well-trained staff in place. A common service
can build a combined and experienced legislative staff cadre, enabling them to serve from across local
bodies to the Union Parliament”. So, it can be implied that enhancing governmental activities necessitates
strengthening the legislative institutions by common public recruiting agencies. And from the phrase ―to
serve‖ it can be inferred that they will ensure effective policy making. So, this statement is correct.

18 (b)
Assumption (1) is incorrect. The passage mentions, “Although there will be gains in some crops in some
regions of the world, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative,
threatening global food security”. So, it is clearly mentioned that in some regions of the world and for
some crops climate change may be beneficial. So, this assumption is incorrect.
Assumption (2) is correct. It is given in the passage, “Higher temperatures eventually reduce yields of
desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest proliferation”. So, it can be assumed that the higher
temperature due to climate change has increased the risk of invasion by pests and weeds. So, this
assumption is correct.
Assumption (3) is incorrect. It is true that structural changes like climate smart agriculture will enhance
agriculture resilience and ensure food security for developing countries. But the passage does not mention
anything about any structural change. The tone of passage is advocating concern due to the adverse effects
of climate change on agriculture. But nothing reformative or suggestive has been mentioned in the
passage. Also, this statement is more in the nature of implication, than an assumption.

19 (a)
Statement (1) is correct. The passage mentions “For the people and animals that live in the Arctic‟s
unique environment climate change is not a debate; it‟s a daily reality. And with the world growing
warmer, Arctic ice is melting even faster, threatening their safety and way of life”. It is clearly given that
climate change threatens the safety and way of life of animals (polar bears, walrus, beluga, etc.) that live
in the Arctic‘s unique environment. So, this statement is correct.
Statement (2) is incorrect. It is given in the passage, “with the world growing warmer, Arctic ice is
melting even faster, threatening their safety and way of life”. These are the effects of climate change – we
cannot infer from the passage if it can or cannot speed up ―climate change‖ as such. It is rather just
indicating the accelerated rate of climate change. So this statement is incorrect.

20 (d)
Option (a) is incorrect. The passage mentions that Northeast India is predominantly rural. And the rural
areas are lagging in development. So, it is clear that Northeast India is an underdeveloped region but
whether or not it is the most underdeveloped region– we cannot conclusively infer. Moreover, it cannot be
the central idea of the passage.

5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Option (b) is incorrect. The passage mentions that the grass-root level administration needs the facility of
dissemination of information that is required for the economic and social development of a region. But
this is not the central idea of the passage. This is merely one of the many dimensions of rural
development. Moreover, the passage talks about ‗transfer of information‘, and not ‗transparency in
Information dissemination‘. Hence, this answer option is incorrect.
Option (c) is incorrect. The passage nowhere mentions the level of sustainable development being
undertaken in rural areas. It only mentions that to address the imbalances in regional development,
sustainable development of rural areas is the solution.
Option (d) is correct. The line “To abolish these developmental imbalances and to give due priority to
development in rural areas, efforts are going on in Northeast also”, mentions that to abolish the
developmental imbalances, rapid leaps in rural development are required. The pace of rural development
needs to be fast as it has lagged behind the urban areas. All these points are suitably captured in this
answer option.

21 (a)
In 400 consecutive years there are 97 leap years. Hence, in 400 consecutive years, February month has the
29th day 97 times.
The remaining eleven months will have the 29th day 400 × 11 or 4400 times.
Therefore, 29th day of a month occurs (4400 +97) = 4497 times.

22 (b)
Speed after reduction = X – Y
And Time = Z hours
 X – Y = 1/Z (distance = 1 km)
 ZX – ZY = 1

23 (b)
The probability that the person hits the target in one shot = 0.3
Therefore, the probability that he does not hit the target in a single shot = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7
The probability that he does not hit the target in any of the ten trials = (0.7)10
Probability that he hits the target at least once = 1 - (0.7)10

24 (c)
This is a Geometric Progression with 3 as the common ratio.
The next term = 162 × 3 = 486
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

25 (c)
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
Here, 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + A + 7 = 21 + A
So, the digit in place of A must be 6.
Hence, option (c) is correct.

26 (c)
Using S1: X may be greater than Z. But it doesn't say anything about Z being the smallest number.
Using S2: Y may be greater than Z. But it says nothing about Z being the smallest number.
Using S1 and S2:
We get X, Y > Z
That is, X > Y > Z, or Y > X > Z, or X = Y > Z.
In all of these cases, Z is the smallest number, and hence the question can be answered.
Thus, S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer the question.

27 (b)
The water image is the inverted image obtained by turning the object upside down. On observing the
options, we can see that the figure given under option (b) is the appropriate answer.

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28 (b)
Using S1:
To find 2 ɸ 3, we need to define 2 ɸ 3.
Thus, S1 alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
Using S2:
a ɸ b = (a + b)/a
So, 2 ɸ 3 = (2 + 3)/2 = 5/2
Thus, S2 alone is sufficient to answer the question.

29 (a)
Total number of students = 200
Number of students who are learning French = 120
Number of students who are learning Mandarin = 50
Number of students who are learning both French and Mandarin = 30
Number of students who are learning Mandarin but not French = 50 – 30 = 20
Hence, option (a) is correct.

30 (d)
Option (a) is incorrect. Refer to the line, “The person might suddenly get angry on others, and we may get
worried about what to do if the person hurt himself/herself‖. The central idea is not about how bipolarity
is a threat to the life of the patient in case of non-treatment. The central idea is about multiple scenarios a
bipolar patient has to face and the dilemma that the caretaker/friend faces in dealing with such a patient.
So, it is not the correct answer.
Option (b) is incorrect. There is no discussion about the kind of research already done. Whether the
research is limited or adequate cannot be concluded from the information in the passage. So, to say that
managing a bipolar patient is a complicated task due to limited research would not be correct. Therefore,
this is not the central idea of the passage.
Option (c) is incorrect. This option could be a fair assumption that a bipolar patient should be dealt with
compassion. However, the central idea of the passage is not about compassion. The central idea is about
the various impacts and situations that a bipolar patient and the person with him has to face.
Option (d) is correct. This option is the broadest and best option which comprehensively tries to cover the
information provided in the passage. Refer to the lines “Long depressive episodes where a person did not
talk to anyone can be followed by short manic ones” and “As a friend, one might have no idea how to
help or how to help ourselves while living with such individual.” These reflect what the option is stating –
in addition to the patient, the caretaker also suffers. So, this is the best central idea of the passage.

31 (d)
Inference 1 is incorrect. The passage discusses that the World Values Survey (WVS) study revealed that
understanding of social capital will aid in our understanding of political participation. And, membership in
non-political organizations is one of the ways to bolster social capital. But the relation between
membership of non-political organisations and political participation is not clear from the passage. So, we
cannot infer this statement.
Inference 2 is incorrect. The passage mentions the methods to build interpersonal trusts like membership
in non-political organizations, voluntary work for nonpolitical organizations and social networking
through interaction with friends, work, school, church colleagues or sports clubs. But their current trend
and relative importance are not being emphasized in the passage. So, this inference is also not correct.

32 (d)
Inference 1 is incorrect. The line “In this regard, tempting ideas and drug-related beliefs can be examples
of the consequent irrational beliefs from these cognitive interactions‖, states that irrational beliefs
certainly play a role in drug abuse. Also, the inference that a rational person would not consume drugs
may be inherent in these lines, i.e., if irrational beliefs lead to weak resistive skills and people do drugs,
this means that rational beliefs would probably lead to strong resistive skills which eventually prevents
one from consuming drugs and be an addict (though it‘s not certain). However, the issue of liquor has not
been discussed in the passage. So, this is an incorrect inference.
7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Inference 2 is incorrect. A strong belief system may improve the resistive skills (related to most kinds of
addiction) of a person which he can use to give up addictions. Strong resistive skills may help the person
avoid the activities related to the addiction. But the statement mentions ‗liberal‗ belief system, rather than
a ‗strong‘ belief system. Moreover, we cannot say this for certain for all kinds of addictions, as the author
has limited the passage to drug addiction. May be this is true for ‗most‘ of the addictions. But saying that
it‘s true for ‗all‘ addictions maybe an extreme viewpoint.

33 (d)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. The last line of the passage clearly states that, ―…there is little information
about the hygienic practices done at different points in the milk value chain; and milk quality either at
farm level, milk distributing centres or at market level.‖ We cannot tell for sure whether the issue is at the
supply side or in supply-chain. Also, the passage has pointed out issues with milk quality, and not any
disease-causing pathogens. So, this assumption is not correct.
Assumption 2 is incorrect. The line ―In Ethiopia, the current trend of rapidly increasing human
population together with growing urbanization creates even greater markets and has increased the
demand for milk and its products”, mentions that in Ethiopia, the growing urbanization is creating greater
markets (that requires greater money in the hands of the people) and increase in demand for milk and its
products. From this we cannot generalize that increase in demand of milk and milk products reflects an
increase in GDP, and vice-a-versa. There could be other reasons for increase in demand of milk and
associated products. So, this assumption is incorrect.

34 (b)
Centre O divides altitude PS in the ratio of 2: 1.

Here, PO = R = radius of circumcircle

and OS = r = radius of incircle.
So, R = 2r.
Hence, the required ratio = R2/ r2 = ( )2 = 22 = 4.

35 (c)
Let the three numbers be x, 3x and 5x respectively.
Half of the sum of these numbers is 9. So, sum of the numbers must be 18.
So, x + 3x + 5x = 18
Or 9x = 18
Or x = 18/9 = 2
So the numbers are 2, 6 and 10.
Ratio of their cubes = 23: 63: 103 = 8 : 216 : 1000 = 1 : 27 : 125

Explanation for Questions 36 and 37:

The information provided in the question and the flow in each pipeline has been represented below:

8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

36 (d)
We know that the flow between B and C is 300. So, the flow in A and B route should be 700.
Now at C, the required quantity would be 400 + 700 = 1100. But through B, only 300 is received. So, 800
should come through E-C route.
Now, demand at E is 200.
So, total flow required in A-E pipeline is 800 + 200 = 1000.

37 (d)
Quantity supplied through A – B pipeline = 700
So, free capacity available in A-B pipeline = 1000 – 700 = 300

38 (d)
Based on the statement, we have these possible scenarios:

OR

By looking at the above diagrams, we can conclude that none of the given conclusions follows.
Hence, option (d) is correct.

39 (a)
The given sequence follows the following pattern:
a b c b c a c a b/a b c b c a c a b
Hence, option (a) is correct.

40 (d)
The number of fruits stolen by each boy has not been given. Hence, total number of fruits stolen by 10
boys cannot be found.
Thus, S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to answer the question.
Hence, option (d) is correct.

41 (d)
From S1:
(x - y)2 = 4
Here, x and y are consecutive positive even integers.
It gives infinite values for x and y, e.g. 2, 4; 4, 6 etc.
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 Thus, S1 alone is not sufficient.
From S2:
(x+ y)2 < 100
So, x + y <10
Here, x and y are consecutive positive even integers.
It can be satisfied by 2 & 4 only. But we cannot say which is x and which is y.
Thus, S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to answer the question.

42 (c)
The greatest possible speed at which a man could walk is equal to HCF of 70 and 245.
HCF of 70 and 245 = 35
Hence, option (c) is correct.

43 (c)
Reciprocal of (2/3)4 = (2/3)-4 = (3/2)4 = 34/24
Option (a), (b) and (d) all are equivalent to 34/24.
But option (c) shows the same value as the original number, and not its reciprocal value.
Hence, option (c) is correct.

44 (a)
ax = b
Raising the power of y in both sides, we get:
(ax)y = by
Or axy = c (since by = c)
Again, raising the power of z in both sides, we get:
(axy)z = cz
Or axyz = cz
But xyz = 1, so we get:
a = cz
Hence, option (a) is correct.

45 (d)
Given, 196x4 = x6
Or (14x2)2 = (x3)2
Or 14x2 = x3
Hence, option (d) is correct.

46 (b)
Here SI = Rs. 9; P = Rs. 1; n = 60 years
R = (SI x 100)/(P × n) = (9 x 100)/(1 × 60) = 15%

47 (d)
The number in the centre of the triangle is half of the sum of the numbers on the three sides.
(13 + 15 + 12)/2 = 20
(23 + 25 + 22)/2 = 35
(3 + 5 + 2)/2 = 5
So, 3 is the missing number.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.

48 (b)
Inference 1 is incorrect. This inference is beyond the scope of the passage because the passage does not
discuss (directly or indirectly) the causes of fear of crime in urban communities. So, to say that fear level
is high due to excess wealth is not a correct inference.
Inference 2 is correct. The line ―Fear of crime is a social reality, and it is especially a problem that has
troubled the urban communities more,‖ states that fear of crime is a social reality, but it is especially seen
in urban areas. So, it is a correct inference.
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49 (a)
Option (a) is correct. The lines “So, human movement in this structure needs a space which is compatible
with spiritual, psychological, and physical conditions of the residences” and “So, fear of crime includes a
wide range of tentative and sensitive reactions to crime and disorders which individuals and communities
are the creators of”, reflect that fear of crime is self-created and it affects the spiritual, psychological
aspect of the personality. So, this option is the correct crux.
Option (b) is incorrect. This option in general would be correct. However, we must relate to the context of
the passage regarding the fear of crime. The passage does not discuss how the social development of
urban communities is hindered because of fear of crime. Furthermore, it would be an exaggeration to say
that social development is possible ‗only‘ in a crime free environment. So, this is not the crux of the
passage.
Option (c) is incorrect. This cannot be a logical inference based on the information provided in the
passage. Policing has not been discussed in the passage. Moreover, increased policing could help alleviate
the fear of crime, but this is a solution to the issues of urban communities as discussed in the passage and
not the crux per se. So, this is not the correct answer.
Option (d) is incorrect. This option could also be a logical inference as it states that possible solutions lie
within the society. However, the crux is the summary of the passage. So, this is not the correct crux of the
passage.

50 (c)
Assumption 1 is correct. The lines “Today, nutrition science has moved on from the classical concepts of
avoiding nutrient deficiencies and basic nutritional adequacy to the concept of "positive" or "optimal"
nutrition. … and which may also reduce the risk of disease”, show that the science of food nutrition has
evolved from the stage of preventing nutrient deficiency to ensuring optimum nutrition for good health.
So, this is a correct assumption.
Assumption 2 is correct. The lines “What makes a "functional food," however, is the presence of
biologically active components … some foods and food components have beneficial physiological and
psychological effects over and above the provision of the basic nutrients”, state the exact essence of the
given option. The biologically active components positively affect our health – both physiological and
psychological; therefore, they may be consumed in our diet. So, this is a correct assumption.

51 (a)
Option (a) is correct. The lines, “What makes a "functional food,"... There is now increasing scientific
evidence to support the hypothesis that some foods and food components have beneficial physiological
and psychological effects over and above the provision of the basic nutrients‖, clearly reflect the benefits
of functional foods. The line, ―The research focus has shifted more to the identification of biologically
active components in foods that have the potential to optimize physical and mental wellbeing, and which
may also reduce the risk of disease‖, clearly shows the impact of functional foods on our lives. So, the
best suggestion of the author is to include these functional foods in our diet to improve our health.
Option (b) is incorrect. This option is beyond the scope of the passage because the passage does not
discuss the aspect of funding research for functional foods. So, this is not the best suggestion given by the
author.
Option (c) is incorrect. The passage does not mention anything related to the role of the government in
promoting the cultivation of functional foods. Considering the benefits of the food it would be a logical
inference to encourage their cultivation. However, the suggestion in the passage is not related to the policy
initiative of the government.
Option (d) is incorrect. This option is restating the facts given in the passage - “The research focus has
shifted more to the identification of biologically active components in foods that have the potential to
optimize physical and mental wellbeing, and which may also reduce the risk of disease”. However, this is
not a suggestion given in the passage. The suggestion is about understanding the benefits of functional
foods and that it would be good to include them in our diet to improve our overall wellbeing. So, this
option is not the correct answer.
11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
52 (c)
Option (a) is incorrect. The option states that adoption of indigenous agricultural systems should be
universalized, but the passage is about the basis of these systems and what benefits they present.
Recommending its universalization would be an extreme measure as the passage does not talk about the
productivity aspects. It is probable that indigenous agricultural systems might not meet the need of world
population. Moreover, this answer option falls under the category of inference or implication, not the crux
of the passage.
Option (b) is incorrect. The statement in option is partially correct, i.e. these systems are a good source of
food and livelihood, but to compare with present agricultural practices would not be correct because the
passage nowhere discusses the same. So, this is not the best crux of the passage.
Option (c) is correct. This option best captures the essence of the passage. Refer to the lines, ―The
indigenous agricultural systems of the world have been built on local knowledge and experiences that
reflect the evolution of humankind, the diversity of its knowledge, and its profound relationships with
nature. These systems have resulted not only in outstanding landscapes, maintenance and the adoption of
agricultural variability, indigenous knowledge systems and resilient ecosystems…”. From these lines it is
clear that indigenous agricultural systems are based on local (traditional) knowledge. The reference to
resilient ecosystems clearly means it will help in building a robust environment. So, the given option best
captures the crux of the passage.
Option (d) is incorrect. No discussion concerning the exchange of knowledge between societies to further
diversity such systems is done in the passage. Therefore, this cannot be the crux of the passage.

53 (c)
Using S1:
n is divisible by 3, 5, 7 and 9, i.e. minimum possible value of n is 315 (LCM of 3, 5, 7 and 9). So, it will
be a multiple of 315, but it is not necessary that it n is odd. For example, n can be equal to 630.
Thus, S1 alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
Using S2:
0 < n < 400
So, n can be 1, 2, 3, 4………399
Thus, S2 alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
Using S1 and S2:
n < 400 and n is a multiple of 315. Thus, n will be 315. Hence, we can say that n is an odd number.
Thus, S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer the question.

54 (c)
Total Runs = 40 x 50 = 2000
Let his highest score be x.
Then, his lowest score = x – 172
According to the question,
[2000 – (x) – (x - 172)]/38 = 50 – 2
Or 2x = 2172 - 1824
Or x = 174
Thus, his highest score is 174.
Hence, option (c) is correct.

55 (b)
Let the numbers be x, y and z.
Then, x + y = 10 …………(i)
y + z = 19 ……………..(ii)
x + z = 21 …………(iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get:
2 (x + y + z) = 50
Or (x + y + z) = 25
Thus, x = (25 — 19) = 6; y = (25 —21) = 4; z = (25 —10) = 15
Hence, the required numbers are 6, 4 and 15.
12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Alternate Method:
Let‘s work through options:
Option (a):
6 + 4 = 10;
6 + 10 =16 ≠19, so not satisfied.
Option (b):
6 + 4 = 10; 6 + 15 = 21; 4 + 15 =19
So, option (b) is correct.

56 (c)
Total rose production = (15 + 12.5 + 12.45 + 20 + 12.4 + 22.5 + 22.4 + 25) × 1000 = 142250
Now 10% of total production = 14225 × 10 / 100 = 14225
It is clear that Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Haryana contribute less than 10% in the total production.

57 (a)
Required percentage = [(25 – 20) /20] × 100 = 25%

58 (d)
Wheat and Paddy are different from each other. Also, Wheat is a Rabi-Crop.

59 (d)
Given expression: 8P36M6Q6M2L3
L→×
M→’
P→+
Q→–
Putting signs as per the question, we get:
8 + 36 ÷ 6 – 6 ÷ 2 × 3 = 8 + 6 - 3 × 3 = 5
Hence, option (d) is correct.

60 (a)
Using S1, we can see that x, y and z all are odd.
odd – odd = even
So, z –x is even.
Thus, S1 alone is sufficient to answer the question.
But from S2, it is not possible to comment on x, y and z.
Hence, option (a) is correct.

61 (d)
Clearly the number of candidates who failed in at least two subjects = Number of candidates who failed in
two or more subjects = 10 + 12 + 12 + 5 = 39
Required Percentage = (39/500) × 100 = 7.8%
Hence, option (d) is correct.

62 (d)
The conditions related to G are:
If G is included, then F must be included.
Exactly one among C, G and I must be included. If G is included, then C and I can‘t be included.
The team must include E or B, but not both. So, the team will be G, F, E/B.
If the team includes J, it must also include F. So, the team can be:
G, F, E/B or G, F, E/B, J
D and H cannot be the members of the same team. So, the team can be:
G, F, E/B, D/H or G, F, E/B, J, D/H
The team must include both A and D or neither of them. So, the team can be:
G, F, E/B, D, A;
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 G, F, E/B, H;
G, F, E/B, J, A, D;
G, F, E/B, J, H
Hence, the number of members in the team can be 4, 5 or 6.

63 (c)
The largest possible team can have six members. As one of (E, B) and (D, H) and two of (C, G, I) must
definitely be excluded. So, size of the largest possible team is 6.

64 (b)
If the team includes J, it must also include F. lf the team includes G, it must also include F. So, G, F and J
included in the team.
The team must include both A and D or neither of them, and D and H cannot be members of the same
team. So, the members of the team will be G, F, J, A, D.
The team must include E or B, but not both. C and F cannot be members of the same team.
So, a team of 6 persons is: A, B/E, J, G, D, F
Therefore, we can see that H can‘t be included in a team of 6 players. (A team including H can be: H, J, F,
E/B, G, or H, J, F, E/B, I)

65 (c)
This is an alternating multiplication and subtraction series. First the term is multiplied by 2 and the next
term is subtracted by 10 and so on.
20 × 2 = 40
40 – 10 = 30
30 × 2 = 60
60 – 10 = 50
50 × 2 = 100
100 – 10 = 90
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.

66 (d)
Option (a) is incorrect. The author talks about the decline in the position of elderly people in the family.
He has not talked about the issue of children giving up the responsibility of their parents. So, this is not
the crucial message.
Option (b) is incorrect. There is no discussion on the government's role in improving the situation of old
people in the country. So, this is not the crucial message of the passage.
Option (c) is incorrect. The concept of reskilling and upskilling is not covered in the passage. This option
could be a fair implication but not the crucial message, because the whole passage is about the various
multi-dimensional issues of old age people which is covered in option (d). So, this is not the crucial
message.
Option (d) is correct. The line, ―This may lead to the development of psychology of shunning the company
of others‖, shows that isolation will be the likely result of the issues covered in the passage. So, the option
includes all critical issues covered in the passage using the word ―socio-psychological‖, which includes,
―As a man grows, his reduced activities, income, and consequent decline in the position of the family and
society make his life more vulnerable. An old person begins to feel that even his children do not look upon
him with that degree of respect, which he used to get some years earlier‖ and ―The old persons feel
neglected and humiliated‖. All these aspects make this option the broadest among all the given options.

67 (b)
Option (a) is incorrect. Economic growth is an important goal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM), but to say that economic growth will ensure carrying capacity and quality of the environment
would not be correct because the line, ―It also preserves the carrying capacity and the quality of the
coastal environment which leads to a lasting development”, includes ‗It‘ which refers to ICZM and not
economic growth. Economic growth is just one of the many goals of ICZM. So, this is not the most
logical corollary.
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 Option (b) is correct. The lines, ―The goal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management is not only to pursue
short term economic growth but also to ensure that the economic growth can be enjoyed equally and
proportionately by all stakeholders involved. It also preserves the carrying capacity and the quality of the
coastal environment which leads to lasting development”, reflect the essence given in this option. In
addition to economic growth, ICZM should also take care of sustainability, equity and environmental
aspects. So, this option is the most logical corollary.
Option (c) is incorrect. The context of funding mechanisms is not covered in the passage. So, this option
is beyond the scope of the passage.
Option (d) is incorrect. The lines, “Integrated and sustainable management of the coastal resource is an
iterative and evolutionary process (not the only process) to realize an optimal and sustainable
development of a coastal area‖, show that ICZM is about focusing on sustainable development. But to
conclude that only ICZM can do the sustainable development of coastal areas would not be correct,
because the passage nowhere claims that ICZM is the only way to develop coastal areas. So, this option is
not correct.

68 (c)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. The line, ―while social and political aspects of human action can only be
successfully expressed by more complicated procedures on which generally there is no wider agreement‖,
shows that there is some procedure available to measure the social and political aspects, whereas the
option states that there is no reliable source. This is not correct because the passage mentions about
complicated procedures over which there is no wider acceptance, it means that there exist some processes
for measurement. To conclude that they are not reliable is not correct. Moreover, any international
agreement has not been discussed in the passage. So, the assumption in the option is not correct.
Assumption 2 is correct. The lines, ―This difficulty however should not be the reason for countries to
reduce their concern for the social and political dimensions of overall development, as economic growth
although necessary is not a sufficient condition for the wealth of nations‖, captures the essence of the
given option. It means that growth should not be only economic but also social and political. So, this
assumption is correct.
Assumption 3 is correct. The lines, ―while social and political aspects of human action can only be
successfully expressed by more complicated procedures on which generally there is no wider agreement”,
show that only complicated procedures can successfully express the social and political aspect of
development. In other words, we can say that there is no easy mechanism to measure social and political
aspects of development. So, this assumption is also correct.

69 (a)
Inference 1 is correct. Refer to the line, ―Per capita energy consumption in India is also one of the lowest
in the world. It is about 30% of that in China, about 22% of that in Brazil, and about 3.18% of that in the
USA.‖ It means that if an American consumes 100 units of energy, an Indian consumes only 3.18 units.
Similarly, if a Chinese consumes 100 units of energy, the corresponding figure for an Indian is 22 units.
From these two analyses, it is clear that a person in the USA consumes more energy than that in China or
India.

Inference 2 is incorrect. The line, “In the business-as-usual scenario, India will exhaust its oil reserves in
22 years, its gas reserves in 30 years, and its coal reserves in 80 years”, reflects that India will exhaust its
gas reserves in 30 years. So, the domestic production will be threatened. From this we cannot conclusively
infer that India needs to acquire gas fields abroad. Other measures like promotion of renewable energy
could also be explored. So, this inference is not correct.

70 (c)
Option (a) is incorrect. The line, ―Energy consumption of a country is one of the indicators of its socio-
economic development‖, says that energy consumption is one of the indicators of socio-economic
indicators. To say that only by fulfilling energy demands can India develop from a socio-economic
perspective would not be correct. There could also be other important determinants of socio-economic
development.
15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Option (b) is incorrect. The passage talks about the increasing energy consumption and the limited
reserves in India. Hence, there could be an indication towards exploring alternatives like renewable
energy. However, this could be an implication or inference, not the crux of the passage. Since options (a)
and (b) are incorrect, this makes option (d) incorrect. Hence, option (c) becomes the most appropriate
answer.
Option (c) is correct. The lines, ―For energy India depends on oil and gas imports, which account for over
65% of its consumption; it is likely to increase further considering the economic development, rise in the
living condition of people, and rising prices. Coal, which currently accounts for over 60% of India‟s
electricity production, is the major source of emission of greenhouse gases and that of acid rains‖, reflect
that India‘s energy demands are rising. Also, the threat of exhaustion of non-renewable sources of energy
is clearly stated in the line, ―In the business-as-usual scenario, India will exhaust its oil reserves in 22
years, its gas reserves in 30 years, and its coal reserves in 80 years‖. These lines are summarized in the
given option. So, this is the best crux of the passage.
Option (d) is incorrect, as options (a) and (b) are incorrect.

71 (a)
Clearly, in the given code, the alphabets are coded as follows:
P→7; A→4; I→1; N→2; T→8
And, E → 9; X → 3; C → 5; E → 9; L → 6
From the code of PAINT and EXCEL, we can find the code of ACCEPT.
A → 4; C → 5; C → 5; E → 9; P → 7; T → 8
Hence, option (a) is correct.

72 (a)
Yellow house is in between the green and red houses, and green house is adjacent to the blue house. So,
the possible combinations are:
Blue Green Yellow Red
Or
Red Yellow Green Blue
R lives in yellow house, and P does not live adjacent to R. So, we get:
Blue(P) Green Yellow(R) Red
Or
Red Yellow(R) Green Blue(P)
Hence, blue is the colour of the house in which P lives.
Hence, option (a) is correct.

73 (c)
According to the information provided, the order in which the boys stand according to their heights is as
follows:

Clearly, from the above diagram E is in between D and C.

Hence, option (c) is correct.

74 (b)
Using S1,
Individual price of either banana or orange is not given. So, we cannot determine anything.
Using S2,
Let original price of 1 banana be Rs. x.
If price of a banana is increased by 50%, then new price of a banana = 1.5x
New price of 48 banana = Rs. 12
So, new price of 1 banana = 12/48 = Rs. 1/4
16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 So, 1/4 = 1.5 x
Or x = 1/6
Original price of 1 banana = Rs. 1/6
So, Original price of 6 bananas = (1/6) × 6 = Rs. 1
Thus, S2 alone is sufficient to answer the question.

75 (c)
n(A) = 40, n(B) = 50, n(A ∩ B) = 10
n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) — n(A ∩ B)= 40 + 50 – 10 = 80
Percentage of people reading either one or both the newspapers is 80%.
Hence, percentage of people reading neither newspaper = 100 - 80 = 20%

76 (b)
B is the daughter of C, and C is the daughter in law of P.
Also, A is the uncle of B, i.e. A is the brother of B's father. Thus, A is the son of P.

77 (b)
Assumption 1 is incorrect. There is no mention of a comparison between casual labour and permanent
labour based on their relative productivity. The passage only mentions that to understand labour
productivity and casualization in the economy, it is necessary to understand the concept of casual
employment. So, this is not a correct assumption.
Assumption 2 is correct. Refer to the line: ―The characteristics of most casual workers indicate that this
form of employment has more to do with limited choices available to young people, women, and low
skilled workers than any flourishing of choices for people at work.” Low skilled workers have limited
choices. Therefore, they end up being casually employed. From this it can be safely assumed that the skill
of a job seeker is an important factor in deciding the nature of employment – casual or formal.

78 (a)
Option (a) is correct. Refer to the lines, ―Young people use the internet to impart data to others, associate
with companions, make new companions, send messages and remark on others' profiles pages‖ and ―Most
young people make no less than a fundamental profile, with their name, age, status, photographs, and
interests, however numerous goes much further. It's excessively simple for predators to discover
casualties utilizing online interpersonal interaction.‖ It reflects that the internet, on the one hand, is good
for youngsters as it helps them engage with companions. But on the other hand it could be a threat to the
privacy of youngsters who share their details like age, status, photographs etc. on internet. So, this option
best captures the summary of the passage and hence it is the best crux.
Option (b) is incorrect. The given option could be a rational inference based on the passage which is about
privacy threats of the internet for youngsters. So, considering the various issues with the use of the
internet, it is important to use it responsibly. But the crux should be the summary of the passage, and not
about the probable recommendations of the author. Therefore, this answer option is incorrect.
Option (c) is incorrect. This option is an extreme option that outrightly rejects the premise of sharing
personal details on the internet. The line, “Most young people make no less than a fundamental profile,
with their name, age, status, photographs, and interests‖, states that some create fundamental profiles
(name, age, status, photographs) and some share even more details. These details can be misused by
online miscreants. The author hints towards exercising caution while sharing personal details on internet.
There is no indication towards never sharing details on the internet. Hence, this answer option is incorrect.
Option (d) is incorrect. There is no discussion about the role of school and family regarding making
profiles and sharing the data on the internet. So, it would not be correct to say that this is the crux of the
passage.

79 (c)
Option (a) is incorrect. The passage mentions that the world contains numerous challenges that often
emerge when we least expect them. But we cannot infer whether these challenges are increasing in
frequency or intensity. So, it is incorrect to infer that the world is becoming more chaotic day by day.
Option (b) is incorrect. Refer to the line: “A resilient person has developed the adaptive skills to identify
challenges…” It clearly indicates that adaptive skills can be ‗developed‘ – it need not be present from
birth. So, it is wrong to infer that only people born with adaptive skills can become resilient.

17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Option (c) is correct. Refer to the lines, ―A resilient person has developed the adaptive skills to identify
challenges and to adjust problem-solving methods to new or novel situations… The concept of
diversifying our financial resources applies as well to our physical, psychological, social, and spiritual
resources.‖ It mentions that in financial situations, we require multiple accounts to overcome any
challenge. Similarly, in life, challenges can be managed by applying this diversification principle to our
physical, psychological, social, and spiritual resources. An adaptive skill helps a person to become
resilient by developing these different personal resources. These aspects are aptly captured in this answer
option.
Option (d) is incorrect. The passage nowhere mentions such a thing that financial resources are a must for
overcoming any emerging challenges. It only mentions that financial resources are part of the broader
resource set possessed by a person. And that the diversification strategy applied to financial resources
should also be extended to physical, psychological, social, and spiritual resources. So, this is not the
correct answer.

80 (a)
Option (a) is correct. The lines, ―keeping in mind the political backdrop of a majoritarian government
with a fractured mandate at the Centre, and coalition governments and the rising power of regional
parties at the state level drives home the need and significance of reinforcing and strengthening the
“cooperative” element in our federal structure‖, show that cooperation is desired in our federal structure.
Furthermore, the lines, “It is indeed a sorry state of affairs that current debates among politicians have a
personal note of unacceptable stridency and policy debates seem to have become a thing of the past. In
this milieu, it would appear that cooperative federalism is a long shot‖, highlight that the present scenario
is a sorry state of affairs because of which it appears that cooperative federalism is not possible to be
achieved in the near future. So, this option best reflects the central idea of the passage.
Option (b) is incorrect. The given option tries to link two discussions in the passage. The line ―…
majoritarian government with a fractured mandate at the Centre, and coalition governments and the
rising power of regional parties at the state level, …” and ―It is indeed a sorry state of affairs that current
debates among politicians have a personal note of unacceptable stridency and policy debates seem to
have become a thing of the past”, are interlinked in the option. However, in the context of the passage,
they both are not related in any sense. Poor cooperation calls for cooperative federalism, but poor debates
are not on the topic of poor cooperation of states. So, this is not the correct option.
Option (c) is incorrect. The given option seems to be correct in general and also to some extent covers the
discussion in the line, “A look at the larger picture of the Indian federation, keeping in mind the political
backdrop of a majoritarian government with a fractured mandate at the Centre, and coalition
governments and the rising power of regional parties at the state level drives home the need and
significance of reinforcing and strengthening the “cooperative” element in our federal structure.‖ But it
is not the central idea as reflected in option (a), which comprehensively covers all the discussion in the
passage on cooperative federalism. Also, the tone of the passage is rather pessimistic, which is in line with
option (a). So, this is not the best central idea of the passage.
Option (d) is incorrect. The option is not correct because strengthening of cooperative federalism is
required, but that the rise of regional parties from state to centre level could help in this aspect cannot be
assumed. Also, cooperative federalism focuses on the state (could be of a regional party or a national
party) and central government irrespective of whether they are a national or regional party. So, to say that
rise of regional parties is a must for cooperative federalism is not correct.

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