Abstract
Prejudice and Biases
These examples clearly show that there are
Prejudice refers to a preconceived opinion or prejudices going on. The statements prejudge
feeling toward a person based solely on their against Aetas, Badyaws and Muslims basically
affiliation with a group. because of their race, nationality and religion. Even
though they have not
-An individual may be prejudiced against others done anything wrong yet, but because of their
based on factors such as race, age, gender, sexual backgrounds, people tend to prejudge them and
orientation, class status, religion, nationality, and eventually discriminate them.
amongst other things.
Bias is a tendency to lean in a certain direction,
Racial Prejudice: Negative attitudes or beliefs either in favor of or against a particular thing. To be
directed toward individuals based on their race truly biased means to lack a neutral viewpoint on a
or ethnicity. This can include stereotypes and particular topic. Somewhere along the line, bias
discrimination against specific racial groups. took on a negative connotation.
Gender Prejudice: Bias against individuals based on If you're biased toward something, then you lean
their gender, often manifesting as sexism. This can favorably toward it; you tend to think positively of
affect both men and women, leading to unequal it. Meanwhile, if you're biased against something,
treatment in various contexts, such as the then you lean negatively against it; you tend to
workplace or education. think poorly of it.
Age Prejudice: Also known as ageism, this involves Examples:
negative attitudes toward individuals based on a) In other Christian sects, the preacher position is
their age, often targeting older adults or younger only given to males and not to females.
people, leading to stereotypes about their abilities b) Sectarian schools only accept students who
or contributions. share the same religious beliefs.
c) Some churches don’t accept women who wear
Religious Prejudice: Discrimination or bias against pants instead of dresses or skirts during their
individuals based on their religious beliefs or services.
practices. This can include intolerance toward
different faiths or sects. In the given examples, a certain group or people is
given favor than the other.
Sexual Orientation Prejudice: Often referred to as A. In number one, males are given more
homophobia, this type of prejudice involves power or authority than females.
negative attitudes toward individuals based on B. Number two, students who are interested to
their sexual orientation, affecting LGBTQ+ study in a school but don’t share the same
individuals in various aspects of life. religion can’t be admitted.
C. And lastly, women who want to attend
Class Prejudice: Also known as classism, this church services aren’t allowed to go if they
involves bias against individuals based on their don’t wear the prescribed clothes for the
socioeconomic status, often leading to stereotypes said services.
about the poor or wealthy.
National or Ethnic Prejudice: Negative attitudes
toward individuals based on their nationality or
ethnic background, or discrimination against
immigrants and minority groups.
1. Confirmation Bias: A person who believes that a particular
diet is effective may only seek out and pay attention to success
stories and research that supports this belief, while ignoring
Racial Prejudice: A hiring manager may unconsciously
evidence that contradicts it.
favor candidates of a certain race over equally qualified
candidates of another race, believing that the former are
more competent or fit for the job. 2. Anchoring Bias: In a salary negotiation, a job candidate may
base their salary expectations on the first number they hear
(the initial offer), even if it is lower than the market rate, leading
Gender Prejudice: A woman may be overlooked for a
them to settle for less than they deserve.
promotion in favor of a male colleague, based on the
stereotype that men are more suited for leadership roles,
regardless of her qualifications and performance. 3. Selection Bias: A researcher studying the effectiveness of a
new medication may only include participants who are already
healthy, leading to skewed results that do not accurately
Age Prejudice: An older employee might be passed over
represent the medication's effects on the general population.
for training opportunities because colleagues assume that
older individuals are less adaptable to new technologies.
4. Availability Bias: After seeing news reports about airplane
accidents, a person may overestimate the dangers of flying
Religious Prejudice: A person may face discrimination in
and choose to drive instead, despite statistics showing that
their workplace for wearing religious attire, such as a hijab
flying is generally safer than driving.
or a turban, based on stereotypes or misconceptions
about their faith.
5. Hindsight Bias: After a sports team loses a game, fans may
claim they "knew it all along" that the team would lose, even
Sexual Orientation Prejudice: An LGBTQ+ individual
though they were optimistic before the game started.
may experience hostility or exclusion in social settings or
workplaces due to others' negative attitudes toward their
sexual orientation. 6. Attribution Bias: A manager may attribute a team member's
poor performance to their lack of effort (internal attribution)
while attributing their own poor performance to external factors,
Disability Prejudice: A qualified candidate with a
such as a difficult project or lack of resources.
disability might be denied a job opportunity because the
employer assumes that the individual will be less
productive or require excessive accommodations. 7. Gender Bias: In a workplace setting, a female employee may
be overlooked for leadership roles because of the stereotype
that women are less assertive or capable of making tough
National or Ethnic Prejudice: An immigrant may face
decisions compared to their male counterparts.
hostility or discrimination in their community due to
negative stereotypes about their nationality, leading to
social exclusion or harassment. 8. Racial Bias: A study may reveal that individuals of a certain
race are more likely to be stopped and searched by police,
reflecting systemic bias in law enforcement practices.
Class Prejudice: Individuals from lower socioeconomic
backgrounds may be judged as lazy or unambitious,
leading to social stigma and exclusion from certain social 9. Cultural Bias: A standardized test may favor students from
circles. certain cultural backgrounds, as the questions may reflect the
experiences and knowledge of those familiar with that culture,
disadvantaging others.
Body Image Prejudice: A person who is overweight may
be subjected to ridicule or discrimination in social
situations, based on societal stereotypes about body size 10. Self-Serving Bias: A student may attribute their high grades to
and health. their intelligence and hard work (internal factors) but blame a
poor exam score on the difficulty of the test or unfair grading
(external factors).
Political Prejudice: Individuals may refuse to associate
with or engage in discussions with others who hold
different political beliefs, leading to social division and
hostility.
