CBCS SEMESTER II

GENERARIC ELECTIVE

UNIT 4: SETTLEMENTS

A settlement is a general term used in archaeology, geography, landscape history and other subjects for a
permanent or temporary community in which people live, without being specific as to size, population or
importance. A settlement can therefore range in size from a small number of dwellings grouped together to
the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas.

HISTORY

● Earth estimated to be formed about 4 billion years ago.

● Homo Sapiens (the one existing species of man) believe to date from about 500,000 B. C.

● Earliest man did not settle anywhere as they wandered around in search of food.

● Did not know how to construct buildings so lived in the open.

● Occasionally took shelter on top of trees to protect themselves from wild animals.

Towards Settled Habitation (Up to 10,000 B. C. - 5,000 B. C.)

● Some of the earliest settlements began to take shape.

● Settlements then consisted of groups of houses built by the side of agricultural fields, a shrine and a
burial ground.

● Some inhabitants continued to live in caves and wander around for hunting animals - more as a
pastime rather than as a necessity.

Two types of settlements

1. Rural Settlement

2. Urban Settlement

RURAL SETTLEMENT

● The majority of its inhabitants are involve in activity like farming, fishing, forestry, mining.

● The pattern of rural settlement can vary from a single farm to a cluster of houses.(dispersed, linear
and nucleated.)

● In the past most of the population lived in rural areas.

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Inhabitants of the rural settlement depend for their livelihood upon the exploitation of the soil, small fishing,
quarrying, mining forestry caps etc. A typical village has secondary workers supplying services to the primary
group of farmers and farm labourers e.g. shopkeepers, teachers, clergymen, the . publican, postmaster, smith
and garage proprietor. Besides, the village consists of a part of retired people and a part of younger people
who live in the village but go to work in a neighbouring town as urbanism is fast becoming a new way of life.
The proportion of population in each of these classes bears to the total village population, which varies with
the kind of farming characteristics of the locality, the quality of the soil, the attractiveness and accessibility of
the site and its place within the general settlement pattern.

CHARACTERISTIC OF RURAL SETTLEMENT

●In the form of village, surrounded by farms With Small population.

●Occupation such as forestry, farming ,fishing mining, tourism.

●Service provided are in limited range and mostly for every day needs.

●Close knit communities and the atmosphere is quiet.

●dominance of community feeling.

RURAL ADVANTAGES:-

1. More natural environs.

2. Better social/support network .

3. Less stressful environment .

4. Perceived as safer.

5. Class differences are not as distinctive.

RURAL DISADVANTAGES:-

1. Limited transportation available.

2. Social network can lead to strain (in the case of small town gossip.

3. Limited employment opportunities.

4. Slower social, political progress.

5. Less immediately available social services.

The main factors influencing the rural settlements are :

1. Nature of the topography

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2. Local weather conditions

3. Quality of the soil

4. Nature of surface and subsurface water

5. Pattern of landholding

6. Social organization

Depending on the size, the rural settlements classified as Hamlets are rural settlements consisting of few
houses only, true village communities, villages and large villages. True village communities are just ancient and
long settled villages where in extreme cases, no personal property exists and everything belongs to the
community of peasants. Such village communities are seen in India, Malaya and France.

Besides agricultural villages, there also exist forest villages, mining and quarrying villages, fishing villages,
villages chiefly supported by the tourist industry, dormitory villages serving nearby towns and industrial
villages. Each has its own characters :

1. Many industrial and mining villages are unprepossessing which suffer from ugly and drab
surroundings.

2. Fishing and tourist villages are more attractively situated and in many cases possess the charm
and interest of historical buildings.

3. Most dormitory villages are either new or consist largely of modern housing estates. In all such
settlements, occupations are much more specialized than in towns and such typical urban
functions as administration and wholesaling are rarely present. The number of villages in a
country and the role played by villages in the social and economic context is profound. In India
around three fourth of the population live in more than six hundred thousand villages and
most of these support a population of less than five hundred. It is estimated that two out of
every three persons still live in villages or in hamlets and scattered dwellings all over the world.

TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

Any settlement in which most of the people are engaged in agriculture, forestry, mining and fishery is known
as rural settlement. It is often called an agricultural workshop. Most of the world’s settlements are rural and
they are stable and permanent. They are of three types:

1.Compact Settlements: A compact settlement is based on farming. These are mostly found in highly
productive alluvial plains like Indo-Gangetic Plains, the Hwang Ho Valley, Valley o Nile. The houses are
compact and congested with narrow plains. The size of these settlements depends on the nature and
resources of the surrounding country. They have a high degree of segregation and differentiation of the upper
and lower castes. Compact settlements are also found in hunting and fishing communities.
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Such settlements generally range from a cluster of about thirty to hundreds of dwelling of different forms, size
and functions. On an average their size various from 500 to 2,500 persons in sparsely populated parts of
Rajasthan to more than 10,000 persons in Ganga plain. Very often these settlements have a definite pattern
due to closely built area and intervening street patterns.

2.Semi-Compact Settlement: Semi-Compact is a transitional phase in the growth of compact

settlement. The emergence is because of the difference of semi-arid regions from humid regions and marginal
productive land to that of fertile land. Increase in population causes villages to grow in number of houses.
These houses occupy open spaces and lead to semi-compact settlement which ultimately acquires a
nucleated settlement.

As the name suggests, the dwellings or houses are not well-knitted. Such settlements are
characterized by a small but compact nuclears around which hamlets are dispersed. It covers more
area than the compact settlements. These settlements are found both in plains and plateaus
depending upon the environmental conditions prevailing in that area. Such settlements are situated
along streams in Manipur Mandla and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh, and Rajgarh district of
Chhattisgarh. Different tribal groups inhabit such settlements in the Chhota Nagpur region. In
Nagaland, such settlements may be in the form of blushing villages.

3.Dispersed Settlements: This is also known as isolated settlements. Here the settlement is
characterized by units of small size which may consist of a single house to a small group of houses. It varies
from two to seven huts. Therefore, in this type, hamlets are scattered over a vast area and does not have any
specific pattern. These are generally found in hills, plateaus and grasslands. These are found in areas where it
is essential that the farmer should live on his own land. Overpopulation is one of the reasons for dispersed
settlement. If a part of the population left a village to found a new one they often found dispersed rather than
a new village. Dispersed settlements are relatively recent in age like Steppe grasslands of Kazakhstan.Such
type of settlements are found in tribal areas of central part of India covering Chhota Nagpur plateau, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, etc. Such patterns are also common in the hills of north Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala.

4.Hamleted Settlements: These type of settlements, are fragmented into several small units. The main
settlement does not have much influence on the other units. Very often the original site is not easily
distinguishable and these hamlets are often spread over the area with intervening fields. This segregation is
often influenced by social and ethnic factors. The hamlets are locally named as faliya, para, dhana, dhani,
nanglay etc. These settlements are generally found in West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
and coastal plains. Geographically it covers lower Ganga plain, lower valleys of the Himalayas and central
plateau or upland region of the country.

Patterns of Rural Settlement

Pattern of settlement is defined as the relationship between one house or building to another. It can be
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compact only, as dispersed has its own shape. The socio-cultural factors like caste structure or a functional
need of people has a close bearing on its shape and size. The rural settlements are classified under following
patterns: Rectangular, Linear, Circular, Semicircular, Star-like, Triangular, and Nebular Pattern. The settlement
is linear in valleys and mountainous areas, rectangular in fertile plains, circular near the lakes and ponds,
triangular at cross roads and in exceptional cases it resembles the nebular form and on river terraces it is star-
type.

1) Rectangular Pattern

2) Linear Pattern

3) Circular Pattern

4) Semi-circular Pattern

5) Star-like Pattern

6) Triangular Pattern

7) Nebular Pattern.

8) checker board Pattern

9) Elongated Pattern

10) Fan shaped Pattern.

11) Radial Pattern

12) Arrow Pattern

13) Terraced Pattern

14) T-shaped Pattern

1) Rectangular Pattern: This is the most common pattern observed in rural settlements. Rectangular
settlements are developed over flat, fertile, alluvial plains and wide valleys. The streets in rectangular
settlements are straight and at right angles to each other. The examples of this are villages in Sutlej-
Ganga plain, planned settlements of Germany, Malaysia, Israel, France, etc.

2) Linear Pattern: The houses are aligned along the sides of a road, railway line, river, canal or valley. The
physical restrictions associated with these sites give rise to the linear pattern. The example of it can be
settled along the roads of Ganga-Yamuna plain and in valleys in Alps and Rocky mountains.

3) Circular and Semi-circular Pattern: Settlements along seacoasts, around lakes, over mountain-tops
and along meandering rivers, develop circular or semi-circular patterns. The population is mostly
engaged in fishing, salt production and tourist services like boating, providing boarding and lodging.
Dr.Madhumita Minz, Department of Geography, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi.Page 5
 4) Star-shaped Pattern: At places where roads converge, radial or star-shaped settlements develop. The
new parts of settlement grow along the roads in all directions. The examples of it can be plains of
Yangtzekiang, Punjab in India, and parts of Northwest Europe.

5) Triangular Pattern: Points, such as the meeting place of rivers give rise to a triangular pattern of
settlements.

6) Nebular Pattern: It is a circular pattern developing all around a centre. This centre could be anything
ranging from a temple to a landlord's house, etc. Rural settlements can be classified based on the size
and pattern or shape.

7) Checker Board Pattern: This is a type of settlement found generally at the junction of two roads. The
village streets meet each other at an angle or are parllel to each other. This is because of the tendency
to align the dwellings along cardinal axes. This pattern is common in the northern plains.

8) Elongated Pattern: Such settlement occurs as a result of elongation of the rectangular pattern due to
influence of site features. For instance, in the Ganga plains, in areas liable to inundation, the
rectangular pattern becomes unusually elongated along the high ground. Even otherwise the
advantage offered by riverside location forces such a pattern.

9) Fan Shaped Pattern: This is seen where some focal points or line is situated at one end of the village.
A focal object may be a tank a riverside, a road, an orchard, a well or even a place of worship. Such
patterns are common in the delta region where the dwellings simply follow the fan shaped profile of
the delta as in the case of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, etc. Such patterns are also common
in the Himalyan foothills.

10) Radial Pattern: Radialpattern develops at a nodal place where number of roads and streets or foot-
paths coming from different directions converge at a site.

11) Arrow Pattern: The villages which grow at the end of a cape, or at a sharp bend meandering river or
alake often assume arrow shape. The main construction of houses is along the roads and the number
of houses increases away from the arrow point.ex.Chilka lake, Gulf of Khambhat etc.

12) Terraced Pattern: Village having terraced pattern are mostly found on the hill slopes.These slopes are
cut and converted into terrace for cultivation. Farmers construct their houses along the terraces and
terraced pattern comes into being. Ex: J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Western Ghat, Mizoram etc.

13) T-shaped Pattern: Sometimes the routes meet in such a way that they make a ' T ' junction. People
start making their houses along the routes extending in all the three directions and T-shape pattern
developes. Ex: Punjab,Rajasthan, Chotanagpur Plateau etc.

NOTE: (RURAL SETTLEMENTS RELATED DIAGRAMS ARE SEND SEPARATELY IN YOUR GROUP)

Dr.Madhumita Minz, Department of Geography, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi.Page 6

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE TYPE OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS

There are three factors that influence the type of settlements. These factors are (i) Physical (ii) Ethnic or
cultural and (iii) Historical or defence.

(i) Physical Factors: These include relief, altitude, soil capability, climate, drainage, ground water level,
etc. These factors influence the type and spacing of dwelling or instance, in dry regions of
Rajasthan, water is a crucial factor and, therefore, houses are situated along a pond or well which
guides the compactness of the settlement.

(ii) Ethnic and Cultural Factors: These include aspects like caste, community, ethnicity and religion. In
India it is commonly found that the main land owning caste resides at the centre of the village and
the other service providing castes on the periphery. This leads to social segregation and
fragmentation of a settlement into several units.

(iii) Historical or Defence Factors: In the past, mostly border areas of northwestern plains were
conquered or attacked frequently by outsiders. For a long time, apart from attack from outsiders,
there had been continuous fight between princely states and kingdom within the country
therefore, security concerns favoured the evolution of nucleated settlements.

URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• The majority of people are engage in non –rural activity.

• They work in office, shops and factories, operate machinery, provide health care or other services.

• urban settlement can be small like 1000 people or can be as large as Tokyo-Yokohama in Japan with over
30million people.

CHARACTERISTIC OF URBAN SETTLEMENT

• In the form of towns and cities.

• They are large, both in population and area.

• Has functions such as business, manufacturing, government cultural center.

• Wide range of services offered including specialized service. Like-

• Unlike rural settlement, neighborhood is separate with limited knowledge of others.

• Traffic and pollution problem.

URBAN ADVANTAGES:-

1. Services: Proximity to major and varied services.

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3. Current: art, fashions, politics, and higher culture.

4. Multi-cultural.

5. Transportation: Mass transit, buses, taxis...ect.

URBAN DISADVANTAGES:-

1. More crime.

2. Pollution: more people, more waste, more noise, less trees and nature...etc...

3. Impersonal and sometimes isolating.

4. Clear distinction between social classes (example: the beggar on the street, in front of million dollar
downtown condos)

RURAL SETTLEMENTS VS URBAN SETTLEMENTS

• Population Density The U.S. Census Bureau defines urban settlements as areas with more than 50,000
people and at least 1,000 people per square mile; including contiguous census tracts or blocks with at least
500 people per square mile. In contrast, rural settlements contain less than 2,500 people, at a density between
one and 999 people per square mile.

• Transportation Network Rural transportation networks consist of local and county roads with limited
interconnectivity to rail and bus lines. Urban settlements contain highway infrastructure as well as airports
and light or heavy commuter rail.

• Economy Urban areas are dependent on a global economy of import and export, whereas rural economies
rely on a local and agricultural-based economy with dependencies on services, such as hospitals and
educational establishments in nearby urban centres.

According to the census of India urban areas are those which satisfy the conditions given below.

(a) All places with a municipality corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee
etc.

(b) All other places which satisfy the following criteria:

(i) a minimum population of 5000;

(ii) at least 75 percent of male working population engaged in nonagricultural sector; and

(iii) a density of population of at least 4,000 persons per square kilometer.

Besides, the direction of census operation in states and Union Territories were allowed to include in
consultation with the state governments and Union Territory administration and the census commissioner
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 satisfy all the criteria mentioned under category (b). Such cases include major project colonies, railway
colonies, areas of intensive industrial development, important tourist centres, etc. Therefore, there are two
broad groups of town or urban settlement. The places which satisfy the conditions mentioned in category
(a) are known as statutory town and the conditions mentioned in category (b) are known as census
towns. Urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the three combinations given below:

(i) a town and its adjoining urban outgrowth;

(ii) two or more contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths; and

(iii) a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming contiguous
streatch.

Examples of urban outgrowths are university campus, cantonment area, port areaseaport and air port,
railway colonies, etc. But, one should remember that these towns are not always permanent. In each census,
towns are subjected to de-classification and re-classification based on the prevailing condition at that
particular time.

TYPES OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Like rural settlements, urban settlements are classified on various bases. However, classification based on
size and function are most common. Here one by one Classification based on Population Size According to
population size, census of India classifies urban centres into six classes. Classwise urban settlements and
their population are given below in a tabular form.

Table 1: Classification of urban settlement

Class Population

Class I 1,00,000 and above

Class II 50,000 – 99,999

Class III 20,000 – 49,999

Class IV 10,000 – 19,999

Class V 5,000 – 9,999

Class VI less than 5,000

There is another classification of urban settlements. The classification is as follows:

Town - Places which have less than one lakh population

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Metropolitan Cities - Cities having population in between one million to five million Mega cities

Cities - having more than 5 million population

Functional Classification

This is the most popular and widely accepted classification of urban places in India as well as in other parts of
the world. In India various scholars attempted to classify urban centres on the basis of functions. But the
most popular and widely accepted functional classification was given by Ashok Mitra a noted demographer
and the then Registrar General of India.

Ashok Mitra’s Functional classification of Indian cities

Ashok Mitra’s classification is based on a categories of workers classification available in the census of 1961
and 1971. Functional classification of towns and cities could not be used in 1981 census due to non-
availability of town level data based on industrial classification of workers into nine industrial categories. In
1991, an effort was made to classify all urban places in terms of their functional character with slight
modification by adjusting the industrial categories into five broad economic sectors. The classification is as
follows:

Table 2: Functional Classification of urban places

Sector Industrial Category

1. Primary Activity I. Cultivations

II. Agricultural labourers

III. Live stock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards

and allied activities.

IV. Mining and quarrying

2. Industry V. Manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs.

(a) household industry

(b) other than household industry

VI. Construction workers

1. Trade VII. Trade and commerce

2. Transport VIII Transport, storage and communication

3. Services IX Other services

The procedure adopted for functional classification in 1991 census was as follows:
Dr.Madhumita Minz, Department of Geography, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi.Page 10
 (i) For each Urban Agglomeration/town, the percentage of total main workers in each of the
five sectors was worked out.

(ii) The functional category of the UA/town was then determined on the following basis:

(a) if workers in one sector constituted, 40% or more, the UA/town was classified in the
relevant mono-functional category;

(b) If the percentage in one sector was less than 40%, two sectors having the largest
percentages were combined to see, if they together constituted 60% or more. If so, the UA/
town was classified in the relevant bi-functional category.

(c) If no two sectors added up to 60% or more, three sectors having the largest percentage
were combined and the UA/town was classified in the relevant multi-functional category.

(iii) To determine the functional category of each UA/town, in certain cases where at least
1/4th workers were engaged in one of the four activities, viz

(a) forestry/fishing (including livestock, plantation, etc.),

(b) mining and quarrying

(c) manufacturing in household industry, and

(d) construction, the respective UA/towns have been classified in the relevant sub-functional
categories provided such activity happen to be the first or second leading function of those
UA/town. Using the above mentioned procedure, all the 3,697 UA/towns of India (excluding
J&K) have been classified into different functional categories. Following results have been
obtained by applying the above scheme.

(i) Almost half of the UA/towns (1756 to be precise) were classified in the first category i.e.
primary activity, but they contains only 15.85% of the urban population of the country. Most of
the towns belonging to this category were of small size. About 2/3 rds of such places were
having mono-functional character while about one-fifth were multifunctional. Uttar Pradesh
had the largest number, i.e. 371 such UA/towns.

(ii) 723 UA/towns had industry as the predominant function. These places accounted for
almost half of the urban population. More than one third of these places were having one lakh
or more population each and these places accounted for more than four-fifth population of
UA/towns classified under industrial category. Less than half of such places had mono-
functional character and the number of bi-functional places was quite less. Tamil Nadu had
the largest number of 101 industrial UA/towns followed by Uttar Pradesh (91) and Gujarat
(87) under this category.

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 urban population. Most of these trading towns/UA had multi-functional in nature and most of the
rest towns/UA are bi-functional in nature. Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of UA/
towns i.e. 123 and the rest of the states have very less number of trading towns.

(iv) Only 23 UA/towns were classified as transport accomodating less than 1% of the urban
population of the country. Most of them are small towns except a few like Kharagpur in
West Bengal, Mughal Sarai in Uttar Pradesh. So far as their functional character is
concerned, 10 had mono-functional and another 10 had multi-functional character

(v) As many as 736 UA/towns had services as the leading function and these accounted for
more than one fourth of the urban population. Most of the population (about 70%) lived in
Class I towns. As far as functions are concerned majority of the towns/UA are either multi-
functional or bi-functional. Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of such places (114)
followed by Madhya Pradesh (82) After a detailed discussion on functional classification
of cities, the given table shows functions and few names of the cities in India that belong
to that particular function.

Table 3 INDIA : Cities according to functions

Dr.Madhumita Minz, Department of Geography, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi.Page 12

 Functions Name of the cities

1. Administrative New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Gandhi Nagar,

Thiruvananthpuram, Imphal, etc.

2. Industrial Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Surat, etc.

3. Transport Port cities like Kandla, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam, etc. Road and Railway
Junctions like Mughal Sarai, Itarsi, Katni, Kharagpur,
Agra etc.

4. Commercial towns Kolkata, Mumbai, Saharanpur, Indore, Chennai, etc.

5. Mining towns Raniganj, Jharia, Dhanbad, Digboi, Ankaleswar, Singrauli, etc.

6. Cantonment Meerut, Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Pathankot, etc.

7. Educational Roorkee, Pilani, Manipal, Aligarh, Varanasi, etc.

8. Religious Puri, Mathura, Madurai, Tirupati, Katra, Amritsar, Allahabad, Varanasi,

etc.

9. Tourist Nainital, Mussorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi, Udagamandalam (ooty), Mount

Abu, Gangtok etc

Dr.Madhumita Minz, Department of Geography, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi.Page 13

CONCLUSION

Settlement can be defined as any form of human habitation which ranges from a single dwelling to a large
city. Settlements can be broadly divided into two types – rural and urban. The basic difference between rural
and urban is on the basis of function. In India rural settlements are broadly grouped under four categories.
These are compact, semi-compact, hamleted and dispersed. Compact settlements have closely built up area
and dwellings are concentrated in one central site. Maximum settlements of our country comes under this
category and geographically it spreads almost every part of the country. There are as much as eleven patterns
are found within the compact settlement. Semi-compact settlements are characterised by a small but
compact nuclear around which hamlets are dispersed. Some of the important patterns bound in semi-
compact settlements are checkerboard, elongated and fan-shaped. Such settlements are found in tribal areas
of Chota Nagpur region and Nagaland in north-eastern states of India. Hamleted settlements are those
settlements where central or main settlements is either absent or has less influence on the other units
whereas dispersed settlement is a unit of small size which may consists of a single house to a small group of
houses. Physical ethnic or cultural and historical or defence are some of the important factors which influence
the type of rural settlements in India. There is variations in house types also. The variations are determined by
topography, climate, availability of building materials, etc. According to census of India, urban settlements are
(a) all places with municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area committee etc. and (b)
all other places which satisfy the following criteria: (i) a minimum population of 5000; (ii) at least 75% of male
working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and (iii) a density of population of at least 4,000
persons per square kilometre. The places which satisfy the conditions mentioned in category (a) are known as
statutory towns. The towns which satisfy conditions mentioned in the category (b) are known as census
towns. Like rural settlements, urban settlements are classified on various bases. However, classification
based on size and function are most common. On the basis of population size all urban settlements can be
town, city, metropolitan city and mega city. On the basis of functions, cities can be grouped as administrative,
industrial, transportation, commercial, mining, cantonment, educational, religious, tourist, etc.

Dr.Madhumita Minz, Department of Geography, St. Xavier’s College Ranchi.Page 14