Question one

a)The triple constraint is a model that describes the three primary forces that drive every project:
scope, time, and cost. These three factors are interdependent, meaning a change in one will
impact the other two.

i.Scope: Defines the work required to deliver a product or service. Changes in scope (often
referred to as scope creep) can increase the time and cost required to complete the project.

ii.Time: Refers to the schedule for completing the project. Delays in the schedule often result in
increased costs and may require changes in scope to meet deadlines.
iii.Cost: Encompasses the budget required for the project. Increasing the budget might reduce
the time required to complete the project or allow for a broader scope, while budget cuts might
extend the schedule or narrow the scope.

b)
I. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) It is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of
work to accomplish the project objectives and create the deliverables. It breaks down the project
into smaller, more manageable components.

Role in Project Planning:

i.Clarifies Scope: Ensures that all aspects of the project are covered and defines what is
included and excluded from the project.
ii.Facilitates Estimation: Helps in estimating costs, time, and resources required for each
component of the project.
iii.Enhances Communication: Provides a clear structure and breakdown that team members and
stakeholders can easily understand.

ii. Project Planning Matrix (PPM) it is a tool used to systematically plan, implement, and
monitor projects. It typically includes components like objectives, indicators, means of
verification, and assumptions.

Role in Project Planning:

i.Defines Objectives: Clarifies the project goals and what needs to be achieved.

ii.Sets Indicators: Establishes criteria to measure the success and progress of the project.
iii.Identifies Assumptions: Lists assumptions and risks that could impact the project, allowing for
contingency planning.

Types of Conflict and Handling Strategies

i.Interpersonal Conflict: Disagreements between team members due to personality clashes,

ii.Task Conflict: Conflicts related to the tasks being performed, including disagreements over
technical decisions, priorities, or the distribution of resources.

iii.Role Conflict: Confusion or disagreements over roles and responsibilities within the project
team.

iv.External Conflict: Issues arising from external stakeholders, such as clients, suppliers, or
regulatory bodies.

II. Handling Conflicts

i.Interpersonal Conflict:
Resolution Strategy: Facilitate open communication and active listening to understand the
perspectives of all parties involved. Mediate discussions to find common ground and encourage
collaboration. Implement team-building activities to improve interpersonal relationships.

ii.Task Conflict:
Resolution Strategy: Focus on the issues rather than the individuals. Use structured problem-
solving techniques, such as root cause analysis, to address the underlying causes of the
conflict. Ensure transparentdecision-making processes and involve all relevant stakeholders.

iii.Role Conflict:
Resolution Strategy: Clearly define roles and responsibilities at the project's outset and ensure
everyone understands their tasks. Regularly review and update role definitions as the project
evolves. Use a Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RACI) to clarify accountability and prevent
overlap or gaps.

iv.External Conflict:
Resolution Strategy: Engage stakeholders early and maintain regular communication to
manage expectations and address concerns. Negotiate and build strong relationships with
external parties. Use formal agreements, such as contracts and service-level agreements, to
establish clear terms and conditions.

Question two

1. Initiation Phase
Needs Assessment: Conduct surveys, focus groups, and community meetings to understand
the needs of the youth. Example: Identify that many young people in the constituency are
interested in starting their own businesses but lack the necessary skills and resources.
Define Objectives: Set clear, measurable goals. Example: Aim to provide entrepreneurial
training and resources to 100 young people over six months.

2.Planning Phase
Project Design: Develop a detailed plan, including activities, timelines, and responsibilities.
Example: Create a curriculum for entrepreneurship workshops, identify trainers, and schedule
sessions.

Resource Planning: Determine the budget, materials, and human resources needed.
Example: Secure funding from local businesses and allocate funds for training materials, venue
rental, and marketing.

Risk Management: Identify potential risks and develop mitigation strategies. Example: Plan for
contingencies such as low participant turnout by partnering with local schools and youth
organizations for recruitment.

3. Execution Phase
Implementation: Carry out the project activities according to the plan. Example: Conduct weekly
entrepreneurship workshops, provide mentorship, and offer micro-grants for startup ideas.
Monitoring: Track progress against the plan, ensuring activities are on schedule and within
budget.
Example: Use attendance sheets, feedback forms, and regular check-ins with trainers to
monitor the workshops.

4. Monitoring and Controlling Phase

5. Closing Phase
Project Closure: Wrap up all activities, ensuring all objectives are met. Example: Hold a
graduation ceremony for participants, distribute certificates, and provide final reports to
stakeholders.
Evaluation: Conduct a thorough evaluation to assess the project’s impact and outcomes.
Example: Survey participants six months post-training to measure the long-term impact on their
entrepreneurial ventures.
Documentation: Compile all project documentation, lessons learned, and best practices.
Example: Create a final project report summarizing activities, outcomes, challenges, and
recommendations for future projects.