Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No.

40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

Symposium of Herbs and their Therapeutic Implementations Present in Kadhaayu:

A Novel Kadhaayu by Renatus

Rajdeep Dutta Gopal Dutta1, Dr. Gautam Kar2, Seema Rao3

1. Scientific Research Advisory Head, Renatus Wellness Pvt Limited, Bommanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560068, India.
2. Ssm(Wc)Mds Dm (Pune)Dh (Del),Lcch (London) Dht (Usa), India.
3. Department of Food and Nutrition, Public Health SHUATS Allahabad, India.
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: rajdeepdutta2012@gmail.com

Received: 18-01-2023; Revised: 24-03-2023; Accepted: 30-03-2023; Published on: 15-04-2023.

ABSTRACT
India the country itself is rich in indigenous ingredients allowing treatments of several ailments. The system of usage of herbal
materials has been implemented In India from times undocumented. Amla, Green tea, Turmeric, black pepper, Ginger, Shankhpushpi,
Coriander, Clove, Ashwagandha, Cinnamon, Enchinacia, Liquorice, Nutmeg, Mulethi, Tulsi, Adulsa, Asafoetida were all brought
together for the preparation of Kadhaayu by Renatus. In the under-mentioned review, all these plants and herbs were explored in
different research works where they have shown therapeutic properties, very strong applications these herbs were assessed against
Inflammation. However, this review focuses on therapeutic importance of herbs and mentions their role in diabetes, glycemia, cancer,
oxidation by reactive species, role in hepato-protections etc. This review exclaims that home remedies has although been in our minds
from long but it’s not necessary that each and every entity of it is useful for us. To be precise one should rely on scientist prepared
market formulation in which each and every content specificity against ailments has been confirmed and well researched.
Keywords: Renatus Kadhaayu, Medicinal herbs, Anti inflammation, Therapeutics.

constituent in ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic and

QUICK RESPONSE CODE →
other medicine systems 2. Herbs are usually considered as
safe since they belong to natural sources. The use of herbal
DOI: drugs due to toxicity and side effects of allopathic
10.47583/ijpsrr.2023.v79i02.040 medicines, has led to rapid increase in the number of
herbal drug manufacturers. For the past few decades,
DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2023.v79i02.040
herbal drugs have been more and more consumed by the
people with no prescription.

INTRODUCTION The most common reasons for using traditional medicine

are that it is more affordable, more closely corresponds to

H erbal drugs referred as plants materials or

herbalism, involves the use of whole plants or parts
of plants, to treat injuries or illnesses. Herbal drugs
are use of therapeutic herbs to prevent and treat diseases
and ailments or to support health and healing. These are
the patient’s ideology, allays concerns about the adverse
effects of chemical (synthetic) medicines, satisfies a desire
for more personalized health care, and allows greater
public access to health information 3. The major use of
herbal medicines is for health promotion and therapy for
drugs or preparations made from a plant or plants and chronic, as opposed to life-threatening, conditions.
used for any of such purposes. Herbal drugs are the oldest However, usage of traditional remedies increases when
form of health care known to mankind 1. There are many conventional medicine is ineffective in the treatment of
herbal products offered that assert to treat the symptoms disease, such as in advanced cancer and in the face of new
of a broad range of problems, from depression to cold and infectious diseases. Furthermore, traditional medicines are
flu. World Health Organization (WHO) has distinct herbal widely perceived as natural and safe, that is, not toxic. This
drugs as complete, labeled medicinal products that have is not necessarily true, especially when herbs are taken
vigorous ingredients, aerial or secretive parts of the plant with prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, or
or other plant material or combinations. World Health other herbs, as is very common.
Organization has set precise guidelines for the evaluation
of the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal medicines. Herbs and plants can be processed and can be taken in
WHO estimates that 80% of the world populations different ways and forms, and they include the whole herb,
currently use herbal drugs for major healthcare. teas, syrup, essential oils, ointments, salves, rubs,
Exceptionally, in some countries herbal drugs may also capsules, and tablets that contain a ground or powdered
enclose by tradition, natural organic or inorganic active form of a raw herb or its dried extract. Plants and herbs
constituents which are not of plant source. Herbal drug is extract vary in the solvent used for extraction,
a chief constituent in traditional medicine and a common temperature, and extraction time, and include alcoholic

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 259
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

extracts (tinctures), vinegars (acetic acid extracts), hot preventive effects of emblica against DMBA induced
water extract (tisanes), long-term boiled extract, usually gcnotoxicity in Swiss albino mice is very well
roots or bark (decoctions), and cold infusion of plants documented14.
(macerates). There is no standardization, and components
Anti-hypcrlipidemic activity
of an herbal extract or a product are likely to vary
significantly between batches and producers. Under- Dietary administration of juice extract of emblica for 60
mentioned are some of the important herbs which were days caused a significant reduction in serum cholesterol
utilized in the process of preparation of novel drug and LDL levels in rabbits as reported by Ghayus and Gilani
14
Kadhaayu. . Antony et a!., 15 reported hypolipidemic action of dried
extract of amla in rabbit. Flavonoids from Emblica
AMLA
officinalis and Mangifera indica effectively reduce lipid
One of the key ingredient implicated in Renatus Kadhaayu levels in serum and tissues of rats induced
is Emblica officinalis. Also known as Phyllanthus emblica hyperlipidaemia. Hepatic HMG CoA reductase activity was
Linn. (syn. Emblica officinalis Gaertn), family significantly inhibited in rats fed Emblica officinalis
Euphorbiaceae, commonly known as Indian gooseberry, is flavonoids 16.
a common household remedy that finds use in the Indian
Hepatoprotcctive activity
indigenous system of medicine against several ailments.
The fruit has been reported to possess expectorant, An extract of P. emblica (PE) and quercetin (a flavonoid
purgative, spasmolytic, hypoglycemic 1-2, isolated from emblica) for hepatoprotective action was
hepatoprotective 3-4, and hypolipidemic activity 5. The assessed against paracetamol induced liver damage in
emblica fruit is reported to have antioxidant, albino rats a mice 17. Sarwat, Sultana et al., 18 carried out a
antihyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic properties 6. study on hepatoprotective activity in rats and reported
that pretreatment of emblica shows a reduction in
Antioxidant activity
glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST),
The P. emblica fruit possesses strong antioxidant Alkaline
properties due to the presence of high amounts of low and
phosphatase activity in thioacetamide induced liver
medium molecular weight hydrolysable tannins (gallo-
damage in animal models. The present report showed the
ellagi) (65%-70%). Emblica nin A and Emblica nin B have a
hepatoprotective property of a 50% hydroalcoholic extract
very strong antioxidant action. These two new tannins
of the fruit of EO against (anti-TB) drugs induced hepatic
have been found to preserve erythrocytes against
injury. The biochemical manifestations of hepatotoxicity
oxidative stress induced by asbestos, a generator of the
induced by rifampicin (RIF), Isoniazid (RIF), and
Superoxide radical. Tannins prevent the polymerization of
Pyrazinamide (PZA), either given alone or in combination
vincyclic monomers (MMA) into polymers (PMMA) due to
were evaluated 19.
the presence of a hydroxyl radical 7. In addition, the extract
elevates rat frontal cortical and striatal concentrations of GREEN TEA
SOD, CAT, and GPx and reduces LPO in these brain areas 8.
Today, tea is the most regularly consumed beverage in
Antidiabetic activity worldwide. There are mainly four types of tea derived
from the leaves of Camellia sinensis plant with different
Many recent studies reported in the literature have
processing methods such as green, white, oolong and
sshown that amla can effectively reduce the glucose level
black tea. Green tea has attracted the interest of
in blood by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
consumers due to its health benefits against a variety
Oral administration of an aqueous P. Emblica fruit extract
of disorders, ranging from weight loss to cancer. Several
(200 mg/kg b.w) at 0, 1, 2, or 4 h intervals to diabetic rats
reports showed that these non-nutrient bioactive
significantly reduced the blood glucose level 9. Moreover
compounds have antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity
Sabu et al. 10 observed that the hypoglycemic effect of
and other pharmacological and biological functions, thus
ethanolic extracts (100 mg/kg b.w) of amla fruits in
making them an excellent source for nutraceutical
diabetic rats significantly reduced the blood sugar level
applications. The health- benefits of green tea are mainly
within 4 h.
due to their polyphenol content; around 60–80% of
Anti-cancer activity polyphenols are flavan-3-ols, commonly known as
catechins. Catechins are the major components of tea;
Nandi et al. 11 reported that an aqueous extract of Emblica
which constitute about 30% of the dry weight of green
officinalis (EO) fruit protected mice against the
tea, and 9% of black tea 20.
chromosomedamaging effects of the well known
carcinogen 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene. Another study showed P Antioxidant effect
.emblica to significantly reduce induced solid tumors in a
Nowadays, green tea is one of the most commonly used
manner suggesting an interaction with cell-cycle regulation
12 nutraceuticals due to its antioxidant property. EGCG
. The anti-tumor effect of a P. emblica aqueous fruit
is considered as one of the most active compound and
extract was demonstrated in tumor-bearing mice,
well known for its strong antioxidant properties,
resulting in a 35% increase in life span 13. The chemo-
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 260
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

suggesting that the presence of O-trihydroxyl group and Anti-obesity property

3-gallate esters plays an important role in antioxidant
Obesity is characterized as excessive accumulation of fat
activity, radical scavenging effect and preventing
in the body that may have significant negative impact on
oxidative destruction of many biological compounds 21.
overall health and may lead to the development of
Consumption of green tea in average limit (1–6 cups / day)
certain diseases, such as diabetes and arteriosclerosis.
enhanced the plasma and blood antioxidant potential,
EGCG plays an important role, which directly interferes
hence leads to a reduced oxidative damage in
with the lipid digestion by inhibiting the enzyme known
macromolecules such as DNA and lipids 22.
as phospholipase A2 and thereby prevents the lipid /
Anti-carcinogenic property cholesterol emulsion interfere in the gut 30. The EGCG is
capable of elevating the lipid metabolism, leading to
Currently, cancer is a major source of morbidity and
excess burning of calories and ensuing fat loss. It can
mortality worldwide. Many researchers studied the effect
also interfere with the digestion of starch b y inhibiting
of green tea on cancer therapy . Mainly EGCG has been
-amylase. In addition, EGCG ingestion is very useful
extensively used in cancer research. There are several
during a weight loss program because it is strongly
anticarcinogenic mechanisms was attributed to EGCG that
related with improvement of circulation, activity of free
may include inhibition of angiogenesis, DNA
radical scavenging, and enhancement of mood 31.
hypermethylation, NF-kB, telomerase activity,
proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells; initiation of Antidiabetic property
tumor suppressor genes and promotion of tumor cell
Epidemiologica studies showed that EGCG has a great
apoptosis 23 .
effect on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. It is
Anti-inflammatory effect associated with the prevention and inhibition of diabetes
mellitus through a several effects, such as inhibition of
Inflammation is a body response to foreign substances
insulin resistance, improvement of insulin secretion,
in the human body, leading to damage in the cell
regulation of glucose uptake, increases the glucose
tissues. The defense mechanism of anti-inflammatory
tolerance and its role in oxidative stress and
effect after consumption of green tea catechins showed
inflammation 32.
improvement of production of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory
cytokine), increase of IL-6 secretion and mediated TURMERIC, OR CURCUMA LONGA
signaling pathway 24; reduced production of destructive
Turmeric has piqued the interest of the medical and
matrix enzymes such as metalloproteinases via TNF- α
scientific communities, as well as the culinary community.
induced phosphorylation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a ginger-related perennial
protein kinases) and decreased expression of the CCR2
herbaceous rhizomatous plan, 34. However, turmeric is a
(chemokine receptor) and reduced levels of the
spice popular in the Middle East and Asia for flavoring food
proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF. EGCG is best
and as a component of traditional medicines due to its
known for its higher antioxidant activity and also has
health benefits. It has been discovered in nutraceuticals,
capacity to decrease the rheumatoid arthritis,
beverages, and processed foods in recent years.
inflammation response in the body. EGCG showed
Curcumin’s antioxidant properties, as well as its anti-
strong inhibition of IL-1𝛽 inducible nitric oxide synthase
inflammatory properties, make it an effective
(NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression and activity in
chemosensitizer and chemotherapeutic agent for the
cartilage cell cultures. The over expression of NOS 2 4-26
treatment and management of colon cancer and other
and COX-2 are mediated by NF-kB, which can also
diseases 35.
modulate in the presence of EGCG 25,26,27.
Anti-cancer agent
Antimicrobial property
Oncologists are studying curcumin’s anti-cancer properties
Green tea catechins affect the growth of a large
alone or in combination with standard chemotherapeutics
number of microorganisms, which include Gram-positive 36
. Oncology researchers have been examining curcumin’s
and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria,
anti-cancer properties for some time now, and they have
viruses and fungi. The antimicrobial mechanisms of green
seen significant improvements in cases of gastrointestinal,
tea catechins are mainly due to the destruction of the
breast, and lung cancer 37, 38. Curcumin also inhibits
bacterial cell membrane, prevention of bacterial fatty
carcinogenesis by altering tumor development and
acid synthesis and other enzymes such as protein
angiogenesis in in vitro and in vivo trials 39.
tyrosine kinase, cysteine proteinases, DNA gyrase, ATP
synthase and inhibition of efflux pump activity 280. The Anti-inflammatory
antifungal activity of EGCG was also reported against
Curcumin, as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, has also
pathogenic yeasts, such as Candida albicans. However,
been shown to reduce inflammation through a variety of
the mechanism of action was unclear 29.
other mechanisms that are beyond the scope of this
review. Furthermore, it has been shown to inhibit pro-
inflammatory cytokine release at the same level as

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 261
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

dexamethasone (an FDA-approved drug for the treatment prostaglandin E2, and activator protein 1 are possible
of sepsis) while having fewer side effects, whereas routes for their said properties. Recently, Sabina reported
dexamethasone has been linked to adverse effects such as that piperine (50/100 ug/ml) suppressed the level of β-
hypertension in the elderly and stunted growth in children glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase in dose-
when used for longer periods of time 40 Nanocurmin has dependent manner 54. Piperine along with some other
thus emerged as a viable drug for the treatment of components can inhibit
inflammatory disease due to its ability to regulate
the expression of enzymes like 5-lipoxygenase and COX-1
inflammatory pathways.
that are responsible for leukotriene and prostaglandin
Anti-Diabetic- It is well known that T2DM represents a biosynthesis. These effects collectively are valuable to
condition where body is not able to properly respond to prevent degenerative disorders like rheumatoid arthritis
insulin produced. This condition is highly related with too 55.
inflammatory cytokines production and oxidative stress;
GINGER
so, due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidative action of
curcumin, it might be an effective therapeutic agent. The Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is one of
option of using curcumin in the treatment of this condition the most commonly consumed dietary condiments in the
was firstly investigated by Srinivasan 41, who found that 5 world 55. The oleoresin (i.e., oily resin) from the rhizomes
g of turmeric powder was able to decrease blood sugar in (i.e., roots) of ginger contains many bioactive components,
one patient diagnosed with T2DM. In another study, such as 6-gingerol (1-4′-hydroxy-3′- methoxyphenyl-5-
curcuminoids supplementation significantly decreased hydroxy-3-decanone, which is the primary pungent
fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c) ingredient that is believed to exert a variety of remarkable
and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), total serum free pharmacological and physiological activities. Ginger’s
fatty acids (FFAs) and TG, while increased lipoprotein current name comes from the Middle English gingivere,
lipase (LPL) activity in T2DM patients 42. but this spice dates back over 3000 years to the Sanskrit
word srngaveram, meaning “horn root,” based on its
BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum)
appearance. In Greek, it was calledn ziggiberis, and in
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) holds a prominent position Latin, zinziberi. Interestingly, ginger does not grow in the
and is acknowledged as “King of Spices” 41. It has manifold wild and its actual origins are uncertain. Indians and
functional uses in the traditional food formulations, Chinese are believed to have produced ginger as a tonic
kitchens, perfumery, traditional medicine, and even in root for over 5000 years to treat many ailments, and this
beauty care 42; 43. Black pepper’s pungency and flavor is due plant is now cultivated throughout the humid tropics, with
to presence of alkaloid piperine, volatile oil, and oleoresins India being the largest producer. Ginger was used as a
44
. In Indian folklore medicine, it is mainly used as an flavoring agent long before history was formally recorded.
immune enhancer 45 and to treat against diarrhea, asthma,
Antioxidant properties
chronic indigestion, gastric ailments, colic, insomnia, and
epilepsy 46. Ginger was reported to decrease age-related oxidative
stress markers 56 and was suggested to guard against
Antioxidant activity
ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing oxidative
Some scientists observed high antioxidant activities of consequences in rats treated with ethanol (Mallikarjuna et
black pepper essential oil and oleoresins as compared to al. 2008). Ginger root contains a very high level (3.85
synthetic antioxidants 47. Likewise, Su et al. indicated that mmol/100 g) of total antioxidants, surpassed only by
black pepper is a potential dietary source of natural pomegranate and some types of berries 57. The phorbol
antioxidants 48. Therefore, presence of these functional ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA),
ingredients in black pepper makes it a strong candidate to promotes oxidative stress by activating the nicotinamide
ameliorate oxidative stress 49. Gulc¸in attributed these adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system
actions to its strong hydrogen-donating ability, metal or the xanthine oxidase system or both. Ginger was
chelating, and effectiveness to scavenge free radicals 50. reported to suppress TPA-induced oxidative stress in
Additionally, synergistic effects of piperine with some human promyelocytic leukemia (HL)-60 cells and Chinese
other antioxidants like curcumin also assign valuable hamster ovary AS52 cells 58. Others have shown that ginger
position to black pepper in disease prevention strategies compounds effectively inhibit superoxide production 59.
related to ROS and allied species 51.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Anti-inflammatory Potential
6-gingerol 60, a dried ginger extract, and a dried gingerol-
Mujumdar indicated that piperine mitigate the acute enriched extract were each reported to exhibit analgesic
inflammatory process, through stimulating the pituitary and potent anti-inflammatory effects. Data suggest that
adrenal axis 52. Later, Bang strengthened the anti- ginger may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects through the
inflammatory activities of piperine (20 and 100 mg/kg/day) modulation of calcium levels mediated through transient
through some in vitro trials 53. They postulated that receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), which is a
inhibition of interlukon, matrix metalloproteinase, heat-and pain-sensitive receptor that can interact with 6-

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 262
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

gingerol 61.An earlier study showed that ginger oil (33 SHANKHPUSHPI
mg/kg), administered orally to rats for 26 days, caused a
Shankhpushpi is an indigenous and very significant herb
significant repression of paw and joint swelling associated
that consider as a gift of nature in Ayurveda. It is a natural
with severe chronic adjuvant arthritis 62.
medicine which enhances the memory power. It
Antinausea Agent rejuvenates the nervous functions. It is also a natural tonic
for mental development of children. It is very bitter,
Ginger root is commonly recommended for preventing
pungent, alternative tonic, brightens intellect, useful in
seasickness 63 and is found to be superior to
bronchitis, improve complexion, biliousness, epilepsy and
dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) or placebo against
teething troubles of infants etc. Convolvulus pluricaulis is a
symptoms of motion sickness 64. A follow-up study also
prostrate, spreading, perennial, wild herb commonly found
indicated that 1 g of ginger might be effective in reducing
on sandy or rocky ground under xerophytic conditions in
the subjective severity of seasickness in naval cadets on the
northern India. The fresh plant gives pale yellow oil with a
high seas 65. Several double-blind, randomized, placebo-
green tinge and a characteristic odour by the process of
controlled clinical trials have indicated that ginger
steam distillation. This plant grows on the waste land under
consumption is effective and safe in helping to prevent
xerophytic conditions in northern India during the month
nausea and vomiting during pregnancy 64,65. Ginger has
of September and October. Convolvulus is known from the
been recommended to combat nausea associated with
margins and within the Sahara and Sind deserts, a
chemotherapy 66. Gingerol was reported to reduce cisplatin
distribution that called Saharo Sindian.
(a platinum-based chemotherapy drug)-induced emesis in
a vomiting model of mink possibly by inhibiting the central Effect on CNS
or peripheral increase of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine,
The study on phytochemical profile of a0erial parts of
and substance P 67.
Convolvulus pluricaulis contained the tannins,
Anti-carcinogenic Activities triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins glycosides
and carbohydrates. Ethanol, aqueous, choloroform
The mechanisms proposed to explain the anticancer
extracts showed the significant anxiolytic type of effect 75.
activities of ginger and its components include antioxidant
The dried powder of Shankhpushpi administered in anxiety
activity and the ability to induce apoptosis, decrease
induced animals, showed the significant anxiolytic
proliferation, cause cell-cycle arrest, and suppress activator
behaviour (Yadav et al., 2020). The aqueous extraction of
protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-κB/COX-2 signaling pathways.
roots also showed the neuroprotective properties by
Several ginger components were reported to have effective
scavenging various reactive oxygen species 76.
anticancer promoter activity based on their ability to
inhibit TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV- Antiaddictive Effect
EA) in Raji cells 68. 6-gingerol was reported to suppress the
Shankhpushpi churan (powder) was studied on alcoholic
reactive oxygen species-potentiated invasive capacity of
addictive mice for its antiaddictive behaviour. It showed
ascites hepatoma AH109A cells by reducing peroxide levels
69 the effective result on Cortico-hippocampal GABA levels
. In normal RL34 rat liver epithelial cells, zerumbone was
and reported the antiaddictive potential 77 Effect on
found to induce glutathione S-transferase and the nuclear
learning and memory Study on Polyherbal Formulation, in
localization of the transcription factor Nrf2, which binds to
which Convolvulus pluricaulis was content, on
the antioxidant response element (ARE) of phase II enzyme
streptomycin induced memory impairment. The whole
genes 70.
observation was for 14 days which result the improvement
Cardiovascular and Other Disease-Preventive Effects in cholinergic behaviour, reduction in oxidative stress 78.
The Convolvulus pluricaulis also known as cognitive
Ginger has gained interest for its potential to treat various
booster, the study done on variety named Canscora
aspects of cardiovascular disease, and the in vitro and
decussta. The ethanolic extract of plant showed the
animal data supporting the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
significant result in Nerve Growth Factor, which could be
antiplatelet, hypotensive, and hypolipidemic effects of this
the reason of boosting in cognition power 79.
condiment have been reviewed 71. An aqueous ginger
extract was reported to induce a dose-dependent decrease Neuro-protective effect
in arterial blood pressure in a variety of animal models 72.
The neuroprotective study done on aluminium induced
At least one group found that administration or
toxicity in brain of rats, in which aqueous extract of
consumption of standardized ginger extract decreased
Convolvulus pluricaulis administered for 3 months. It
aortic atherosclerotic lesion areas, plasma triglycerides
indicated the prevention the neurotoxicity and reduced the
and cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-associated
oxidative stress. It showed the positive effect in altered
lipid peroxides, and LDL aggregation in mice. In rabbits that
activity of proteins on various level of cholinergic synap 80.
were fed a high-cholesterol diet, administration of ginger
The methanolic extract of four varieties of Shankhpushpi
extract resulted in a significant antihyperlipidemic effect
showed the antiamensic effect by inhibiting the 5-
and a lower degree of atherosclerosis compared to the
lipooxygenase which is responsible for the
group that was fed cholesterol alone 73.
neurodegenerative disorders 81. The aqueous extract of

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 263
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

plant also reported neuroprotective effect scopolamine plant are used to make sauces and chutneys. The green
induced stress 82 . leaves are consumed as fresh herbs, in salads and as
garnishes due to its attractive green color and aroma.
Antigastric & Antiulcer effect
Coriander oil is also used in cosmetics, body care products
The Convolvulus pluricaulis in the form of fresh juice was and perfumes. Traditionally, coriander has been used to
given for 5 days, reported the significant result in treat gastrointestinal disorders such as anorexia,
protecting gastric mucosa by the production of mucin 83. dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhea, pain and vomiting.
Hepatoprotective effect Anti-microbial activity
The hepatoprotective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis was Essential oil and aqueous extract of coriander leaves
studied on aqueous, alcoholic, chloroform extract. It is showed inhibitory activity against many bacteria and yeast
reported that serum biochemical parameters are species. In particular, the essential oil showed marked
decreased by extract treated animals 84. inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria (e.g.
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp) and Gram-
Antioxidant effect
negative (e.g. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
The study done on aqueous extract Convolvulus pluricaulis Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus
showed significant antioxidant effect by scavenging the mirabilis). The seed essential oil also showed antifungal
free radicals of stressed induced conditions that may be activity against Candida albicans. On the other hand, the
due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides leaf essential oil was also found to inhibit a number of
85
. Methanolic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis reported Candida species (C.albicans CBS 562, C. parapsilosis CBS
the antioxidant effect by scavenging free radicals. 604, C. dubliniensis CBS 7987 and C. krusei CBS 573) at a
dose in the range of 125 mg/mL–500 mg/mL. Different
Anticonvulsion effect
chemical fractions of the essential oil showed antimicrobial
The anticonvulsant effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis was activity comparable to standard antibiotics with biological
study on strychnine induced rats. The aqueous extract of activity being attributed to the concentration of alcohol-
plant acted as the co therapeutic agent in reduction of soluble bioactives 91,92.
seizures. Another study done on methanolic extract of
Anti-oxidant activity
Convolvulus pluricaulis showed significantly reduction in
the phase of convulsions 86. In an early study, administration of coriander seeds in rats
fed with a high fat diet showed decrease in peroxides
Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effect
levels, free FA and glutathione as well as increased activity
The ethanolic extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis showed of antioxidant enzymes 93 In another related study 94,
the markable result as antipyretic and moderately anti- aqueous and methanolic extracts of coriander leave and
inflammatory effect 87. stem were assessed for their anti-oxidant activity using
different assays. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of
Effect on Lipid profile
stem and leaves showed a reducing activity with the leaf
The protective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on lipid being more active in scavenging free radicals. Coriander
profile was studied on high fat induced animals. The seed oil quenched 35% and 32.4% of DPPH radicals and
aqueous extract was given for 14 days, resulted the galvinoxyl radicals, respectively.
hypolipidemic effect of plant 31 . The study on silver
Anti-diabetic activity
nanoparticles by biosynthesis process using leaf extract of
Convolvulus Pluricaulis. It was observed for their catalytic, A supplementation of 200 and 250 mg/kg of ethanolic
electrocatalytic effect on different parameter scales. The extract of seeds caused a decrease in serum glucose
result showed positive effect on electrocatalytic concentration and increased activity of beta cells as
behavior88. compared to a diabetic control. Recently, Aissaoui et al.
(2011) 94 validated the medicinal use of coriander seeds in
CORIANDER
management of diabetes in Morocco. The mechanism of
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), a herbal plant, the anti-hyperglycemic action was partly investigated by
belonging to the family Apiceae, is valued for its culinary Chithra and Leelamma (1999) 95. Pretreatment with
and medicinal uses. All parts of this herb are in use as coriander seed powder caused changes in carbohydrate
flavoring agent and/or as traditional remedies for the metabolism; increased concentration and activity of
treatment of different disorders in the folk medicine hepatic glycogen and glycogen synthase were observed.
systems of different civilizations. Coriander is indigenous to Therefore, decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
the Mediterranean region and is widely cultivated in and enhanced activities of glucose-6-phosphate
Russia, Central Europe, North Africa and Asia 89.90. The dehydrogenase along with other glycolytic enzymes might
fruits of coriander, also known as the seeds, are globular all be an indication of the antihyperglycemic activity of
and aromatic with a slight bittersweet, spicy taste. coriander seeds.
Coriander seed is an integral part of curry powder and is
used in minced meat dishes and stews. Young leaves of the
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 264
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Anti-dyslipidemic activity activities 101. A poly-herbal formulation, consisting of

coriander as one of the constituents, showed inhibitory
A decrease in triglyceride levels and LDL and VLDL
effect against inflammatory bowel disease. The activity was
cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol was among
comparable to that of prednisolone 102.
reported observations. Furthermore, administration of
coriander seed oil decreased the levels of TLs, total CLOVE
cholesterol, TAG and LDL-cholesterol in rats fed on a high
Syzygium aromaticum (S. aromaticum) (synonym: Eugenia
cholesterol diet. Pure coriander seed oil seems to be more
cariophylata) commonly known as clove, is a median size
effective in its anti-hypercholesterolemic effect as opposed
tree (8-12 m) from the Mirtaceae family native from the
to a blend of oils containing coriander oil 96. The activity of
Maluku islands in east Indonesia. For centuries the trade of
key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, HMG-CoA
clove and the search of this valuable spice stimulated the
reductase, was also decreased, with the effect being
economic development of this Asiatic region 103. The
attributed to a hepatic degradation of cholesterol with
production of flower buds, which is the commercialized
increased concentration of hepatic and fecal bile acids and
part of this tree, starts after 4 years of plantation. Flower
neutral ST. Anti-cholesterolemic effect of coriander was
buds are collected in the maturation phase before
further confirmed by Dhanapakiam et al. 96, who reported
flowering. The collection could be done manually or
that supplementation with coriander caused a general
chemically-mediated using a natural phytohormone which
decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats.
liberates ethylene in the vegetal tissue, producing
Diuretic and anti-hypertensive activities precocious maturation. Clove is native of Indonesia but
nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world including
The extract of coriander seeds was studied for its diuretic
Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant represents one of the
effect in anesthetized rats, and the results showed a dose-
richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol,
dependent increase in urine output, excretion of
eugenol acetate and gallic acid and possess great potential
electrolytes and glomerular filtration rate with a
for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural
mechanism similar to that of the standard drug,
applications.
furosemide. The aqueous-methanolic extract of coriander
fruits was also found to exhibit diuretic effect in conscious Antioxidant activity
rats. The aqueous-methanolic extract of coriander fruits
According to Gülçin et al.(2012) the antioxidant activity of
was found to possess anti-hypertensive effect in
clove oil compared with synthetic antioxidants measured
anesthetized rats, along with vasodilator effect mediated
as the scavenging of the DPPH radical decreased in the
through a combination of endothelial-dependent
following order: clove oil>BHT>alfa-tocopherol>butylated
(cholinergic) and independent (Ca++ channel blockade)
hydroxyanisole>Trolox. Pretreatment with clove essential
pathways 99.
oil decreases the oxidative stress assessed by
Anti-mutagenic activity malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels in mice's
brain. This study concluded that clove oil could revert
Coriander juice was assessed for its anti-mutagenic activity
memory and learning deficits caused by scopolamine in
by using the Ames reversion mutagenicity assay (his- to
short and long term as a result of the reduction in the
his+ ) with the Salmonella typhimurium strain as an
oxidative stress 105.
indicator organism. The aqueous crude coriander juice
significantly decreased mutagenicity of metabolized Antimicrobial activity
aromatic amines, and this effect seems to be positively
The antimicrobial activities of clove have been proved
correlated with chlorophyll content in the juice. There was
against several bacteria and fungal strains. Sofia et al.
no observed toxicity associated with coriander juice 100.
tested the antimicrobial activity of different Indian spice
Anti-inflammatory effect plants as mint, cinnamon, mustard, ginger, garlic and
clove . The only sampled that showed complete
The use of coriander as anti-inflammatory agent is evident
bactericidal effect against all the food-borne pathogens
by a traditional formulation from Sri Lanka, Maharasnadhi
tested Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus and
Quather (MRQ), containing coriander seeds as one of its
Bacillus cereus was the aqueous extract of clove at 3%. At
principal component. MRQ has been reported to have
the concentration of 1% clove extract also showed good
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties both in animal
inhibitory action.
models and human subjects. Administration of MRQ
significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw In another work published by 106, the antibacterial activity
edema. The formulation also increases pain tolerance in of black pepper, geranium, nutmeg, oregano, thyme and
rats by 57% after 1 h of treatment as assessed by the hot clove was tested against 25 strains of Gram positive and
plate test. The analgesic effect was suggested to be Gram negative bacteria. The oils with the widest spectrum
mediated via a supra-spiral effect. Supplementation of of activity were thyme, oregano and clove respectively.
MRQ in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis for 3
months improved pain, inflammation and mobility without
any adverse effects on liver functions and gastrointestinal

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 265
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Antinociceptive cold + immobilization (4h) and aspirin induced gastric

ulcers and lowered the mean ulcer index in rats.
The employment of clove as analgesic have been reported
since the 13th century, for toothache, join pain and Anxiolytic effect
antispasmodic, being the eugenol the main compound
Ashwagandha induced a calming anxiolytic effect that was
responsable for this activity. The mechanism evolved has
comparable to the drug Lorazepam in all three standard
been attributed to the activation of calcium and chloride
Anxiety tests: the elevated plus-maze, social interaction
channels in ganglionar cells. The voltage dependant effects
and the feeding latency in an unfamiliar environment.
of eugenol in sodium and calcium channels and in
receptors expressed in the trigeminal ganglio also Anti-tumor effect
contributed to the analgesic effect of clove . Other results
Withania roots caused the inhibitory effect of about 49%
show that the analgesic effect of clove is due to the action
on colony forming efficiency of CHO cells. It inhibits the cell
as capsaicin agonist. The peripheral antinociceptive activity
growth and prevents the cell attachment. It induced long
of eugenol was reported by Daniel showing significant
term growth inhibition of CHO cells which was dependent
activity at doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg.107
on the cell density and duration of Ashwagandha exposure
Antiviral activity 111. This knowledge in turn will assist oncologists who plan
to use the Ashwagandha as 'synergizers with conventional
The antiviral activity of eugeniin, a compound isolated
chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
from S. aromaticum and from Geum japonicum, was tested
against herpes virus strains being effective at 5 µg/mL, and Anti-inflammatory effect
it was deducted that one of the major targets of eugeniin
Withaferin A and 3-b-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrowithanolide F
is the viral DNA synthesis by the inhibition of the viral DNA
isolated from Withania somnifera show promising
polymerase (Kurokawa et al., 1998). In another study,
antibacterial, antitumoral, immunomodulating and anti-
aqueous extracts of S. aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry and
inflammatory properties 112.
other plants as Geum japonicum Thunb., Rhus javanica L.,
and Terminalia chebula Retzus among others showed Anti-arthritic effect
strong antiherpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activity
Ashwagandha (1000 mg/kg/oral) produced significant
when combined with acyclovir. This synergic activity was
analgesic activity for a rat experiencing heat analgesia
stronger in the brain that in the skin and it was also proved
induced by hot plate method. The peak analgesic effect of
that those combinations were not toxic to mice 108.
Ashwagandha was recorded as 78.03 percent at 2nd hour
Ashawagandha of administration. The involvement of pain mediators;
prostaglandin and 5-hydroxytryptamine in analgesic
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera, fam. Solanaceae) is
activity of Ashwagandha was studied by pretreatment with
commonly known as “Indian Winter cherry” or “Indian
paracetamol (100 mg/kg, ip) and cyproheptadine (10
Ginseng”. Withania somnifera (Ashawagandha) is very
mg/kg, ip). The analgesic activity of Ashwagandha was
revered herb of the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine
potentiated significantly by cyproheptadine, however,
as a Rasayana (tonic). It is used for various kinds of disease
paracetamol failed to exhibit any significant change in its
processes and specially as a nervine tonic. It is known as
activity, suggesting the involvement of serotonin, but not
“Sattvic Kapha Rasayana” Herb. Most of the Rasayana
prostaglandins in the analgesic activity of Ashwagandha 113.
herbs are adaptogen / anti-stress agents. The biologically
active chemical constituents of Withania somnifera (WS) CINNAMON
include alkaloids (isopelletierine, anaferine, cuseohygrine,
Cinnamon is obtained from the trees belonging to genus
anahygrine, etc.), steroidal lactones (withanolides,
Cinnamomum. The name cinnamon is derived from a
withaferins) and saponins 109.
Greek word that means sweet wood. It can be added to
The root of Ashwagandha is regarded as tonic, aphrodisiac, food in the form of whole or ground material or as extracts
narcotic, diuretic, anthelmintic, astringent, thermogenic or oils obtained from leaves or bark of cinnamon.
and stimulant.The leaves are bitter and are recommended
The nutrient composition of cinnamon reveals a great
in fever, painful swellings. The flowers are astringent,
amount of vitamins and minerals and the main bioactive
depurative, diuretic and aphrodisiac. The seeds are
compounds are polyphenols and cinnamaldehyde. The
anthelmintic and combined with astringent and rock salt
antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor
remove white spots from the cornea.
and other properties of spices are reported in several
Anti-ulcerogenic effect studies and the bioactive content of cinnamon-based
products is currently attracting much interest, either by
Ashwagandha was found to be useful in the prevention of
the industry and consumers 114.
stress-induced ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract 110. It
showed significant protection against 18 h immobilization, Antioxidant effect
Both the extract and the essential oil of cinnamon have
showed considerable antioxidant activity. The cinnamon

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 266
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

extracts contain a considerable amount of phenolic E. purpurea is characterized by erect main stems up to 2
antioxidants and flavonoids that are the main responsible meters in height, alternate leaves on long stalks, coarse
for their high antioxidant activity. Lv et al. (2012) showed hairs, and solitary spiny, reddish-orange flowers
correlation between TPC and the high antioxidant capacity, surrounded by purplish bracts. E. purpurea is cultivated
although other undetected components may also widely throughout the United States, Canada and Europe,
contribute to this activity. Durak reported that chlorogenic especially in Germany, for its beauty as well as for its
acid showed higher antioxidant activity than cinnamic acid, reported medicinal properties.d. In vitro, animal, and
both present in cinnamon 115. human studies have demonstrated the ability of various E.
purpurea extracts to enhance the activities of various
Antimicrobial effect
immune cells. Stimulation of ex vivo macrophages to
Cinnamaldehyde has been shown to be the best engulf particles and to secrete cytokines has been reported
antimicrobial compound of cinnamon, exhibiting by a number of reputable laboratories 121.
antibacterial properties against several bacteria (Bacillus
Anti-inflammatory effects
cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella anatum) and Inhibition of hyaluronidase was among the earliest
strong inhibition on a wide spectrum of fungal growth. pharmacological properties attributed to Echinacea.
The proanthocyanidins are important bioactive non- Wagner has reported lipoxygenase-inhibiting anti-
volatile components and also contribute to antibacterial inflammatory activity attributable to one of E. purpurea’s
properties of cinnamon 116. isobutylamides, dodecatetraenoic acid. Reported
inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by
Insecticidal effect
alkamide-rich Echinacea extracts lends mechanistic
Cinnamon EO and extract showed to be potent insecticidal. credibility to reported anti-inflammatory effects.
Cinnamon EO was used against the bean Arachidonic acid metabolism and prostaglandin E2
weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), on beans. The oil production were reduced by several E. purpurea products
was tested for insecticidal activities and showed to in Rininger’s laboratory 122.
decrease the growth rate of A. obtectus in a dose-
Anti-fungal effects
dependent manner, and similarly lost their insecticidal
activity over the time (C. osmophloeum was evaluated as a Other laboratories have also reported anti-Candida. For
larvicide against several mosquito species (Aedes example, phagocytosis of Candida by ex vivo human
albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Armigeres macrophages and natural killer cells was reported to be
subalbatus) 117. enhanced following exposure to extracts of both E.
purpurea and ginseng . Mouse macrophage activity against
Anti-tumor properties (Angiogenesis inhibitor)
Candida has also been reported to be stimulated by E.
Cinnamon extract from dried C. cassia bark, revealed a purpurea polysaccharide exposure. Pretreatment with a
suppressing tumor progression, increasing the anti-tumor polysaccharide-rich E. purpurea extact was reported to
activities of cells that mediate cytotoxicity and also decrease the infection and death rates of
inhibited the expression of pro-angiogenese factors that immunosuppressed mice infected with Candida 123.
play an essential role in tumor progression and tumor
Anti-viral effects
survival, in vitro and in vivo tests.
Turner and colleagues have recently reported a trial testing
Cinnamon-water extract also exhibited an inhibitory effect
the efficacy of Echinacea in preventing or ameliorating the
on the growth of the cancer cells proliferation reported
effects of experimental colds induced by a cultured
by 119
rhinovirus.Eilmes reported that complex hydrophilic and
Anti-inflammatory activity lipophilic extracts demonstrated more viral-infection-
inhibition than did concentrated singleband fractions.
The extracts of hexane and ethyl acetate
Viracea®, a “blend of benzalkonium chloride and
from C. osmophloeum bark proved to be a promising anti-
phytochemicals derived from Echinacea purpurea” was
inflammatory in vitro Rao Ethanolic cinnamon extract
reported to have antiviral activity against herpes virus in a
decreases inflammatory symptoms in tests carried out in
human cell model 124.
rats. The extract acted as anti-inflammatory on cells
showing relevant results in inflammatory bowel disease 120. Pharmacology – Immunomodulating effects
ECHINACEA Stimulation of various immune cells such as macrophages,
other monocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells has been
E. purpurea is the best known of the dozen or so species of
demonstrated repeatedly in vitro.One theory postulates
the genus Echinacea, a group of perennial prairie
that immunosuppression can result from exposure to
wildflowers native to the central grasslands of North
allergens, illness, malnutrition, drugs, toxins or
America. Echinacea, once classified as Rudbeckia, is
psychological or social stress. In that view, treatment with
grouped within the Aster family (Compositae or
Echinacea could strengthen a weakened immune system,
Asteraceae) . Also known as common purple coneflower,
restoring balance and health 125.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 267
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Liquorice subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), but also against gram-

negative ones (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., commonly known as liquorice,
aeruginosa).126
licorice or cultivated liquorice, is a traditional plant, to
which multiple health benefits have been attributed and Anti-inflammatory properties
its medicinal uses have been dated throughout the
Five flavonoids isolated from liquorice extracts have shown
centuries. The tapered roots and rhizomes of the plant are
anti-inflammatory potential by reducing the production of
widely appreciated and cultivated, since they contain most
nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 in LPS-
of the bioactive compounds which are responsible for its
induced macrophage cells. In another study based on the
medicinal and culinary attributes as flavoring agent and
same model (LPS-induced macrophage cells), liquorice
spice. The roots of a plant Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn
extracts at concentrations of 0.2-0.5 mg mL-1 were found
constitute an important drug in the ancient Unani
to improve the secreted cytocine profile by reducing tumor
literature, commonly known as Mulethi or Aslus Soos or
necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10.127.
liquorice. In addition, other Glycyrrhiza species such as
Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), Russian NUTMEG
liquorice (Glycyrrhiza echinata L.) and G. inflata Bat. are
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is an evergreen tree belonging
also widely used in traditional medicine. Among liquorice
to family Myristicaceae, a family of flowering plants
phytochemical constituents, glycyrrhizin (also known as
indigenous to Asia, Africa, Pacific islands, and America 128
glycyrrhizic or glycyrrhizinic acid, an oleanane-type
and has been known by most taxonomists. It is occasionally
triterpene saponin, is the major constituent. In addition,
called the nutmeg family, due to its wellknown member,
liquiritin apioside is the most abundant flavonoid
Myristica fragrans, the source of the spices nutmeg and
compound in liquorice roots with significant antioxidant
mace. Myristica fragrans is an annual spice. It has been
properties. Liquorice is well known for its multiple
cultivated throughout the world and used for food
ethnopharmacological applications, including its uses as
flavoring, essential oil applications and in traditional
antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antibacterial, antifungal,
medicines. Mostly nutmeg contains terpenes and
antiviral, anti-allergic, and immunostimulant. 124.
phenylpropenes. Chemical composition of these
Antioxidant properties constituents varies due to different cultivation conditions.
Nutmeg is considered as essential ingredient of numerous
Vaya et al., 125 isolated seven compounds that provided
industrial applications ranging from food to cosmetics. Its
anti-oxidant activity against low-dense lipoproteins (LDL)
pharmaceutical products are also important due to its
oxidation, with glabridin being the most potent antioxidant
antioxidant and antimicrobial properties2. Nutmeg is used
compound. , Martins et al. attributed antioxidant potential
as a constituent in preparations of medicines such as for
of hydromethanolic extracts of liquorice roots and
dysentery, flatulence, stomachache, nausea, vomiting,
rhizomes to apigenin and liquiritin derivatives, a
rheumatism, sciatica, malaria and early stages of
methylated isoflavone and a chalcone, and identified in
leprosy129.
vitro lipid peroxidation inhibition as the main antioxidant
effect (EC50= 0.24 and 22.74 mg mL-1 for TBARS and β- Antioxidant activity
carotene bleaching inhibition assays, respectively).
Nutmeg possesses antioxidant activity due to the presence
Antimicrobial properties of various compounds including β-caryophyllene and
eugenol, having hydrogen atoms in the allylic or benzylic
Liquorice extracts have been described to have significant
positions. Because of the comparatively simple abstraction
antimicrobial properties (antiseptic, antibiotic, antifungal,
of atomic hydrogen from these functional groups, these
antibacterial, antiprotozoal and antiviral). In particular,
compounds have high antioxidant activity. The abstraction
Chakotiya et al. studied in vitro the effect of
of atomic hydrogen is done by peroxy radicals that
hydromethanolic extracts of liquorice stems and pure
produced under oxidative stress. Calliste et al (2010)
glycyrrhizic acid against membrane permeability, efflux
stated that lignan derivatives are considered as a class of
activity, and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas
compounds that shows the antioxidant potential of
aeruginosa, as well as their time-killing efficacy comparing
nutmeg seeds 130.
to a standard chemotherapeutic drug, and reported
significant inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth Immuno-modulatory and radio-protective activities
for both the extract and the pure compound, while the
The lignans present in fresh nutmeg and mace show radio
pure compound was more effective in growth inhibition of
modifying and immune modulatory properties, present in
bacteria than the extract in terms of time exposure (4 and
the aqueous extract of fresh nutmeg maceThese
12 h, respectively). Ethanolic extracts of liquorice leaves at
properties found in cell free systems and protected PUC18
concentrations of 4 and 8 mg have been reported to be
plasmid against radiation that induced DNA damage. The
effective against Candida albicans and gram-positive
mammalian splenocytes in response to polyclonal T cell
bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, while
mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) proliferate. This process is
root extracts in ether, chloroform and acetone were not
inhibited by these mace lignans which was due to G1 phase
only effective against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 268
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

of cell cycle and augmentation of apoptosis as presented and mind cope with a wide range of chemical, physical,
by increase in pre G1 cells. infectious and emotional stresses and restore physiological
and psychological function 137.
Antimicrobial activity
Anticancer Activity
The essential oil and different extracts of aromatic plants
have shown strong antimicrobial activity against variety of OS L. or OT L contains phytochemicals such as eugenol,
fungi as well as bacteria 131. Narasimhan et al (2006) rosmarinic acid, apigenin, myretenal, luteolin, β-sitosterol,
demonstrated the antibacterial activity by preparing and carnosic acid prevented chemical-induced skin, liver,
chloroform extract of nutmeg against both gram negative oral, and lung cancers and to mediate these effects by
and gram positive bacteria. They found myristic acid and increasing the antioxidant activity, altering the gene
trimyristin are the main antibacterial compounds expressions, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting
extracted from nutmeg seeds. angiogenesis and metastasis.138
Anti-carcinogenic and hepatoprotective activity Antioxidant Activity
Nutmeg shows resistance against carcinogenic Leaves of different species of Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum var.
elements.132 reported that, in Swiss albino mice uterine Purpurascens, Ocimum basilicum, OG, Ocimum
cervix, 3-methylcholanthrene -induced carcinogenesis micranthum, and OT (syn. OS) showed variable yield of EO
could be prohibited by mace oral administration 133. s and types of chemical constituents. These chemotypic
Kyriakis et al (1994) studied on the activities of hepatic variations also reflect variable antioxidant and free radical
carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, like aryl hydrocarbon scavenging capacity. The yield of oils obtained was greater
hydroxylase, cytochrome P450, and acid soluble in OG (3.5%) and least from Ocimum basilicum var.
sulphhydryl and glutathione-Stransferase level in albino Purpurascens (0.5%). Antioxidant capacity was positively
mice and checked the influence of essential oil from correlated (r = 0.92, P < 0.05) with a high proportion of
nutmeg 134. compounds possessing a phenolic ring such as eugenol,
while a strong negative correlation (r = −0.77, P > 0.1) with
Anti-inflammatory activity
other major volatiles was observed 139.
Several authors reported anti-inflammatory activity of
Antidiabetic
nutmeg as well as its oil 135. Similar to non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, pharmacological activities also OS L. or OT L. shows antidibetic.139 Aqueous extract of OT
exhibited by nutmeg oil 136. But anti-inflammatory activity decreases levels of blood glucose in induced hyperglycemic
is shown only by petroleum ether extracts. The total tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Extracts/fractions of AM
extract of nutmeg activated an enzyme that is AMP- and MC were found to inhibit significantly (P < 0.05) α-
activated protein kinase enzyme (potential therapeutic glucosidase activity, with IC50 comparable to the drug 1-
target) for curing the metabolic syndrome including type- deoxynojirimycin. When same treatment was given in vivo
2 diabetes and obesitys. on glycogen-loaded mice showed significant (P < 0.05)
depressive effect on elevation of postprandial blood
TULSI
glucose following ingestion of AM and MC extracts. Both
Tulsi is an aromatic shrub in the basil family Lamiaceae floral and leafy parts can be used in alternative nutritional
(tribe ocimeae) that is thought to have originated in north therapy mainly for management of diabetes because these
central India and now grows native throughout the eastern inhibit carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes.Similar
world tropics.Within Ayurveda, tulsi is known as “The antidiabetic activity is reported in tetracyclic triterpenoid
Incomparable One,” “Mother Medicine of Nature” and (16-hydroxy4,4,10,13-tetramethyl-17-(4-methyl-pentyl)-
“The Queen of Herbs,” and is revered as an “elixir of life” hexadecahydrocyclopentaaphenanthren-3-one isolated
that is without equal for both its medicinal and spiritual from aerial parts of OS.
properties.3studies reveal that tulsi has a unique
Antimicrobial activity
combination of actions that include: Antimicrobial
(including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, OT (Lamiaceae), unripe OT fruit extract was found highly
antiprotozoal, antimalarial, anthelmintic), mosquito effective against a resistant strain of Staphylococcus
repellent, anti-diarrheal, anti-oxidant, anti-cataract, anti- aureus. Its leaf extract in combination with
inflammatory, chemopreventive, radioprotective, hepato- chloramphenicol (C) and trimethoprim (Tm) strong
protective, neuro-protective, cardio-protective, anti- antibacterial activity against drug resistant S. enterica
diabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-hypertensive, serovar Typhi (S. typhi). Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-
anti-carcinogenic, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-allergic, allylbenzene), the active constituent present in OS L., has
immunomodulatory, central nervous system depressant, been found to be largely responsible for the antimicrobial
memory enhancement, anti-asthmatic, anti-tussive, therapeutic potential of Tulsi. Solvents and water extracts
diaphoretic, anti-thyroid, anti-fertility, anti-ulcer, anti- of Tulsi have shown antibacterial activity multi-drug
emetic, anti-spasmodic, anti-arthritic, adaptogenic, anti- resistant S. aureus and MIC was noted 1.56-6.25 mg/ml,
stress, anti-cataract, anti-leukodermal and anti-coagulant whereas higher values (6.25-25 mg/ml) were obtained
activities. These pharmacological actions help the body
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 269
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

against the multi-drug resistant isolates Klebsiella Bcl2 phosphorylation and G2/M cycle arrest in tumour cell
pneumoniae and Escherichia coli 140. lines as done by clinically used antimicrotubule agent
Paclitaxel. 1-(2, 4- dihydroxyphenyl) -3-hydoxy- 3-(4’-
Anti-inflammatory
hydroxyphenyl)1- propanone (β-hydroxy-DHP) was
Seeds of OS contain oil that possesses anti-inflammatory identified in the licorice extract, which induced Bcl2
activity due to dual inhibition of arachidonate metabolism phosphorylation in breast and prostate tumour cells, G2/M
supplemented by antihistaminic activity.141 Seed oil also cell cycle arrest, apoptosis demonstrated by Annexin V and
possesses antipyretic activity due to prostaglandin TUNEL assay, decreased cell viability demonstrated by
inhibition and peripherally acting analgesic activity. It also tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and altered microtubule
shows hypotensive, anticoagulant and structure 44. 70% Methanol soluble fraction of licorice
immunomodulatory activities. Lipoxygenase inhibitory, acetone extract was found to induce apoptosis in human
histamine antagonistic and antisecretory activities of the monoblastic leukaemia U937 cells 148 .
oil contribute toward antiulcer activity.142 Methanolic
Anticoagulant
extract of OS (Tulsi) leaves showed antiinflammation effect
in isoproterenol (ISP) induced MI in rats.143 In a study Glycyrrhizin isolated from Glycerrhiza glabera
was identified as inhibitor of thrombin. It is found to
Antistress activity
prolong the thrombin and fibrinogen clotting time. It also
Fresh leaves of OS cut down oxidative stress that led to a increases plasma recalcification duration. Glycyrrhizin
lesser depletion of reduced glutathione (28.80%) and causes inhibition in thrombin induced platelet aggregation.
plasma SOD (23.04%) in OS-treated rabbits. This But there was no effect of glycyrrhizin on Platelet
antistressor activity of OS is partly attributable to its Aggregating Factor (PAF) and Collagen induced
antioxidant properties 144. agglutination. Antifungal Methanolic extract of liquorice
was reported to have fungicidal activity against Arthrinium
Anti-arthritis
sacchari M001 and Chaetomium funicola M002. Glabridin
OS Linn. oil has been found to be effective against was found to be the active compound giving anti-fungal
formaldehyde or adjuvant induced arthritis and turpentine activity 149.
oil induced joint edema in animals.145 It is also used for the
Antihyperglycemic
treatment of skin diseases and arthritis.
A study was carried out to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic
ADULSA
effects of 18 β- glycerrhetinic acid, aglycone of glycyrrhizin,
Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. (Adulsa) is an evergreen herb on streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in
belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It is indigenous to adult male albino rats of the Wistar strain, weighing 180-
India in Sub-Himalayan tracks up to an altitude of 1000 m. 200 g, by administration of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg of
In Maharashtra, it is found in Konkan, Marathwada, body weight) intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats showed
Vidarbha and other regions. The entire plant parts i.e. increase of plasma glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin
roots, leaves and fruits are used against various infections (HbA1c) and a decrease of plasma insulin and haemoglobin
and diseases in rural populations of Subcontinent and (Hb). Activities of gluconeogenic enzymes such as glucose
many centuries because of its medicinal values 146. It is 6- phosphatase, fructose 1, 6-biphosphatase increased and
source of important phytochemicals i.e. vasicine, glucokinase, glucode 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
vasicinone, vasicolone, anthroquinones and other decreased in the liver along with glycogen. Oral
alkaloids. The plant also has potential anti-diabetic activity administration of 18βglycerrhetinic acid (50, 100, or 200
in albino rat after administration of extract of Adhatoda mg/kg of body weight) or glibenclamide (600 µgm/kg of
zeylanica (Meenakshi B, et al 2010). It is also reported to body weight) in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, for 45 days,
be an expectorant, abortificient, antimicrobial, antitussive prevented the above changes and improved towards
and anticancerous. normalcy 150 .
Antibacterial ASAFOETIDA
In a study Anti-bacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra was Ferula asafoetida Linn. is a main source of asafoetida, a
determines by using disc diffusion methods. Because of strong, tenacious and sulfurous odor, and oleo-gum resin
the presence of secondary metabolites such as; saponins, of medicinal and nutritional importance. Three major
alkaloids, flavonoids in hydro-methanolic root extract of sulfur constituents that have been identified include 2-
Glycyrrhiza glabra, the extract exhibits potent antibacterial butyl 1-propenyl disulfide, 1-(methyl thio) propyl 1-
activity against both gram positive and gram negative propenyl disulfide and 2-butyl 3-(methyl thio)-2-propenyl
bacteria 147. disulfide. Asafoetida has been consumed as a spice and a
folk medicine for centuries. Out of more than 170 species,
Anticancer
sixty spices of Ferula are widely distributed in Central Asia,
G. glabra extract has been used in herbal formulations for particularly West Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey and Eastern
combating cancers like PC-SPES, a polyherbal composition Iran, Europe and North Africa.5F. asafoetida is one of the
used for prostate cancer. The licorice extract induced the important species of Ferula and is more native to
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 270
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Afghanistan and Iran than grows about 2 m in height and Hepatoprotective effect
is in two types bitter and sweet.Asafoetida is called Hing or
In 2008, Dandagi et al., explored the hepatoprotective
Hingu in India. Recent studies have shown several
activity of a variety of extracts of Momordica
promising activities particularly relaxant, neuroprotective,
charantia Linn., Nardostachys jatamansi and F.
memory enhancing, digestive enzyme, antioxidant,
asafoetida against experimental hepatotoxicity. These
antispasmodic, hypotensive, hepatoprotective,
extracts were formulated as polyherbal suspensions and
antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anticancer,
they were showing significant activity and evaluated for
anticytotoxicity, antiobesity, anthelmintic and antagonistic
both hepatoprotective and physicochemical activity in
effect 151.
evaluation with LIV-52 as standard. Three different
Relaxant effect formulations were prepared, among these Formulation 3
(containing chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous
The relaxant effects of various preparations
extracts of F. asafoetida, petroleum ether and ethanol
of F. asafoetida and its constituents on different types of
extracts of M. charantia Linn. and N. jatamansi) has shown
smooth muscles were demonstrated. Bayrami
a significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the
et al investigated the relaxant effects of oleo-gum-resin of
elevated serum enzyme levels such as glutamate pyruvate
asafoetida and its coumarin constituent umbelliprenin on
transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and
tracheal chains of guinea pigs. It is indicated that a potent
alkaline phosphatase.
relaxant effect of the asafoetida extract on tracheal smooth
muscle, which is due to its constituent umbelliprenin. The Anti-quorum sensing activity
relaxant effect of asafoetida and essential oil from
F. asafoetida was tested for its anti-quorum sensing activity
asafoetida seed was investigate in isolated ileum of rat
against P. aeruginosa. Essential oil of F.
after three doses. Asafoetida produced an antispasmodic
asafoetida exhibited anti-quorum activity at 25 μg/mL of
effect on acetylcholine (Ach) induced contraction in 0.2%
concentration and fully abolished the violacein production
and 0.3%. Spasmolytic evaluation showed that the
by Chromobacterium violaceum. Pyocyanin, pyoyerdine,
essential oil derived from F. asafoetida seed in
elastase and biofilm production were decreased in F.
concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3%, significantly reduced Ach
asafoetida oil treatments. Expression analysis of quorum
from 10 to 4 M induced concentrations.
sensing dependent genes confirmed asafoetida as novel
Neuroprotective effect anti-quorum sensing and virulence inhibitors.
Traditional usages and some recent findings suggested CONCLUSION
that F. asafoetida can exert some effects on the function of
Herbal-derived remedies need a powerful and deep
the nervous system particularly in neuroprotective and
assessment of their pharmacological qualities and safety
nerve stimulating effects. F. asafoetida extract treatment
issues due to the large and growing use of natural-derived
on glutamate-induced cell damaged in primary culture of
substances all over the world, which cannot rely only on
rat cerebellar granule neurons was investigated by
the tradition or supposed millenarian beliefs; explanatory
Tayeboon et al. 152 In vitro studies were carried to identify
and pragmatic studies are useful and complementary in
the response of isolated sciatic nerves to various
the acquisition of reliable data both for health caregiver
concentrations of oleo gum resin of asafoetida solved in
and patients,
Lock's solution. In vitro experiments authenticated that
incubating the nerves in aqueous extract of the oleo-gum- Medicinal herbs as potential source of therapeutics aids
resin of asafoetida increased the amplitude and decreased has attained a significant role in health care system all over
the latent period of nerve compound action potential. the world for human beings not only in the diseased
condition but also as potential material for maintaining
Antispasmodic and hypotensive activity
proper health. It is clear that the herbal industry can make
It was demonstrated that F. asafoetida gum extract was great strides in the world. With the increased use of herbal
effective in reducing blood pressure in anaesthetized products, the future worldwide labeling practice should
normotensive rats. The effects of F. asafoetida gum extract adequately address quality aspects. Standardization of
on the contractile responses of the isolated guinea-pig methods and quality control data on safety and efficacy are
ileum stimulated by histamine, acetylcholine, and KCl, and required for understanding of the use of herbal drugs. To
on the mean arterial blood pressure of rat were solve this trouble of the society where herbs and medicine
investigated. The average amplitude of spontaneous intake are not justified amount specificity and which herb
contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum was should be taken and which not to be taken is still a conflict.
decreased when compared with control. Exposure of the Renatus Wellness Kadhaayu is one such unique product in
precontracted ileum by acetylcholine to F. asafoetida gum which each entity of herb implemented has been assessed
extract caused relaxation in a dose-dependent manner. F. and well-studied. It is highly advised to forego kitchen
asafoetida gum extracts significantly reduced the mean remedies and rely on scientist developed formulation.
arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rat.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 271
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 9. Dhanapakiam P, Joseph JM, Ramaswamy VK, Moorthi M, Kumar

AS. The cholesterol lowering property of coriander seeds
The author would like to convey gratitude to esteemed (Coriandrum sativum): mechanism of action. Journal of
Researchers from all around the world who took their Environmental Biology. 2007;29(1):53.
precious time to read and reviewed contents of their 10. Dedov VN, Tran VH, Duke CC, Connor M, Christie MJ, Mandadi S,
interests whenever asked Roufogalis BD. Gingerols: a novel class of vanilloid receptor (VR1)
agonists. British journal of pharmacology. 2002 Nov;137(6):793.
1) Dr. N. K. Choudhary, Scientist, Dept Biotechnology,
11. Dorman HD, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants:
Institute of nuclear medicine and allied Sciences, antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of applied
DRDO, Delhi, Govt of India. microbiology. 2000 Feb 1;88(2):308-16.

2) Dr, Prof Kaustav Ganguli PHD (Medical Science), 12. Eidi M, Eidi A, Saeidi A, Molanaei S, Sadeghipour A, Bahar M, Bahar
K. Effect of coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum L.) ethanol extract
Sweden Noble Commiittee
on insulin release from pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocin-
3) Dr. Bahmi Ray Saha PHD (IIT-New Delhi) induced diabetic rats. Phytotherapy Research: An International
Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation
4) Dr. Indrani Mukherjee P.H.D (AIIMS New Delhi) of Natural Product Derivatives. 2009 Mar;23(3):404-6.
13. Fuhrman B, Rosenblat M, Hayek T, Coleman R, Aviram M. Ginger
5) Dr. Manoj Kar, Senior Scientist & Biochemist, Kolkata
extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL
6) Dr. Partha Sarathi Dev, Senior Consultant, Satya Sai oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in
atherosclerotic, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The Journal of
Hospital, Bangalore. nutrition. 2000 May 1;130(5):1124-31.
7) Dr. Tripti Dev, Senior Cardiac Consultant, Hyderabad 14. Ghayur MN, Gilani AH. Ginger lowers blood pressure through
Apollo. blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Journal of
cardiovascular pharmacology. 2005 Jan 1;45(1):74-80.
8) Dr. Saibal Mishra, Senior ENT Consultant, NH
15. Grant KL, Lutz RB. Alternative therapies: ginger. American Journal
Narayana, Barasat.West Bengal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2000;57(10):945-7.
9) Dr. Nirmalya Mollik Md, phd Asst. prof. padiatric 16. Grøntved A, Brask T, Kambskard J, Hentzer E. Ginger root against
Onchologist,TATA Memorial Hospital Mumbai. seasickness: A conctrolled trial on the open sea. Acta oto-
laryngologica. 1988 Jan 1;105(1-2):45-9.
10) Mr. Topani Ghosh, Facility Director, Brahmananda
17. Gülçin İ, Elmastaş M, Aboul-Enein HY. Antioxidant activity of clove
Multispeciality Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. oil–A powerful antioxidant source. Arabian Journal of chemistry.
11) Dr. Richa Varshney, Founder & Managing Director of 2012 Oct 1;5(4):489-99.

Sambhav Nature Cure Hospital and Research 18. Halder S, Mehta AK, Kar R, Mustafa M, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK.
Institute, Lucknow (U.P.). Clove oil reverses learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-
treated mice. Planta medica. 2011 May;77(08):830-4.
REFERENCES 19. Halvorsen BL, Holte K, Myhrstad MC, Barikmo I, Hvattum E,
1. Agarwal P, Sharma B, Alok S. Screening of anti-inflammatory and Remberg SF, Wold AB, Haffner K, Baugerød H, Andersen LF,
anti analgesic activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Moskaug Ø. A systematic screening of total antioxidants in dietary
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. plants. The Journal of nutrition. 2002 Mar 1;132(3):461-71.
2014 Jun 1;5(6):2458. 20. Heba M, Faraz S, Banerjee S. Effect of Shankhpushpi on alcohol
2. Aissaoui A, Zizi S, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Hypoglycemic and addiction in mice. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2017 Jan;13(Suppl
hypolipidemic effects of Coriandrum sativum L. in Meriones shawi 1):S148.
rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):652-61. 21. Jabeen Q, Bashir S, Lyoussi B, Gilani AH. Coriander fruit exhibits gut
3. Begnami AF, Duarte MC, Furletti V, Rehder VL. Antimicrobial modulatory, blood pressure lowering and diuretic activities.
potential of Coriandrum sativum L. against different Candida Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009 Feb 25;122(1):123-30.
species in vitro. Food chemistry. 2010 Jan 1;118(1):74-7. 22. Jagtap AG, Shirke SS, Phadke AS. Effect of polyherbal formulation
4. Begnami AF, Duarte MC, Furletti V, Rehder VL. Antimicrobial on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal
potential of Coriandrum sativum L. against different Candida of ethnopharmacology. 2004 Feb 1;90(2-3):195-204.
species in vitro. Food chemistry. 2010 Jan 1;118(1):74-7. 23. Kamatou GP, Vermaak I, Viljoen AM. Eugenol—from the remote
5. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. In vivo investigation of the Maluku Islands to the international market place: a review of a
neuroprotective property of Convolvulus pluricaulis in remarkable and versatile molecule. Molecules. 2012 Jun
scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in Wistar rats. Indian 6;17(6):6953-81.
journal of pharmacology. 2011 Sep;43(5):520. 24. Kapadia G. J, Azuine M. A, Tokuda H, Hang E, Mukainaka T, Nishino
6. Chithra V, Leelamma S. Coriandrum sativum—mechanism of H, Sridhar R. Inhibitory effect of herbalremedies on 12 -O -
hypoglycemic action. Food Chemistry. 1999 Nov 1;67(3):229-31. tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted Epstein-Barr virus
early antigen activation. Pharmacol Res. 2002;45(3):213–20.
7. Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Espinosa-
Aguirre JJ. Antimutagenicity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 25. Kim HW, Murakami A, Nakamura Y, Ohigashi H. Screening of edible
juice on the mutagenesis produced by plant metabolites of Japanese plants for suppressive effects on phorbol ester-induced
aromatic amines. Toxicology letters. 2004 Nov 2;153(2):283-92. superoxide generation in differentiated HL-60 cells and AS52 cells.
Cancer letters. 2002 Feb 8;176(1):7-16.
8. Daniel AN, Sartoretto SM, Schmidt G, Caparroz-Assef SM, Bersani-
Amado CA, Cuman RK. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive 26. Krishnakantha TP, Lokesh BR. Scavenging of superoxide anions by
activities A of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models. spice principles. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics. 1993
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2009;19:212-7. Apr 1;30(2):133-4.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 272
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

27. Kurokawa M, Hozumi T, Basnet P, Nakano M, Kadota S, Namba T, 45. Siddiqui NA, Ahmad N, Musthaq N, Chattopadhyaya I, Kumria R,
Kawana T, Shiraki K. Purification and Characterization of Eugeniin Gupta S. Neuropharmacological profile of extracts of aerial parts
as an Anti-herpesvirus Compound from Geum japonicum of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice model. The open
andSyzygium aromaticum. Journal of Pharmacology and neurology journal. 2014;8:11.
Experimental Therapeutics. 1998 Feb 1;284(2):728-35.
46. Singh G, Maurya S, De Lampasona MP, Catalan CA. Studies on
28. Kurokawa M, Nagasaka K, Hirabayashi T, Uyama SI, Sato H, essential oils, Part 41. Chemical composition, antifungal,
Kageyama T, Kadota S, Ohyama H, Hozumi T, Namba T, Shiraki K. antioxidant and sprout suppressant activities of coriander
Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with (Coriandrum sativum) essential oil and its oleoresin. Flavour and
acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and fragrance journal. 2006 May;21(3):472-9.
in vivo. Antiviral research. 1995 May 1;27(1-2):19-37.
47. Sofia PK, Prasad R, Vijay VK, Srivastava AK. Evaluation of
29. Li HY, Lee BK, Kim JS, Jung SJ, Oh SB. Eugenol inhibits ATP-induced antibacterial activity of Indian spices against common foodborne
P2X currents in trigeminal ganglion neurons. The Korean Journal of pathogens. International journal of food science & technology.
Physiology & Pharmacology. 2008 Dec 1;12(6):315-21. 2007 Aug;42(8):910-5.
30. Mallikarjuna K, Chetan PS, Reddy KS, Rajendra W. Ethanol toxicity: 48. Sriti J, Talou T, Wannes WA, Cerny M, Marzouk B. Essential oil,
Rehabilitation of hepatic antioxidant defense system with dietary fatty acid and sterol composition of Tunisian coriander fruit
ginger. Fitoterapia. 2008 Apr 1;79(3):174-8. different parts. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
2009 Aug 15;89(10):1659-64.
31. Matasyoh JC, Maiyo ZC, Ngure RM, Chepkorir R. Chemical
composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of 49. Surh YJ. Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of
Coriandrum sativum. Food Chemistry. 2009 Mar 15;113(2):526-9. selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutation
Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of
32. Mowrey D, Clayson D. Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics. Mutagenesis. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):305-27.
The lancet. 1982 Mar 20;319(8273):655-7.
50. Thabrew MI, Dharmasiri MG, Senaratne L. Anti-inflammatory and
33. Nakamura Y, Yoshida C, Murakami A, Ohigashi H, Osawa T, Uchida analgesic activity in the polyherbal formulation Maharasnadhi
K. Zerumbone, a tropical ginger sesquiterpene, activates phase II Quathar. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2003 Apr 1;85(2-3):261-
drug metabolizing enzymes. FEBS letters. 2004 Aug 13;572(1- 7.
3):245-50.
51. Topic B, Tani E, Tsiakitzis K, Kourounakis PN, Dere E, Hasenöhrl RU,
34. Nicoll R, Henein MY. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a hot Häcker R, Mattern CM, Huston JP. Enhanced maze performance
remedy for cardiovascular disease?. International journal of and reduced oxidative stress by combined extracts of Zingiber
cardiology. 2009 Jan 24;131(3):408-9. officinale and Ginkgo biloba in the aged rat. Neurobiology of aging.
35. Ohkubo T, Shibata M. The selective capsaicin antagonist 2002 Jan 1;23(1):135-43.
capsazepine abolishes the antinociceptive action of eugenol and 52. Verma S, Sinha R, Kumar P, Amin F, Jain J, Tanwar S. Study of
guaiacol. Journal of Dental Research. 1997 Apr;76(4):848-51. Convolvulus pluricaulis for antioxidant and anticonvulsant activity.
36. Portnoi G, Chng LA, Karimi-Tabesh L, Koren G, Tan MP, Einarson A. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly
Prospective comparative study of the safety and effectiveness of Current Medicinal Chemistry-Central Nervous System Agents).
ginger for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. 2012 Mar 1;12(1):55-9.
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2003 Nov 53. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP, Tiwari M. Supplementation of Convolvulus
1;189(5):1374-7. pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and
37. Qian QH, Yue W, Wang YX, Yang ZH, Liu ZT, Chen WH. Gingerol Amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) expression in rat brain. Indian
inhibits cisplatin-induced vomiting by down regulating 5- journal of pharmacology. 2012 Sep;44(5):593.
hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and substance P expression in 54. Willetts KE, Ekangaki A, Eden JA. Effect of a ginger extract on
minks. Archives of pharmacal research. 2009 Apr;32:565-73. pregnancy-induced nausea: A randomised controlled trial.
38. Ramadan MF, Amer MM, Awad AE. Coriander (Coriandrum Australian and New Zealand journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.
sativum L.) seed oil improves plasma lipid profile in rats fed a diet 2003 Apr;43(2):139-44.
containing cholesterol. European Food Research and Technology. 55. Wong PY, Kitts DD. Studies on the dual antioxidant and
2008 Aug;227:1173-82. antibacterial properties of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and
39. Devi P. An updated review on Shankhpushpi-As Medhya Rasayana. cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) extracts. Food chemistry. 2006 Aug
Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 2021;7(2):119-23. 1;97(3):505-15.

40. Sairam K, Rao CV, Goel RK. Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois 56. Devi P. An updated review on Shankhpushpi-As Medhya Rasayana.
on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 2021;7(2):119-23.

41. Schmid R, Schick T, Steffen R, Tschopp A, Wilk T. Comparison of 57. Yagihashi S, Miura Y, Yagasaki K. Inhibitory effect of gingerol on the
seven commonly used agents for prophylaxis of seasickness. proliferation and invasion of hepatoma cells in culture.
Journal of travel medicine. 1994 Dec 1;1(4):203-6. Cytotechnology. 2008 Jun;57:129-36.

42. Sethiya NK, Nahata A, Dixit VK, Mishra SH. Cognition boosting 58. Young HY, Luo YL, Cheng HY, Hsieh WC, Liao JC, Peng WH.
effect of Canscora decussata (a South Indian Shankhpushpi). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 6-gingerol. Journal of
European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2012 Mar 1;4(1):e113- ethnopharmacology. 2005 Jan 4;96(1-2):207-10.
21. 59. Babu KY, Saraswathi P, Vijayaraghavan R, Mohanraj KG, Priya VV.
43. Sharma JN, Srivastava KC, Gan EK. Suppressive effects of eugenol Effect of convolvulus pluricaulis aqueous extract on behavioural
and ginger oil on arthritic rats. Pharmacology. 1994;49(5):314-8. changes and antioxidants in stress induced rats. International
Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science. 2018 Apr;9(2):353-
44. Shukla D, Srivastava S, Jawaid T. Learning and memory enhancing 7.
activity of polyherbal formulation on streptozotocin induced
memory impairment in rats via reducing mitochondria–targeted 60. Durak A, Gawlik-Dziki U, Pecio Ł. Coffee with cinnamon–Impact of
cytochrome. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2021;13(1). phytochemicals interactions on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
in vitro activity. Food chemistry. 2014 Nov 1;162:81-8.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 273
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

61. Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. Antibacterial properties and 78. Singh N, Nath R, Lata A, Singh SP, Kohli RP, Bhargava KP. Withania
major bioactive components of cinnamon stick (Cinnamomum somnifera (ashwagandha), a rejuvenating herbal drug which
burmannii): activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. enhances survival during stress (an adaptogen). International
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2007 Jul journal of Crude drug research. 1982 Jan 1;20(1):29-35.
11;55(14):5484-90.
79. Koppikar SJ, Choudhari AS, Suryavanshi SA, Kumari S,
62. Bauer R. Chemistry, analysis and immunological investigations of Chattopadhyay S, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Aqueous cinnamon extract
Echinacea phytopharmaceuticals. Immunomodulatory agents (ACE-c) from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia causes apoptosis in
from plants. 1999:41-88. human cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) through loss of mitochondrial
membrane potential. BMC cancer. 2010 Dec;10:1-2.
63. Bauer R, Foster S. HPLC Analysis of Echinacea simulata and E.
paradoxa Roots. Planta medica. 1989 Dec;55(07):637-. 80. Sumanran VN, Boddul S, Madhuri D. Differential growth inhibitory
effects of Withania somnifera root on CHO cells. Phytother Res.
64. Burger RA, Torres AR, Warren RP, Caldwell VD, Hughes BG. 2007;21:1-4.
Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages.
International journal of immunopharmacology. 1997 Jul 81. Hagenlocher Y, Hösel A, Bischoff SC, Lorentz A. Cinnamon extract
1;19(7):371-9. reduces symptoms, inflammatory mediators and mast cell markers
in murine IL-10−/− colitis. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.
65. Budhiraja RD, Sudhir S. Review of biological activity of 2016 Apr 1;30:85-92.
withanolides. Journal of Scientific and Industrial research. 1987.
82. Rao YK, Fang SH, Tzeng YM. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory
66. Changhadi GS. Ashwagandharishta—Rastantra Sar Evam and anti-proliferation tumoral cells activities of Antrodia
Sidhyaprayog Sangrah. Krishna-Gopal Ayurveda Bhawan camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, and Cinnamomum
(Dharmarth Trust), Nagpur. 1938:743-74. osmophloeum bark extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2007
67. Lin GM, Chen YH, Yen PL, Chang ST. Antihyperglycemic and Oct 8;114(1):78-85.
antioxidant activities of twig extract from Cinnamomum 83. Chatterjee S, Variyar PS, Sharma A. Stability of lipid constituents in
osmophloeum. Journal of Traditional and Complementary radiation processed fenugreek seeds and turmeric: Role of
Medicine. 2016 Jul 1;6(3):281-8. phenolic antioxidants. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.
68. Kwon HK, Jeon WK, Hwang JS, Lee CG, So JS, Park JA, Ko BS, Im SH. 2009 Oct 14;57(19):9226-33.
Cinnamon extract suppresses tumor progression by modulating 84. Srinivasan KJ. Role of spices beyond food flavoring: Nutraceuticals
angiogenesis and the effector function of CD8+ T cells. Cancer with multiple health effects. Food Reviews International. 2005 Apr
letters. 2009 Jun 18;278(2):174-82. 1;21(2):167-88.
69. Kuspradini H, Putri AS, Sukaton E, Mitsunaga T. Bioactivity of 85. Srinivasan K. Spices for taste and flavour: Nutraceuticals for human
essential oils from leaves of Dryobalanops lanceolata, health. Spices: The elixir of life. London. 2011:43-62.
Cinnamomum burmannii, Cananga odorata, and Scorodocarpus
borneensis. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2016 86. Bast F, Rani P, Meena D. Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of holy
Jan 1;9:411-8. basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) in Indian subcontinent. The Scientific
World Journal. 2014 Jan 1;2014.
70. I. bin Jantan IB, Karim Moharam BA, Santhanam J, Jamal JA.
Correlation between chemical composition and antifungal activity 87. Singh N, Hoette Y, Miller DR. Tulsi: The mother medicine of nature.
of the essential oils of eight cinnamomum. Species. International Institute of Herbal Medicine; 2002.
Pharmaceutical Biology. 2008 Jan 1;46(6):406-12.
88. Mahajan N, Rawal S, Verma M, Poddar M, Alok S. A
71. J. Lv J, Huang H, Yu L, Whent M, Niu Y, Shi H, Wang TT, Luthria D, phytopharmacological overview on Ocimum species with special
Charles D, Yu LL. Phenolic composition and nutraceutical emphasis on Ocimum sanctum. Biomedicine & Preventive
properties of organic and conventional cinnamon and peppermint. Nutrition. 2013 Apr 1;3(2):185-92.
Food Chemistry. 2012 Jun 1;132(3):1442-50.
89. Svirbely JL, Szent-Györgyi A. The chemical nature of vitamin C.
72. L.O. Viteri Jumbo, L.R.A. Faroni, E.E. Oliveira, M.A. Pimentel, G.N. Biochemical Journal. 1932;26(3):865.
Silva Potential use of clove and cinnamon essential oils to control
the bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, in small storage 90. RRyan MJ, Dudash HJ, Docherty M, Geronilla KB, Baker BA, Haff
units Industrial Crops and Products, 56 (2014), pp. 27-34 GG, Cutlip RG, Alway SE. Vitamin E and C supplementation reduces
oxidative stress, improves antioxidant enzymes and positive
73. Mazen ES, Pavelescu M, Grigorescu E. Contributions to the muscle work in chronically loaded muscles of aged rats.
pharmacodynamic study of roots of Withania somnifera Dun Experimental gerontology. 2010 Nov 1;45(11):882-95.
species of Pakistani origin. Note III: Testing of analgesic activity of
dichlormethanic and methanolic extract from Withania somnifera 91. Monacelli F, Acquarone E, Giannotti C, Borghi R, Nencioni A.
roots. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Vitamin C, aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Nutrients. 2017 Jun
Naturalisti din Iasi. 1990;94(3-4):603-5 es. 27;9(7):670.

74. Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic 92. Bell LW, Bennett RG, Ryan MH, Clarke H. The potential of
use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Alternative herbaceous native Australian legumes as grain crops: a review.
medicine review. 2000 Aug 1;5(4):334-46. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2011 Mar;26(1):72-91.

75. Ariaee-Nasab N, Vahedi Z, Vahedi F. Inhibitory effects of 93. Dong Y, Zhao M, Zhao T, Feng M, Chen H, Zhuang M, Lin L.
cinnamon-water extract on human tumor cell lines. Asian Pacific Bioactive profiles, antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging
Journal of Tropical Disease. 2014 Sep 1;4:S975-8. capacities and protective effects on H2O2-injured PC12 cells of
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. leaf and root extracts. Molecules. 2014 Jun
76. Sofia PK, Prasad R, Vijay VK, Srivastava AK. Evaluation of 30;19(7):9101-13.
antibacterial activity of Indian spices against common foodborne
pathogens. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2007;42(8):910–915. 94. Zheng YF, Wei JH, Fang SQ, Tang YP, Cheng HB, Wang TL, Li CY,
Peng GP. Hepatoprotective triterpene saponins from the roots of
77. Van Haute S, Raes K, Van Der Meeren P, Sampers I. The effect of Glycyrrhiza inflata. Molecules. 2015 Apr 9;20(4):6273-83.
cinnamon, oregano and thyme essential oils in marinade on the
microbial shelf life of fish and meat products. Food Control. 2016 95. Guan Y, Li FF, Hong L, Yan XF, Tan GL, He JS, Dong XW, Bao MJ, Xie
Oct 1;68:30-9. QM. Protective effects of liquiritin apioside on cigarette smoke-

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 274
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

induced lung epithelial cell injury. Fundamental & clinical 115. Chen F, Du X, Zu Y, Yang L, Wang F. Microwave-assisted method
pharmacology. 2012 Aug;26(4):473-83. for distillation and dual extraction in obtaining essential oil,
proanthocyanidins and polysaccharides by one-pot process from
96. Martins N, Barros L, Duenas M, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira IC. Cinnamomi Cortex. Separation and Purification Technology. 2016
Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidant May 30;164:1-1.
properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes and roots. RSC
Advances. 2015;5(34):26991-7. 116. Jumbo LO, Faroni LR, Oliveira EE, Pimentel MA, Silva GN. Potential
use of clove and cinnamon essential oils to control the bean
97. Alice K and Asha Shankar M . Horticulture Science Series and weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, in small storage units.
Medicinal Plants Published by New India Publishing Agency, New Industrial Crops and Products. 2014 May 1;56:27-34.
Delhi 2007. 134-135.
117. Ribeiro-Santos R, Andrade M, Madella D, Martinazzo AP, Moura
98. Meenakshi B, Juyal V and. Singh A Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic LD, de Melo NR, Sanches-Silva A. Revisiting an ancient spice with
extract of Adhatoda zeylanica. Drug Invention Today 2010, 2 (5): medicinal purposes: Cinnamon. Trends in Food Science &
247-249. Technology. 2017 Apr 1;62:154-69.
99. Winslow LC, Kroll DJ. Herbs as medicines. Archives of internal 118. Ariaee-Nasab N, Vahedi Z, Vahedi F. Inhibitory effects of
medicine. 1998 Nov 9;158(20):2192-9. cinnamon-water extract on human tumor cell lines. Asian Pacific
100. Gossell-Williams M, Simon RE, West ME. The past and present use Journal of Tropical Disease. 2014 Sep 1;4:S975-8.
of plants for medicines. West Indian Med J. 2006 Sep;55(4):217-8. 119. Debnath T, Kim DH, Lim BO. Natural products as a source of anti-
101. De Smet PA. The role of plant-derived drugs and herbal medicines inflammatory agents associated with inflammatory bowel disease.
in healthcare. Drugs. 1997 Dec;54(6):801-40. Molecules. 2013 Jun 19;18(6):7253-70.

102. PX SR. Standardization of Herbal Medicine and Enforcement of 120. Daniels AU, Barnes FH, Charlebois SJ, Smith RA. Macrophage
Regulations in Herbal Medical System. cytokine response to particles and lipopolysaccharide in vitro.
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: An Official Journal of
103. Atmakuri LR, Dathi S. Current trends in herbal medicines. J Pharm The Society for Biomaterials and The Japanese Society for
Res. 2010 Jan;3(1):109-13. Biomaterials. 2000 Mar 15;49(4):469-78.
104. Coleman LM, Fowler LL, Williams ME. Use of unproven therapies 121. Hernández I, Márquez L, Martínez I, Dieguez R, Delporte C, Prieto
by people with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American S, Molina-Torres J, Garrido G. Anti-inflammatory effects of
Geriatrics Society. 1995 Jul;43(7):747-50. ethanolic extract and alkamides-derived from Heliopsis longipes
roots. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2009 Jul 30;124(3):649-52.
105. Sutherland LR, Verhoef MJ. Why do patients seek a second opinion
or alternative medicine?. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 1994 122. Fonseca FN, Papanicolaou G, Lin H, Lau CB, Kennelly EJ, Cassileth
Oct 1;19(3):194-7. BR, Cunningham-Rundles S. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench
modulates human T-cell cytokine response. International
106. Crone CC, Wise TN. Use of herbal medicines among consultation-
immunopharmacology. 2014 Mar 1;19(1):94-102.
liaison populations: A review of current information regarding
risks, interactions, and efficacy. Psychosomatics. 1998 Jan 123. Thompson KD. Antiviral activity of Viracea® against acyclovir
1;39(1):3-13. susceptible and acyclovir resistant strains of herpes simplex virus.
Antiviral research. 1998 Jul 1;39(1):55-61.
107. Pharmacopoeia I. VoL. I & II.(Government of India. Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare. The controller of publications, Delhi). 124. Naik SR, Thakare VN, Joshi FP. Functional foods and herbs as
potential immunoadjuvants and medicines in maintaining healthy
108. Mukherjee PK, Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Houghton PJ. Leads from
immune system: A commentary. Journal of Complementary and
Indian medicinal plants with hypoglycemic potentials. Journal of
Integrative Medicine. 2010 Nov 18;7(1).
ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jun 15;106(1):1-28.
125. Dahanukar SA, Kulkarni RA, Rege NN. Pharmacology of medicinal
109. Singh N, Bhalla M, de Jager P, Gilca M. An overview on
plants and natural products. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2000
ashwagandha: a Rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda. African
Jul 1;32(4):S81-118.
Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.
2011;8(5S). 126. Karkanis A, Martins N, Petropoulos SA, Ferreira IC. Phytochemical
composition, health effects, and crop management of liquorice
110. Singh N, Bhalla M, de Jager P, Gilca M. An overview on
(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.): Α medicinal plant. Food reviews
ashwagandha: a Rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda. African
international. 2018 Feb 17;34(2):182-203.
Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines.
2011;8(5S). 127. Ranganathan P, Ravikanth G, Aravind NA. A review of research and
conservation of Myristica swamps, a threatened freshwater
111. Gaurav H, Yadav D, Maurya A, Yadav H, Yadav R, Shukla AC, Sharma
swamp of the Western Ghats, India. Wetlands Ecology and
M, Gupta VK, Palazon J. Biodiversity, Biochemical Profiling, and
Management. 2022 Feb;30(1):171-89.
Pharmaco-Commercial Applications of Withania somnifera: A
Review. Molecules. 2023 Jan 26;28(3):1208. 128. Naeem N, Rehman R, Mushtaq A, Ghania JB. Nutmeg: A review on
uses and biological properties. International Journal of Chemical
112. Singh N, Bhalla M, de Jager P, Gilca M. An overview on
and Biochemical Sciences. 2016 Oct;9:107-10.
ashwagandha: a Rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda. African
Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 129. Gupta AD, Rajpurohit D. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of
2011;8(5S). nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). InNuts and seeds in health and
disease prevention 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 831-839). Academic Press.
113. Ribeiro-Santos R, Andrade M, Madella D, Martinazzo AP, Moura
LD, de Melo NR, Sanches-Silva A. Revisiting an ancient spice with 130. Zomorodian K, Ghadiri P, Saharkhiz MJ, Moein MR, Mehriar P,
medicinal purposes: Cinnamon. Trends in Food Science & Bahrani F, Golzar T, Pakshir K, Fani MM. Antimicrobial activity of
Technology. 2017 Apr 1;62:154-69. seven essential oils from Iranian aromatic plants against common
causes of oral infections. Jundishapur journal of microbiology.
114. Durak A, Gawlik-Dziki U, Pecio Ł. Coffee with cinnamon–Impact of
2015 Feb;8(2).
phytochemicals interactions on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
in vitro activity. Food chemistry. 2014 Nov 1;162:81-8. 131. Naeem N, Rehman R, Mushtaq A, Ghania JB. Nutmeg: A review on
uses and biological properties. International Journal of Chemical
and Biochemical Sciences. 2016 Oct;9:107-10.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 275
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 79(2), March – April 2023; Article No. 40, Pages: 259-276 ISSN 0976 – 044X

132. Avruch J, Zhang XF, Kyriakis JM. Raf meets Ras: completing the 144. Saxena S. Glycyrrhiza glabra: medicine over the millennium.
framework of a signal transduction pathway. Trends in
biochemical sciences. 1994 Jul 1;19(7):279-83. 145. Damle M. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)-a potent medicinal herb.
International journal of herbal medicine. 2014;2(2):132-6.
133. Olajide OA, Makinde JM, Awe SO. Evaluation of the
pharmacological properties of nutmeg oil in rats and mice. 146. Sundarasamy A, Thangaraj S, Senniappan TS, Muthukaliannan GK.
Pharmaceutical biology. 2000 Jan 1;38(5):385-90. Indian Traditional Medicine for COVID-19. Current Traditional
Medicine. 2023 Dec 1;9(6):94-118.
134. Cohen MM. Tulsi-Ocimum sanctum: A herb for all reasons. Journal
of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2014 Oct;5(4):251. 147. Sharifi-Rad J, Tayeboon GS, Niknam F, Sharifi-Rad M, Mohajeri M,
Salehi B, Iriti M, Sharifi-Rad M. Veronica persica Poir. Extract–
135. Upadhyay RK. Tulsi: A holy plant with high medicinal and antibacterial, antifungal and scolicidal activities, and inhibitory
therapeutic value. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP). potential on acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, lipoxygenase and
2017 Apr 17;11(01). xanthine oxidase. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2018 Jun
25;64(8):50-6.
136. Salles Trevisan MT, Vasconcelos Silva MG, Pfundstein B,
Spiegelhalder B, Owen RW. Characterization of the volatile pattern 148. Fatehi M, Farifteh F, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z. Antispasmodic and
and antioxidant capacity of essential oils from different species of hypotensive effects of Ferula asafoetida gum extract. Journal of
the genus Ocimum. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. ethnopharmacology. 2004 Apr 1;91(2-3):321-4. 1. Firenzuoli F,
2006 Jun 14;54(12):4378-82. Gori L, Crupi A, Neri D. Flavonoids: risks or therapeutic
opportunities? Recenti Prog Med. 2004;95:345–51.
137. Dahiya P, Purkayastha S. Phytochemical screening and
antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug 149. Chiappelli F, Prolo P, Rosenblum M, Edgerton M, Cajulis OS.
resistant bacteria from clinical isolates. Indian journal of Evidence-based research in complementary and alternative
pharmaceutical sciences. 2012 Sep;74(5):443. medicine II: the process of evidence-based research. Evid Based
Complement Alternat Med. 2006;3:3–12. [PMC free article]
138. Upadhyay RK. Tulsi: A holy plant with high medicinal and [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
therapeutic value. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP).
2017 Apr 17;11(01). 150. Barnes LL. The psychologizing of Chinese healing practices in the
United States. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1998;22:413–43.
139. Singh S. Evaluation of gastric anti-ulcer activity of fixed oil of
Ocimum basilicum Linn. And its possible mechanism of action. 151. Cardini F, Wade C, Regalia AL, Gui S, Li W, Raschetti R, Kronenberg
F. Clinical research in traditional medicine: priorities and methods.
140. Upadhyay RK. Tulsi: A holy plant with high medicinal and Compl Ther Med. 2006;14:282–87.[
therapeutic value. International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP).
2017 Apr 17;11(01). 152. Gagnier JJ, Boon H, Rochon P, Moher D, Barnes J, Bombardier C.
Reporting randomized, controlled trials of herbal interventions: an
141. Chandrasekar R, Chandrasekar S. Natural herbal treatment for elaborated CONSORT statement. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:364–
rheumatoid arthritis-a review. International Journal of 67.
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2017 Feb 1;8(2):368.
153. Medical Research Council (MRC) A framework for development
142. Bhowmik D, Chiranjib YJ, Tripathi KK, Kumar KS. Herbal remedies and evaluation of bioactives for complex interventions to improve
of Azadirachta indica and its medicinal application. J Chem Pharm health. [(accessed on 23rd August 2007)]. April 2000.
Res. 2010;2(1):62-72.
143. Aziz MA, Adnan M, Rahman H, Allah A, Hashem A, Alqarawi AA.
Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants against multidrug
resistant urinary tract pathogens. Pak. J. Bot. 2017 Jun
1;49(3):1185-92.

Source of Support: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of Interest: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or
publication of this article.

For any questions related to this article, please reach us at: globalresearchonline@rediffmail.com
New manuscripts for publication can be submitted at: submit@globalresearchonline.net and submit_ijpsrr@rediffmail.com

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research

Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 276
©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited.