Bhalani 2.0 ANATOMY 1. Head Neck Face Scalp, Temple, face 1.Scalp Layers, Blood Supply, nerve supply Clinical importance **** 2. Bell's palsy* 3. Dangerous area of face* 4. Orbicularis oculi # its antagonist 5. Lacrimal Apparatus 6.Venous drainage of face 1. Deep cervical fascia** 2. Posterior Triangle of neck 3. Sternocleidomastoid - Nerve supply,actions Anterior Triangles of Neck 1. Carotid Triangle ¢ Carotid sheath*** 2. Digastric triangle** 3. Branches of External carotid artery* 4, Anastomosis between internal & external carotid* 5.Ansa cervicalis* Back of the neck ‘LSuboccipital triangle Parotid Gland**** ‘LExternal features 2. Relations 3. Histology 4. Nerve supply 5. Lymph drainage 6. Applied Temporal ¢ Infratemporal region 1 Temporomandibular Soint* 2. Muscles of mastication* 3. Otic ganglion* 4. Pterygoid muscles* Submandibular region 1. Submandibular salivary gland -Applied* anu -Histology -Development ruetures in the neck ‘1. Thyroid Gland 2.Hypoglossal nerve* 3. Cervical lymph nodes* 4. Right Left Subclavian artery** Cranial Cavity 1L Cavernous sinus**** 2. Straight sinus* 3. Falx cerebri 4. Enumerate dural venous sinuses Contents of the orbit 1. Extra-ocular muscles*** 2. Ciliary ganglion 3. Oculomotor nerve** Mouth ¢ Pharynx ‘LPalatine tonsil 2.Muscles of pharynx Nose,Paranasal Sinuses 1. Nasal septum 2. Lateral wall of nose*** 3. Maxillary air sinus 4. Sphenoidal air sinus Larynx -Cartilages ~Muscles @ their actions* ~Applied ~Movements of Vocal cords** Tongue** -Muscles,nerve supply, development, histology, applied Ear 1. Middle ear** -boundaries, contents, applied Eyeball ~Layers of retina* -development of retina2. NEUROANATOMY) Spinal Cord Fourth ventricle** gis a6 cervical jai -floor - Draw # label, decribe rown sequard syndrome* 3. Pyramidal tracts 2 “ 4, Dorsal column pathway Third ventricle Fornix of brain Cranial Nerves Fi . 1Mesencephalic nucleus of Trigeminal nx Abtterior horn of lateral ventricle 2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve* 3, Facial Nerve** Cerebrum,Viencephalon,Basal nuclei ¢ i white matter S of Medulla 1.Corpus callosum** ~Pyramidal decussation*** 2.Superolateral surface of cerebrum*** ~Sensory decussation* -Sulci # gyri -functional areas mid olivary nucleus* -blood supply -applied anatomy 2. T.S of Midbrain 3.Classify white matter of cerebrum with Superior colliculus examples € describe Internal capsule** -Inferior colliculus 4.Corpus striatum . 3.Facial colliculus* -Components,connections,functions. 4.Medial medullary syndrome** 5. T.S of Pons ~ facial colliculus level** 6. Describe Midbrain -gross anat,blood supply Olivary group of nuclei* 7.Describe Pons - gross, internal structure, Visual pathway applied Auditory pathway Cerebellum Lingerior cerebellar peduncle Blood supply of Brain & Spinal Cord en LCircle of Willist™* -Connections bee ern = -Histology* eum ice rice se ~Bood surely Oa, 3. UPPER LIMB Pectoral region The Axilla_ 1.Clavipectoral fascia** 1. Axillary group of lymph nodes* 2.Mammary gland **+#* 2. Axillary artery* ~Blood supply,lymphatic drainage 3. Typical intercostal space * ~Applied anatomy 4. Brachial plexus* 3.Serratus anterior* 5, Erb’s Palsy # Erb’s Point** 6. Klumpke’s Palsy*Scapular region 1.Quandrangular space * 2.Triangular space 3.Deltoid muscle* 4.Rotator cuff of shoulder soint** The Forearm & Hand 1.Carpal tunnel syndrome** 2.UInar Nerve* 3.Superficial palmar arch 4.Claw hand* 5.Anatomical snuff box* 6.Flexor retinaculum The Arm 1.Cubital fossa*** 2.Biceps brachii* 3.Radial Nerve** 4.Musculocutaneous Nerve* 5.Wrist drop** 6.Median Nerve* 4.THORAX| Diaphragm - openings** Walls of thorax 1LAzygous vein** 2.Typical intercostal nerve* The lungs 1.Bronchopulmonary segments*** 2. Root of Right # Left lung* 3. Right lung -Mediastinal relations BPS,histology Mediastinum 1.Define mediastinum,classify* 2.Posterior € anterior mediastinum* 3.Superior mediastinum* 4.Development of arch of aorta* Joints of upper limb LSternoclavicular Joint 2.Pronation € supination** 3.Shoulder Soint**** -Movements -relations -stabilizers -classification -blood supply -applied 4.Elbow Soint Spaces of HAND -Mid palmar space (G6in Our GSCOATOHEAAE) For More Such ED Fos (NEETPG |! ee Pericardium and Heart 1. Coronary sinus** 2. Left coronary artery** 3. Atrial septal defect* 4. Interior of right atrium,development* 5.Arterial € venous drainage of heart ** 6. Coronary blood circulation erior vena cava* ~formation, tributaries Arch of aorta**** Thoracic duct *** Thoracic part of oesophagus Thoracic part of trachea Structures supplied by phrenic nerve5. LOWER LIMB Front of Thigh Back of leg 1L.Femoral Triangle 1.Popliteus muscle**** -femoral sheath*+* 2. Soleus muscle* femoral canal* 3. Gastrocnemius muscle** -femoral hernia* 4.Tibialis posterior* 2. Femoral artery* 3. Sartorius** 4. Adductor/Hunter/subsartorial canal*** 1, Varicose veins** 5. Femoral nerve 2,Long saphenous vein*** 6. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes* 3.Great saphenous vein* . 4.Venous drainage of lower limb** Medial side of Thigh . ; 1.Obturator nerve* Joints of Lower Limb 2k ‘Linversion @ eversion of foot*** 2.Adductor magnus’ 2knee Soint * . 3.Housemaid’s knee* Gluteal region 4.Hip Soint * ‘LClubelis medias Sintra articular surface of knee Soint 2.Structures under cover of gluteus maximus* Ankle Soint 3.Trendelenberg test* Popliteal Fossa*** Arches of Foot*** Z = 1.Medial Longitudinal arch “boundaries contentis-appled -Factors maintaining* -popliteal artery 2.Lateral Longitudinal arch -common peroneal nerve -foot drop* . Goin Our @EEGERACHEAAE For Back of thigh More Such IB LSciatic nerves* GERED INICET - e 2.Flexor of Knee soint* 3.Hamstring muscles CORRE =, Front,lateral & medial sides of leg & Dorsum of Foot 1.Dorsalis pedis artery* 2.Deep peroneal nerve Single * ;: The question appeared at least once in the past few years6.ABDOMEN & PELVIS Saeral canal Anterior abdominal wall ‘LRectus sheath** 2.inguinal Canab* 3.Inguinal Hernia 4.Contents of spermatic cord* 5.Structures passing through Deep & superficial inguinal ring* 6.Clinical inportance of umbilicus* 7.Caput medusae* 8. Transpyloric plane Male genital organ 1.Blood testis barrier* Testis ~Gross -histology -developement -descent -applied Abdominal cavity & peritoneum 1LLesser omentum*** 2Lesser sac .Epiploic foramen* Abdominal part of Oesophagus & stomach 1. Stomach bed*** 2. Stomach -**Blood supply, histology, lymphatic,development, Applied,relations The Intestine 4.Mcburney's point* 2.Appendixe 3.Meckel's diverticulum* 4.Root of mesentry 5.2nd part of duodenum*** Large Blood vessels of Gut LPorto caval anastomosis** 2porto-systemic anastomosis* 3.Portal vein -describe, tributaries Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus -Cross,Histology,applied* -Gall Bladder* Spleen,Panereas ¢ Liver Spleen -gross,histology,functions* 2.Liver -Ligaments,blood supply* 3.Head of pancreas -development*** 4.Pancreas (full) Kidney -*+relations,congenital anomalies Ureters Suprarenal gland**- histology,development,blood supply,applied Diaphragm* -attachment,openings,blood nerve supply,applied Posterior Abdominal Wall 1.Quadratus Lumborum* 2.Inferior vena cava -**tributaries & development: The Perineum ‘LSuperficial Perineal pouch* 2.\schiorectal fossa 3.Pudendal/Alcock’s canab+ 4.Perineal body* Urinary Bladder & Urethra ‘Urinary Bladder -**Relations, interior Arterial,venous supply,ligaments 2.Female urethra* 3.Male urethra* Male reproductive Organ LProstate Gland 2.Vas deferensFemale reproductive Organ Walls of pelvis ‘.Tubectomy 1.Pelvic diaphragm 2.Uterus -***supports,development © 2.nternal iliac artery Congenital anomalies,histology 3.Hysterosalpingography 3.0vary -*#+#relations,blood supply, Histology,development 4.Anatomical basis of contraception* 5.Uterine tube -gross,development* Anal canal & Rectum 1.Anal canal ~*#*gross,interior,development Applied,blood supply 7. GENERAL ANATOM Skeleton Genetics 1. Blood supply of long bone* Barr body* * 2. Karyotyping*** 2. Sesamoid bone 3. Kleinfelter syndrome* 3. Epiphysis** 4, Turner syndrome . 5. Lyon’s Hypothesis Joints 6.x linked recessive - pedigree characteristics 1. Types of cartilagenous soints** 2.Pivot Soint 3.Synovial soints 4.Symphysis 5.Sutures* Note :You can Follow the old bhalani for embryology & histology imp topics Multiple * ; The question was asked quite frequently in the past years This pdf also contains questions/imp topics from other university papers. (The ones which don’t have *) This pdf contains most of the MUHS previous year questions and is made with reference from Unique’s Companion.Physiolo 1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY 1.Define homeostasis.** 2.Negative € positive feedback mechanism -compare G6iF Ou CETETORSARD For More Such: For (SEEDED IN! ee 3.Various transport mechanism across cell membrane* 4.Osmosis 5.Active transport* 6.Facilitated diffusion* F.Na-K Pump -importance 8.Resting membrane potential -ionic basis of RMP . NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY| Action potential of Nerve ‘LDraw € label nerve action potential -ionic basis,genesis,phases of AP* 2.Well labelled diagram of neuron Propagation of Impulse 1L.Saltatory conduction* 2.Properties of nerve fibres* 3.Factors affecting nerve conduction velocity* 4.Classification of nerve fibres Neuromuscular trans 1. Draw @ label NM3,describe various events at NMS -clinical importance*** 2.Myasthenia gravis -cause,treatment* 3.End plate potential -genesis Excitation Contraction coupling LSarcomere** 2.Note on excitation contraction coupling -role of Calcium ions * 3.Sarcotubular system in skeletal muscle Molecular basis of Skeletal muscle contraction -sliding filament theory** -rigor mortis Skeletal muscle 1. Compare and contract -red € white muscle Fibre -isotonic @ isometric contraction* 2.Motor unit* 3.Refractory period 4.Factors regulating force of skeletal muscle contraction*3. BLOOD & ITS CONSTITUENTS Plasma proteins -functions RBC & Erythropoiesis Describe erythropoiesis** -Factors regulating -Stages 2.Erythropoietin Anaemia & Polycythemia 1.Classify types of anaemia* -describe iron deficiency anaemia 2.Megaloblastic anaemia -treatment 3.Nutritional anaemia White blood cells 1.Morphology, classification & functions Of WECs, 2.Leucopoiesis -note 3.Life cycle of WBCs. Immunity & Alleray 1.Define 4 classify immunity** -role of different T cells 2.CD4 Cells Blood coagulation 1. Mechanism of blood coagulation*** 2.Role of platelets in coagulation 3.Purpura € its causes 4.Define hemostasis -mechanism of any 1 common anti- coagulant used in clinical practice* LLandsteiner’s Law* 2.Mismatched blood transfusion** 3.Erythroblastosis foetalis* 4.Rhesus factor 5.Various blood grouping systems 3.Enumerate function of T lymphocytes, *relevance of HIV infection to T lymphocyte function 4.Primary # secondary immune respone *-role in vaccination 5.Humoral immunity* Join 0 u-eQraRRTGRERA Fo More Such For @EEMRD INICET - FMGE @@Properties of cardiae musele* -enumerate* -why heart muscle cannot be tetanised -ionic basis of autorhythmicity in SA node Conduction of cardiac impulse 1.Role of AV Node @ Purkinse Fibres 2.0rigin € spread of cardiac impulse 3.Heart block -types,explain AV Nodal block** Normal Electrocardiogram** 1.Draw @ label various waves in ECG lead IIx 2.Describe normal ecg,how its recorded.** 3.Classify # describe leads used in ECG 4.Significance of P-R interval Cardiac cycle*** 1.Describe Phases of cardiac cycle* ~Pressure € volume changes occuring during cardiac cycle 2.ESection fraction* 3.Note on Heart sounds* Cardiac output & venous return 1.Define cardiac output,factors affecting** -method for measurement in man(Fick principle) 2.Factors controlling venous return* 3.Factors affecting stroke volume * 4.Define -cardiac index Hemodynamics 1.Poiseuille’s law -significance 2.Peripheral resistance Short term regulation of arterial blood pressure L.Define bp -factors determining** 2.Bainbridge Reflex 3.Baroreceptor mechanism** 4.CNS ishaemic response* 5.Mean bp -various short term mechanisms regulating bp.** Long term regulation of arterial blood pressure 1.Renin-angiotensin mechanism* 2.Role of SGA in regulation of bp* 3.Explain long term regulation** Coronary circulation -peculiarities/features** -factors regulating -applied physiology 1. Angina pectoris* 2. Myocardial infarction - *enumerate ecg changes in infarction 3. Cardiorespiratory changes during exercise * Circulatory shock LDefine ¢ Classify * shock,physiological basis of treatment 2.Stages of shock 3.Describe hypovolemic shock**“RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Mechanics of breathing 1. Lung compliance -factors affecting* 2. Surfactant - functions € applied RDS* 3. Dead space -method of measuring it 4, Describe mechanics of respiration 5. Explain work of breathing** 6. Muscles of respiration 7. Note on obstructive lung disease* Lung volume and capacities 1. Describe various lung volumes capacities 2. Functional residual capacity Pulmonary ventilation * Note on positive pressure breathing Pulmonary circulation Ventilation perfusion ratio* Diffusion of gases 1. Describe various layers of respiratory membrane- factors affecting gaseous exchange** Oxygen transport + 1. Oxygen haemoglobin curve -role of 2,3-BPG -p50 value € right/left shitt 2. Note on Bohr effect 3.DeF ine € classify hypoxia 4.Describe oxygen debt 5.Explain method of Oxygen transport Carbon dioxide transport*** 1.Describe CO2 transport 2.Haldane effect Chemical regulation of respiration Peripheral chemoreceptors* 2.Tubuloglomerular feedback 3.Respiratory acidosis € alkalosis* 4.Describe chemical regulation** 5.Note on Kussmaul breathing* Neural regulation of respiration -describe** 1.Herring breuer reflex 2.Ondine’s curse 3.Periodic breathing* Respiration in unusual environme: 1.What is acclimatization* 2.Cardiorespiratory changes due to acclimatization at high altitudes* 3.Acute mountain sickness Cyanosis Dyspnea Asphyxia ‘XERCISE PHYSIOLOGY | 1.Cardiorespiratory changes during moderate exercise** 2.V02 Max* Gin Our CSCO For More Such For GRIND INICET - FMGE @@ CEE osRENAL PHYSIOLOGY Functional anatomy of kidney 1.3uxta glomerular apparatus -functions -well labelled diagram*** Renal Flow 1.Define GFR -dynamics,factors*** Affecting,methods of measuring GFR 2.Tubuloglomerular feedback Glomerulo-tubular balance Tubular function L.PCT* 2. Transport maximum.* 3.Mechanism of glucose reabsorption In renal tubules** 4.\nulin clearance 5.Urea clearance 6.Functions of DCT* Urine formation 1.Counter current mechanism** 2.Describe in detail handling of water And sodium by kidney 3.Milieu interior, role of kidney in Maintaining osmolarity of body fluid Role of JGA in requlation of blood pressure* Role of kidney in requlation of pH Of body fluids Blood buffers Micturition -Innervation of urinary bladder micturition relfex*** -abnormalities -cystometrography -atonic bladder Salivary glands ¢ secretion 1.Functions € composition of saliva* 2.Regulation of saliva secretion* Gastric secretions ‘.Mechanism of HCL secretion**** 2.Functions of HCL 3.Peptic ulcer -etiology ¢ treatment** 4.Various gastrointestinal hormones* 5.Compostion of gastric secretion ¢ Regulation* Exocrine pancreas 1. Functionas,composition ¢ Regulation of pancreatic suice* 2.Note on CCK-PZ Functions of Liver Function € composition of bile salts* 2.Regulation of biliary secretion 3.Emptying of gall bladder 4Narious functions of liverG motility 1.Deglutition-define,stages* 2.Movements of small intestine* 3.Movements of large intestine* 4.Defecation reflex** 5.Castric emptying 6.Regulation of Cl Motility* 7.Deglutition reflex* 8.Peristaltic rush 9.Achalasia cardia* 9.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Anterior pituitary & hypothalamus Adrenal cortex 1L.Growth hormone -mechanism of 1.Enumerate hormones of adrenal Action,regulation,applied*** cortex. 2.Dwarfism ,Cigantism,acromegaly* 2.Aldosterone -functions,regulation 3.Enumerate hormones of Anterior pituitary* 3.Cushing’s syndrome* 4.Physiological actions of Posterior pituitary glucocorticoids* 1.ADH -role,factors stimulating secretion, Regulation* 2. Physiological basis of diabetes insipidus* 3, Functions of oxytocin LDifference between diabetes mellitus ¢ insipidus** 2.lnsulin functions Thyroid gland 3.Physiological basis of polyuria in 1. Thyroid hormone -synthesis,regulation diabetes -Functions of thyroid hormone*** 2.Cretinism* 3.Hyperthyroidism note* 4.Physiological basis of anti thyroid drugs 5.Differences between pituitary thyroid Dwart Calcium homeostasis Function € regulation of parathyroid hormone* 2.What is Tetany? Name # explain signs of tetany -treatment** 3.Describe regulation of calcium level in body.** 4.Note on osteoporosis 5.Note on rickets10.REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Testosterone 1.Spermatogenesis -stages,factors Regulating (hormonal)*** 2.Actions of testosterone Female physiology before Preqnancy 1.Define ovulation,mechanism,indicators* 2.Contraception methods** -oral contraceptives (action) 3.Define menstrual cycle,various phases with hormonal regulation** 4.Cyclic changes in uterus during reproductive life Describe functions of placenta -enumerate hormones secreted by placenta iology of Jac Parturition,role of oxytocin. ‘Join Our @ISGraRCHERAE) For More Such EID 2: GEERRG IN! ee CE =~, 11.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Synapse 1.Properties of synapse* 2.Presynaptic inhibition -advantage* 3.Synaptic transmission 4.Occlusion subliminal fringe Sensory receptors ‘.Enumerate different types of Sensory receptors,* 2.Properties of receptors* Somato-sensory pathwa 1.Enumerate various ascending tracts* 2.Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway -origin,course, termination,applied** 3.Functions of Tract of Gall € Burdach ae -Draw € label,functions of Muscle spindle 1, Define Stretch reflex € role in maintaining muscle tone* Pain & Temperature 1. Compare Fast # slow pain* 2.Transmission of pain through* neospinothalamic Pathway 3.Descending pain inhibiting system 4.Different types of pain,Referred pain- examples, *** 5.Basis of Phantom limb* 6.Analgesia system of brain* F.Thalamic syndrome Pyramidal tract -Origin,course,termination,applied** -Note on Upper motor neuron lesion -Differentiate between UMN ¢ LMN lesion* Motor reflexes 1.Draw € label reflex arc of stretch reflex 2.Classify reflexesRegulation of tone & posture Define tone of muscle.* -spinal € supraspinal mechanism of Regulation of tone.* -decerabrate rigidity Cerebellum* -Functions € connections -cerebellar ataxia Basal ganglia* -Functions € connections -Note on Parkinson's disease Hypothalamus* EEG -Write a note on EEG waves in EEG# Sleep -REM € NREM Sleep* Learning & memory ‘LWernicke’s area 2.Define aphasia*, difference between sensory € motor aphasia* 3.Alzhimer’s disease 4.Define € classify memory,mechanisms of memory* ~functions Taste & smell Eye 1.Taste bud ‘1.Accomodation -reflex pathway*** 2.Pathway of taste sensation* 2.Note on presbyopia 3.Neural pathway for smell sensation* 3.Errors of refraction* Hea q -myopia,astigmatism 1Describe structure of Organ of corti*#* 2.Functions of middle ear** 3.Causes of conductive deafness -tests for it* 4.Attenuation € significance* 5.Mechanism of hearing ,note on pitch Discrimination, impedance matching mechanism+* 4.Argyl robertson pupil ¢ its basis Retina 1.Dark adaptation**-curve,significance 2.Photochemistry of vision* 3.Color vision* 4.Theories of color vision € color blindness 13.BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION 1L.Role of hypothalamus in temp regulation*+* 2.Shell temperature € core temperature* 3.Heat loss mechanism* 4.Heat stroke -treatment ,pyrexia* 5.Body response to cold temperature** 6.Different thermoreceptors F.Induced hypothermia -note‘son for mS OR -- Amino acids ¢ proteins 1.Biologically important peptides** 2.Di€ferent structures of protein -Secondary € tertiary** 3.Consugation* 4.|mportant aminotransferases. 5.lsoelectric pH 6.Functional € nutritional classification Of proteins* Enzymes ‘1.Diagnostic enzymes in cardiac Diseases** 2.\soenzymes -diagnostic importance*** -with suitable examples 3.Coenzyme 4.Enzyme inhibition* -Competitive £ Non competitive 5.Define activation energy* -Formation of ES Complex with diagram 6.Classification of enzymes* Carbohydrates" LGlycosaminoglycans € significance**** 2.Biomedical importance of -Cholesterol Hyaluronic acid 3.Reducing property of monosaccharide Lipids LClassification of phospholipids -with examples*** 2.Lipoproteins* 3.Biologically important steroids 4.Name essential fatty acids -why are they called essential? Biochemistry Carbohydrate metabolism 1.HMP Shunt 4 its significance -regulation ,why its called multifunctional 7 2.Clycogenesis ¢ Clycogenolysis* -regulation 3.Clycogen storage diseases** 4.Clycolytic pathway in RBCs* 5.TCA Cycle # its energetics 6.Gluconeogenesis * .Rapaport Leubering cycle** -siginificance 8.Cori's cycle -importance e 1.Beta oxidation of fatty acid** -energetics 2.Enumerate ketone bodies* -formation € fate -Note on ketosis* 3.de novo synthesis of FAs* 4.Fatty liver** 5.Lipotropic factors* Cholesterol & Lipoproteins 1.Biosynthesis # regulation of cholesterol.*** -state important functions 2.LDL # HDL -role in atherosclerosis* 3.Formation # transport of chylomicrons * Polyunsaturated fatty acids -lmportant functions -enzyme deficient in clinical manifestations of Niemann-Pick’s diseaseAmino acid metabolism 1.Formation & fate of ammonia(Urea cycle)** 2.Transamination & transmethylation** Reactions in brief 3.Disorders of urea cycle 4.Deamination 5.Metabolism of glycine*** 6.Formation of creatine F.Metabolism of Phenylalanine** 8.Metabolism of Tyrosine** 9. Note on Alkaptonuria ¢ Phenylketonuria** Biological Oxidation & ETC 1.0xidative phosphorylation* -note on thermogenin 2.Uncouplers ** 3.ETC -describe,functions,inhibitors*** 4.Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate 5.Malate aspartate shuttle* 6.Substrate level phosphorylation* Heme metabolism 1.Heme synthesis regulation*** -note on acute intermittent porphyria 2.Degradation of heme* 3.Hemolytic Saundice 4.Hemoglobinopathies* 5.Biochemical basis of Sickle cell anaemia 6.Formation # fate of bilirubin* F.Methaemoglobin Liver Function Tests 1.Role of various enzymes in LFT** 2.Test based on detoxification* -excretory function* ch For INICET 2 1.Urea clearance test* 2.Creatinine clearance test* Plasma Proteins _ Immunoglobulins -types, diagram € features. Explain any one in detail +* 2.Functions of plasma proteins* Acid Base balance 1.Metabolic acidosis ¢ alkalosis*** 2.Butfer systems** 3.Role of kidney in maintaining acid- base balance* 4.Regulation of acid base balance* LNote on dehydration** -Primary ¢ Secondary dehyd. 2.Water balance ¢ regulation* Free radicals & antioxidants LAntioxidant vitamins € enzymes* 2.Antioxidants* 3.Name # explain free radicals. Detoxification. 1.What are xenobiotics*** -how are they detoxitied?(phases of detoxification) Vitamins LVit A sources,functions,deficiency -Wald’s Visual cycle 2.Nit D -Sources,RDA,chemistry,functions, deficiency 3.Enumerate B-complex vitamins -study all b-complex vitamins. 4.Vitamin C #* -Lactose intoleranceMineral metabolism Llron -dietary sources,role,absorption** Disease manifestation,iron homeostasis 2.Calcium -sources,functions, RDA Disease manifestation .*** -factors influencing Ca absorption 3.Zinc * 4. Copper -Cu containing enzymes (name)* 5.Functions of phosphorus 6.Regulation of serum calcium levels** Energy metabolism & Nutrition 1.Protein energy malnutrition*** -Kwashiorkar € Marasmus. 2.Uses of dietary fibres * 3. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) ** Nucleotide metabolism 1.Salvage pathway of Purine synthesis** 2.Catabolism of purine* 3.Biologically important nucleotides ** 4.Hyperuricemia 5.Primary # secondary gout** ONA 1.Process of DNA replication** -inhibitors of replication 2.Chargaff's rule* Transcription & translation. L.Di€ferent types of RNA -enumerate* 2.Structure of tRNA -diagram € functions 3.Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes* -regulation € inhibitors 4.What is ribosome, role in translation* -Antibiotics which act on ribosome 5.Reverse transcription -short note Mutation @ Inheritance 1.Genetic code - features*** 2.Lac Operon* 3.Point mutations RONA technology (Only BAQs & SAQ) 1.Application of recombinant DNA technology ** 2.What is RDNA technology? Hormones _ 1.Secondary messengers** -note on cyclic AMP 2.Hormonal regulation of blood glucose * 3.Mechanism of action of steroid hormones 4.Mechanism of Hydrophilic hormones 5.Mechanism of Croup Il hormones Cancer ‘LTumour markers -enumerate** 2.Proto oncogenes € oncogenes* 3,Chemical carcinogens* Special techniques LElectrophoresis** 2.Chromatography -types* 3.Principle & use of Flame* photometer Star vation*** Radioactive isotopes* -diagnostic & therapeutic use