Davao de Oro State College

Poblacion, Maragusan, Davao de Oro Province

Laboratory Activity #1
ORIGIN, DOMESTICATION OF SOME IMPORTANT CROPS
Prepared by: ODESSY GRACE J. MARTINEZ

Name: James Warren Sarucam Date: 08-26- 24

Section: BSA-1C Time Submitted:
08-27-24

1.Introduction about the Crop

* The generic name Oryza is a classical Latin word for rice, while the specific epithet sativa
means “cultivated”.

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots,

Order: Commelinids
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species: O.sativa

Binominal name: Oryza sativa

Domestication: Oryza sativa was first domesticated in China 9000 ago years. Rice was
introduced early into Sino- Tibetan cultures in northern China by around 6000 to 5600 years
ago. Rice spread around the world through cultivation, migration, and trade, eventually to the
Americas as part of the Columbian exchange after 1492.

2.Importance of the Crop

 Uses: Rice plants produced bioactive rice brans and hulls that have been reported to
have numerous health- promoting effects in cells, animals, and humans. As part of this
effort, this paper also presents brief summaries on the preparation of health-promoting
food including, bread, corn flakes, etc. as well as industrial products such bioethanol
and biodiesel fuels. The food show compatible and safe formulation with desirable
nutritional and biological properties can be used to develop new multifunctional foods
as well as bioethanol and biodiesel fuel. The overlapping aspects are expected to
contribute to a better understanding of the potential impacts of the described health-
promoting potential impact.

Economic Impact: Rice provides up to 50% of the dietary caloric supply for millions
living in poverty in Asia and is, therefore, critical for food security. It is becoming an
important food staple in both Latin America and Africa. Record increases in rice
production have been observed since of the Green Revolution.

Nutritional Value:
 Natural Anti-Inflammatory and Gluten Free 7. Can be Used for Skin
Care
 Improves Nervous System Health 8. Good Source of
Protein
 Good Source of Energy
 Diuretic and Digestive Qualities: Prevents Constipation
 Can help Reduced Cancer Risk
 Prevents Obesity
3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: Rice is the world’s second most important cereal crop following only
corn. Over 513 million metric tons of milled rice were produced in the last harvesting
year worldwide. Traditional countries in Asia have the largest share in world rice
 production. According to the most recent official data, with a production volume of over
208 million metric tons in 2022, China was the world’s leading. paddy rice producer,
followed by India and Bangladesh.

*Current Market Situation: 22ND session of the AMIS Global Food Market Information
Group 18 November 2022, WTO, Geneva GLOBAL RICE PRODUCTION to fall 2,4 percent
below the 2021 all-time high largely due to yield depressions. Despites the decline, world
output likely to remain at overall average levels thanks to a still rebust level of plantings.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 Production Challenges:
*Using clean seeds
*Regular cleaning of equipment
*Planting at the same time as the farmer in the neighboring field
*Good quality – Organic food is good in quality
*Properly keeping rice grain
*Rice is a crop hugely sensitive to water shortages
*Less repair shops for agricultural machineries

*Economic and Social Challenges:

 Challenges such as poor harvests, high production costs, market inequities, and limited
infrastructure constrain farmers and keep them vulnerable to poverty, hunger, and
financial insecurity. We're working with stakeholders from farmers to governments to
improve the economic potential of rice.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

 Emerging Trends: According to the latest projections, the trend in rice price will
continue to increase until 2023, then the price is expected to decline to USD
476/tonnes (OECD-FAO, 2021). For rest of the years of the decade, the price in the
world market will remain lower than the current price.
6.References
 Sources:
 https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.390
 https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12540
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice#Domestication
 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318699

1.Introduction about the Crop

Maize /meɪz/ (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall
stout grass that produces cereal grain. It was domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern
Mexico about 9,000 years ago from wild teosinte.

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

 Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zea
Species: Z. mays

Binominal name: Zea mays

 Domestication: : Corn was first domesticated by native peoples in
southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Modern corn is believed to have been
derived from the Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), a wild grass.
Its culture had spread as far north as southern Maine by the time of European
settlement of North America, and Native Americans taught European colonists to
grow the indigenous grains. Since its introduction into Europe by Christopher
Columbus and other explorers and colonizers, corn has spread to all areas of the
world suitable to its cultivation. It is grown from 58° N latitude
in Canada and Russia to 40° S latitude in South America, with a corn crop
maturing somewhere in the world nearly every month of the year. It is the most
important crop in the United States and is a staple food in many places.

2.Importance of the crop:

 Uses: Corn is the second most plentiful cereal grown for human consumption, and
many cultures around the world have lived on this grain. Corn is a versatile crop,
and everything on a corn plant is useable. No part of the corn is wasted. The husk of
the corn is traditionally used in making tamales. The kernels are ground into food. The
stalks become animal food and the corn silks are used for medicinal teas.
Food products made from corn include corn oil, corn meal, corn syrup and even
bourbon. The most important refined corn products are corn sweeteners, which last
year accounted for more than 56% of the national nutritive sweeteners market. One
cup of raw white corn has about 130 calories, 2 grams of fat, 5 grams of protein, 29
grams of carbohydrates and 4 grams of fiber with no cholesterol.

Economic Impact: Corn is one of the most important staple crops in the Philippines.
It ranks second to rice in the utilization of agricultural resources. It is used not only for
human consumption but also for animal feeds and industrial uses, hence it is a vital
crop in the development of the livestock and manufacturing industries.

Nutritional Value:
o Low Calorie, Low Fat
o Macronutrients, Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants
o High Fiber

3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: Growing corn varies depending on the area, and its production cycle is
different in all parts of the world. In the Philippines, corn production is based on the
landscape and topography of an area. In 2022, the production volume of corn in the
Philippines amounted to over eight million metric tons, slightly lower than the
produced quantity of 8.29 million metric tons in the previous year.

*Current Market Situation: n 2022, the production volume of corn in the Philippines
amounted to over eight million metric tons, slightly lower than the produced quantity of
8.29 million metric tons in the previous year. Over the past six years, about 2.5 million
hectares of land were utilized for cultivating corn in the Philippines.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

  Production Challenges:
o Rising costs of production
o Climate challenges facing corn farmers
o Financial pressure farmers
o International influences

*Economic and Social Challenges:

 Corn is vulnerable to the following infections by plant pathogens throughout the
growing season under favorable environmental conditions: seed rots and seedling
blights soon after planting, foliar diseases in mid-season, and stalk and ear rots toward
the end of the growing season. Many of these diseases are caused by pathogens that
survive in crop residue or in the soil. Thus, the risk of increased disease severity is
higher when corn follows corn. However, do not forget the disease triangle (below).
Weather conditions during the growing season will still significantly impact disease
severity.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

 Emerging Trends The January to December 2023 corn production was recorded at
17,005.45 metric tons. This was lower by 10,919.18 metric tons or -39.1 percent from
the previous year’s output of 27,924.63 metric tons. The total reduction was both
shared by white and yellow corn. Yellow corn produced the bulk of production steadily.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize
 https://www.britannica.com/plant/corn-plant
 https://www.jircas.go.jp/sites/default/files/publication/tars/tars8-_21-30.pdf
 https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/health-
benefits-of-corn
 https://www.statista.com/statistics/751372/philippines-corn-production/
 https://rssocar.psa.gov.ph/content/corn-situation-report-annual-2022-
2023#:~:text=During%20the%20current%20year%2C%20harvest,by
%20white%20and%20yellow%20corn.

1.Introduction about the Crop

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae)
and the only living species of the genus Cocos.[1] The term "coconut" (or the archaic
"cocoanut")[2] can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is
a drupe, not a nut. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of
the tropics..

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Arecales
 Family: Arecaceae
Genus: Cocos
Species: C. nucifera

Binominal name: Cocos nucifera L.

Domestication: Coconuts were first domesticated by the Austronesian peoples in Island

Southeast Asia and were spread during the Neolithic via their seaborne migrations as far east as
the Pacific Islands, and as far west as Madagascar and the Comoros.

2. Importance of the Crop

Uses: Coconut is primarily grown in the coastal subtropical zones of Asia and Oceania,
its region of origin, on small family farms. The nuts, which are available all year round, are
consumed in the region in the form of coconut milk. They are also used to produce copra and
its by-product, copra oil. Some 10 million smallholders worldwide rely on the coconut value
chain for a living, but it faces a range of issues: copra's reduced competitiveness, competition
from palm kernel oil, and the development of lethal diseases that can wipe out coconut
plantations within a few years.

Economic Impact: The value of coconut to the Philippine economy is captured by the
following statistics: Coconut contributed PhP77. 4 billion to the national economy in 2013,
ranked fourth among crops after rice, banana and corn. It is planted on 3.56 million hectares,
about one-fourth of the total land area devoted to agriculture.

Nutritional Value:
 Highly nutritious
 Antibacterial effects
 May promote blood sugar control
 Contains powerful antioxidants
 Easy to add to your diet
 Potential drawbacks

 3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: The coconut (with husk) production from April to June 2023 reached 3.41
million metric tons, indicating an annual growth of 1.5 percent from the 3.36 million metric
tons recorded level in the same quarter of 2022.

Davao Region was the largest producer of coconut during the quarter with 461.07
thousand metric tons output or 13.5 percent share. Completing the top three regions with
the highest coconut production were Northern Mindanao and Zamboanga Peninsula with
corresponding productions of 452.33 thousand metric tons (13.3%) and 437.60
thousand metric tons (12.8%).

The area planted with coconut from January to June 2023 was 3.62 million hectares, which
indicates an increase of 0.6 percent from the previous year’s same period level of 3.59
million hectares.

*Current Market Situation: In CY 2022, coconut products continued to be the

country’s agricultural export champions. Total coconut exports earnings accounted 43% of
the country’s total agricultural exports. Among the top 5 agricultural exports of the
country, coconut oil is the number one with an export value of USD 1.4 Billion thus
consistently remained in the Billionaire’s Club category as per export categorization of the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). The desiccated coconut, activated carbon, and
oleo chemicals belong to the Global Leaders category. Coconut water registered as the top
earners among the emerging products category.
 4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:
 The high costs of maintaining land productivity and the aging nature of trees, which
should ideally be replanted every decade, deter investment.
 The complex value chain of coconut processing, where smallholders engage in only
minor processing at the farm level, results in them earning the least profit.
 The emergence and expansion of the palm oil industry, often supported by
government subsidies, further threatens the coconut industry. The shift towards
palm oil is driven by its lower price and the involvement of agribusinesses and
corporations, which receive support from local governments in the form of
subsidies, research funding, and lobbying efforts.

*Economic and Social Challenges:

Among the identified problems in the industry are the unorganized supply chain,
vulnerability of coconut to world price fluctuations, low farm productivity, which roots
from infestations of cocolisap, the aging of current crop of coconut trees and poor
nutrition, inadequate infrastructure support and poor farm to market roads, low
allocation on research and development (R&D), and presence of corruption and
bureaucracy.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

 Emerging Trends In recent years, the coconut industry has experienced a remarkable
surge in demand, driven by a growing awareness of the health benefits and versatile
applications of coconut-based products. This trend is reshaping markets across the
globe, presenting both challenges and opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers.
From the increasing demand for coconut-based alternatives to the innovative solutions
emerging to address industry hurdles, the coconut market is poised for significant
expansion.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://thecoconutcoop.com/trending-coconut-products-a-market-overview/
#:~:text=In%20recent%20years%2C%20the%20coconut,opportunities%20for
%20manufacturers%20and%20suppliers.
 https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1382#:~:text=Among%20the%20identified
%20problems%20in,support%20and%20poor%20farm%20to
 https://pca.gov.ph/images/pdf/
2022_Coconut_Trade_Performance_and_Market_Trends.pdf
 https://psa.gov.ph/major-non-food-industrial-crops/coconut
 https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut-nutrition#easy-preparation
1.Introduction about the Crop
Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum,
tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with
stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose,[1] which accumulates in the stalk internodes.
Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering
plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native
to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Saccharum
Species: S. offinarum

Binominal name: Saccharum officinarum

Domestication S. officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the

islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of
diversity. Beginning around 6,000 BP, several strains were selectively bred from the
native Saccharum robustum. From New Guinea, it spread westwards to Maritime
Southeast Asia after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with Saccharum
spontaneum.[12]

2. Importance of the Crop

Uses: Sugarcane is a renewable, natural agricultural resource because it provides
sugar, besides biofuel, fibre, fertilizer and myriads of byproducts/co-products with ecological
sustainability. Its juice is used for making white sugar, brown sugar and jiggery.
Economic Impact: The Philippine sugarcane industry is contributing an annual revenue of
about Php 70 billion (US$1.37billion). Close to 700,000 Filipinos are directly employed in
sugar production and about 5-6 million more cre indirectly employed(SRA 2019).

Nutritional Value:
 Shot of Instant Energy
 Improves Digestion
 Lower Cholesterol
 Helps with Weight Loss
 Can cure acne
 Contains powerful antioxidants
 Graceful aging

 3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: The sugarcane production from April to June 2023 was registered at 2.83
million metric tons, indicating a decrease of -11.3 percent from the 3.19 million metric
tons output in the same quarter of 2022.

 *Current Market Situation: From January to June 2023, the area harvested for
sugarcane was 212.34 thousand hectares, which indicates a decline of -12.6
percent compared with the same period of 2022 level of 242.84 thousand hectares.
Majority of the reported area for sugarcane was for centrifugal sugar with 207.02
thousand hectares.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 Lack of irrigation water,
 non-availability of improve varieties of sugarcane
 land preparation
 high cost of inputs disease and insect’s pest
 weeds and marketing problem

*Economic and Social Challenges:

According to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), one of the top
issues besetting the sugar industry are fragmented land ownership, lack of improved
cane varieties, poor soil quality, inadequate irrigation, labor shortages, low farm
mechanization, and inadequate financial capital.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

 Emerging Trends Global consumption of sugarcane is expected to fall by 0.2% year-
on-year over the next five years, reaching 35.7 million metric tons by 2026. This is
down from 36.1 million metric tons in 2021. Between 2017 and 2021, global demand
grew by 0.6% annually.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane#References
 https://connectjournals.com/file_full_text/2434601H_401-406.pdf
 https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1841#:~:text=Philippine%20sugar
%20industry-,The%20Philippine%20sugarcane%20industry%20is
%20contributing%20an%20annual%20revenue%20of,employed%20(SRA%2C
%202019).
 https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/sugarcane-
juice-natures-refreshing-elixir-with-remarkable-health-benefits
  https://psa.gov.ph/major-non-food-industrial-crops/sugarcane#:~:text=The
%20sugarcane%20production%20from%20April,the%20same%20quarter
%20of%202022.
 https://masipag.org/2023/01/the-failed-philippine-sugar-industry-where-
small-sugar-farmers-are-the-first-and-most-to-suffer/#:~:text=According
%20to%20the%20National%20Economic,mechanization%2C%20and
%20inadequate%20financial%20capital.

1.Introduction about the Crop

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry[1] – produced by several kinds
of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, cooking bananas are
called plantains, distinguishing them from dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color,
and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with
a peel, which may have a variety of colors when ripe. It grows upward in clusters near the top of
the plant. Almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp) cultivated bananas come from two
wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, or hybrids of them.

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Monocots, Commelinids,

Order: Zingiber ales
Family: Musaceae Juss.
Genus: Musa
Species: Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana

Binominal name: Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca

Domestication: The earliest domestication of bananas (Musa spp.) was from

naturally occurring parthenocarpic (seedless) individuals of Musa banksii in New
Guinea. These were cultivated by Papuans before the arrival of Austronesian-
speakers. Numerous phytoliths of bananas have been recovered from the Kuk
Swamp archaeological site and dated to around 10,000 to 6,500 BP.[33]
[34]
Foraging humans in this area began domestication in the
late Pleistocene using transplantation and early cultivation methods. By the early to
middle of the Holocene the process was complete.[35] From New Guinea, cultivated
bananas spread westward into Island Southeast Asia. They hybridized with other
(possibly independently domesticated) subspecies of Musa acuminata as well as M.
balbisiana in the Philippines, northern New Guinea, and possibly Halmahera. These
hybridization events produced the triploid cultivars of bananas commonly grown
today.[33] The banana was one of the key crops that enabled farming to begin in
Papua New Guinea.

2. Importance of the Crop

Uses: Bananas are a staple starch for many tropical populations. Depending
upon cultivar and ripeness, the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet, and
texture from firm to mushy. Both the skin and inner part can be eaten raw or
cooked. The primary component of the aroma of fresh bananas is isoamyl
acetate (also known as banana oil), which, along with several other compounds
such as butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate, is a significant contributor to banana
flavor.

Plantains are eaten cooked, often as fritters. Pisang goreng, bananas fried with
batter, is a popular street food in Southeast Asia. Bananas feature in Philippine
cuisine, with desserts like maruya banana fritters Bananas can be made into fruit
preserves. Banana chips are a snack produced from sliced and fried bananas, such
as in Kerala.[121] Dried bananas are ground to make banana flour. In
Africa, matoke bananas are cooked in a sauce with meat and vegetables such as
peanuts or beans to make the breakfast dish katogo. In Western countries,
bananas are used to make desserts such as banana bread.

Economic Impact: They are an important food item for Filipinos, a source of income for
local farmers and a foreign exchange earner for the country. They are the leading Filipino fruit
crop in terms of area, volume and value of production. The average annual land yield of the
Philippines is 9.4 ton/ha.

Nutritional Value:
 Carbohydrates
 Protein
 Contains negligible fat
 Calories
 Vitamin B6
 Vitamin C manganese Potassium,
 Dietary fiber

 3.PresentScenario
*Statistics: The April to June 2023 banana production was estimated at 2.269
million metric tons. This indicates an annual increase of 0.1 percent from the 2.267
million metric tons output in the same period of 2022. Cavendish variety had the highest
production of 1.17 million metric tons, which accounted for 51.5 percent of the total
banana production.
 Davao Region was the top banana producer with 868.19 thousand metric tons output
or 38.3 percent share to the total production in this quarter. This was followed by Northern
Mindanao with 431.86 thousand metric tons (19.0%) and SOCCSKSARGEN with 279.20
thousand metric tons (12.3%).

 Current Market Situation:

Filipinos are set to consume 2.3 million metric tons of bananas by 2026, a slight
decrease from 2.3 million metric tons in 2021. Since 2017, demand has
increased by 4.4% annually. The Philippines ranked 6th in 2021, behind the
United States with 2.4 million metric tons. China, Indonesia and Brazil ranked
second, third and fourth, respectively. Philippine banana production is expected
to drop 1% to 5.5 million metric tons by 2026 from 5.9 million metric tons in
2021. Since 1966, output has risen 0.2% annually. The Philippines ranked 6th in
2021, behind Ecuador with 5.9 million metric tons. China, Indonesia and Brazil
ranked second, third and fourth, respectively.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 Expansion of banana cultivation
 Structure of foreign trade
 Insufficient marketing structures
  Specialized extension services
 Labour
 Availability of seedlings

*Economic and Social Challenges:

In the Philippines, there are prevalent environmental and social risks in the banana
supply chain, which include deforestation, soil degradation, biodiversity loss, climate
change issues, illegitimate land acquisitions and forced labour. To date, only few
Filipino banana producers have embarked on sustainability certification schemes. While
large corporations in the Philippines possess their own guidance for producing and
distributing agricultural commodities and for complying with national and/or
international E&S regulations, small corporations lack experience in strategically
engaging into the international markets. Their lack of knowledge to comply with the
E&S regulations expose them to less opportunities to the international markets.
5. Future/Trends of the Industry
 Emerging Trends:
This section covers the major market trends shaping the Banana Market according to
our research experts:
 Increasing Health Consciousness is Driving the Banana Market
 The increasing advancements in food and beverages and growing health awareness
have led to a shift in the focus of consumers on hygienic and healthy food products.
 Bananas are considered a rich source of vitamin B6, vitamin C, manganese,
potassium, dietary Fibers, and protein. Bananas contribute to the proper functioning of the
metabolism and the nervous system and aid in digestion.
 Bananas are also used in a wide variety of food products, such as breakfast cereals,
ice creams, and other desserts, apart from raw consumption. Bananas have been
considered a staple, inexpensive, and easily available food for decades. This has led to the
constant development in production to satisfy the economic, environmental, and social
well-being consciousness of consumers.
 The use of bananas for replenishing energy and electrolytes replacing sports drinks
has increased recently. This demand is even higher in developed countries such as China
and European nations as banana imports have increased gradually over the past few
years.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://old.philmech.gov.ph/phindustry/banana.htm#:~:text=They%20are
%20an%20important%20food,Philippines%20is%209.4%20ton%2Fha.
 https://psa.gov.ph/major-fruit-crops/banana
 https://www.reportlinker.com/clp/country/3118/726411
 https://www.fao.org/4/x5656e/x5656e04.htm
 https://eo4society.esa.int/projects/eo-clinic-0027-banana-supply-chains-
philippines/#:~:text=In%20the%20Philippines%2C%20there%20are,land
%20acquisitions%20and%20forced%20labour.
 1.Introduction about the Crop
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most
economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Monocots, Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Bromeliaceae
Genus: Ananas
Species: A. comosus
Binominal name: Ananas comosus

Domestication: Pineapple was domesticated >6,000 years ago with archaeobotanical remains
dated 3,500 years ago in South America and distributed to Mesoamerica >2,500 years ago3,4,5.
Pineapple is clonally propagated using the leafy fruit crown, slips or suckers.
2.Importance of the Crop
 Uses: The flesh and juice of pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many
tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold
whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle
are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts
such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including the Hawaiian pizza, or
as a grilled ring on a hamburger. Traditional dishes that use pineapple
include hamonado, afritada, kaeng som pla, and Hawaiian haystack. Crushed
pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is
served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña
colada and in the drink tepache.
 In the Philippines, a traditional jelly-like dessert called nata de piña has also been
produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the
bacteria Komagataeibacter xylinus.


Nutritional Value:
 carbohydrates,
 0.5% protein,
 contains negligible fat 100-gram reference amount
 raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) food energy
 rich source of manganese (40% Daily Value, DV vitamin C

3.PresentScenario
*Statistics
In 2022, the volume of pineapples produced in the Philippines amounted to
approximately 2.91 million metric tons, reflecting an increase from the previous year.
This was equivalent to around 44.94 billion Philippine pesos in production value. The
Philippines was the biggest pineapple producing country globally in 2021, next to Costa
Rica and Indonesia.
Current Market Situation:
The increasing consumer preference for ready-to-eat and easy-to-prepare food products is
a significant driver. Canned pineapples offer convenience, requiring no preparation and
having a long shelf life, making them an attractive option for busy consumers. Moreover,
unlike fresh pineapples, canned pineapples can be enjoyed year-round, independent of the
fruit’s natural growing season. This consistent availability supports steady demand.
Moreover, there is a rising preference for healthier snacking alternatives over processed
snacks high in sugar and unhealthy fats. Canned pineapple serves as a natural, low-calorie
option that satisfies sweet cravings while providing nutritional benefits. This perception
aligns with the broader trend toward clean eating and healthier lifestyle choices.
Additionally, canned pineapples are rich in essential vitamins and minerals, particularly
vitamin C, manganese, and dietary fiber. These nutrients are crucial for maintaining
overall health, boosting immunity, and aiding digestion. As consumers become more
aware of the nutritional value of their food choices, the demand for canned pineapple as a
healthy snack or ingredient has increased.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 Production Challenges:
 High labor costs
 lack of skilled farm and production
 workers also hinder the full development of the pineapple industry in the
Philippines,
 being aggravated by aging farmers
 youth's lack of interest in farming.

Economic and Social Challenges

 lack of affordable and accessible financial support hampers smallholder pineapple
farmers from realizing their plans. From capital investments to market coordination,
the problem with missing links made it much harder for farmers to navigate the
pineapple market potential. Arko shared that while farmers are asking where to sell
their produce, the manufacturers, on the other hand, are saying that they do not
have enough supply.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

 Emerging Trends: : According to the latest projections, the trend in rice price will
continue to increase until 2023, then the price is expected to decline to USD
476/tonnes (OECD-FAO, 2021). For rest of the years of the decade, the price in the
world market will remain lower than the current price.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-019-0506-8#:~:text=Pineapple
%20was%20domesticated%20%3E6%2C000%20years,Red%20pineapple
%20(Ananas%20comosus%20var.
 https://www.statista.com/statistics/751582/philippines-pineapple-
production/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20the%20volume%20of,Philippine
%20pesos%20in%20production%20value.
 https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/food/fruits-nuts/fresh-fruits/
philippines
 https://mb.com.ph/2023/1/2/starting-ideas-to-maximize-pineapple-
agribusiness-opportunities
 1.Introduction about the Crop
The two major species of coffee plants (Coffea arabica and C. canephora;
family Rubiaceae) are tropical evergreen shrubs or small trees of African origin. They are
grown for the seeds, or beans, which are roasted, ground, and sold for brewing coffee.

Kingdom: Vegetable
Clade: Angiosperms, Dicotyledonae, Sympetale

Order: Rubiales
Family: Rubiaceae
Genus: Coffea
Species: coffea arabica and coffea canephora—commonly known as robusta.

Binominal name: Coffea arabica

Domestication: The original domesticated coffee plant is said to have been

from Harar, and the native population is thought to be derived from Ethiopia with
distinct nearby populations in Sudan and Kenya.

2.Importance of the Crop

 Uses: Coffee growing helps reduce soil erosion, is a useful carbon sink (especially with
plantations grown under shade trees), aids good watershed management, helps to
maintain a degree of biodiversity, particularly in systems with mixed cropping on small
family farms, and can provide a good habitat for many migrant birds ... Economic
Impact: Rice provides up to 50% of the dietary caloric supply for millions living in
poverty in Asia and is, therefore, critical for food security. It is becoming an important
food staple in both Latin America and Africa. Record increases in rice production have
been observed since the Green Revolution.

Nutritional Value:
 Adverse Effects of Coffee
 Helps Fight Cancer
 Helps Prevent Liver Disease
 Lowers Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
 Reduces Risk of Heart Failure
 Promotes Weight Loss
 Protein

3.PresentScenario
Statistics:
 Over 2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed in the world daily.
Coffee has become a beloved staple in the lives of people around the world, and
in this section, we explore some intriguing general coffee statistics that shed
light on its immense popularity. From global consumption figures to other food
items as part of the coffee industry, these statistics highlight the widespread
love and fascination people have for this caffeinated beverage.
Current Market Situation:
 The global coffee market size was valued at USD 127 billion in 2022 and is
anticipated to witness a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.72% from 2023
to 2030. The coffee market is expected to witness a significant growth owing to the
increasing demand for organically and sustainably cultivated whole-bean coffee.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 Production Challenges:
 Fair Compensation for Farmers
 Gender Equality in Coffee
 Sip Women-Powered, Fair Trade and Organic Coffee
 There are so many environmental challenges facing the coffee industry;
from the severe lack of genetic diversity in coffee plants, to outbreaks
of crippling coffee plant diseases (which are occurring more frequently), and
the alarming amount of pesticides and herbicides used in conventional coffee
farming. We could easily dedicate this entire blog just to exploring each
complex issue.

Economic and Social Challenges:

 Economic factors have a significant impact on how an organization does business
and how profitable they are. Factors include - economic growth, interest rates,
exchange rates, inflation, disposable income of consumers and businesses, etc.
These factors can be further broken down into macroeconomic and microeconomic
factors.
Macroeconomic factors deal with the management of demand in any given
economy. Governments use interest rate control, taxation policy and government
expenditure as their main mechanisms for managing macro-economic factors.
Microeconomic factors are all about the way people spend their incomes. An
example of a prominent economic factor affecting coffee industries worldwide:

5. Future/Trends of the Industry
 Emerging Trends: In the Coffee market, volume, at home is expected to amount to
142.40m kg by 2024.
 Volume, out-of-home is expected to amount to 13.42m kg in 2024.
 Volume, combined is expected to amount to 155.90m kg in 2024.
 The Coffee market is expected to show a volume growth, at home of 1.6% in 2025.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classification-of-coffee-species-and-
varieties_fig1_338031026
 https://www.ico.org/projects/good-hygiene-practices/cnt/cnt_en/sec_1/
c02.importanceof.html#:~:text=Coffee%20growing%20helps%20reduce
%20soil,habitat%20for%20many%20migrant%20birds
 https://www.verywellfit.com/coffee-nutrition-facts-and-health-benefits-
3495233
 https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/coffee-market-
5615#:~:text=The%20global%20coffee%20market%20size,sustainably
%20cultivated%20whole%2Dbean%20coffee.
 https://beannbeancoffee.com/blogs/beansider/what-are-the-ethical-issues-of-
coffee#:~:text=There%20are%20so%20many%20environmental,used%20in
%20conventional%20coffee%20farming.
 https://icocoffee.org/market-development-toolkit/page/index/3/
environmental-scan/60#:~:text=Factors%20include%20%2D%20economic
%20growth%2C%20interest,of%20consumers%20and%20businesses%2C
%20etc.
 https://freshcup.com/experts-share-emerging-coffee-industry-trends-of-
2024/#:~:text=In%202024%2C%20we'll%20see,new%20ways%20to%20enjoy
%20coffee.
 https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/hot-drinks/coffee/
philippines#:~:text=In%20the%20Coffee%20market%2C%20volume,home
%20of%201.6%25%20in%202025.

1.Introduction about the Crop

A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It
originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and
northeastern India. M. indica has been cultivated in South and Southeast Asia since
ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the
"Southeast Asian type". Other species in the genus Mangifera also produce edible fruits
that are also called "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.

Kingdom: Vegetable
Clade: Dicotyledonae, Polypetalae, Disciflorae

Order: Spindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: indica

Binominal name: Mangifera indica

Domestication: The mango was first domesticated in India more than 4,000 years ago.
Today, mangoes are grown on six continents and are one of the world's most important
tropical fruits.

2.Importance of the Crop

 Uses:
Mango farms hold immense agricultural importance as they contribute to food security
and economic growth. Mangoes, belonging to the genus Mangifera, are a significant
commercial crop in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Nutritional Value:
 Packed with nutrients
 Low in calories
 May help prevent diabetes
 High in healthy plant compounds
 Contains immune-boosting nutrients
 Supports heart health
 May improve digestive health
 May support eye health

3.PresentScenario
Statistics:
 Mango production was estimated at 596.34 thousand metric tons during the period,
which indicates an increase of 11.4 percent from the 535.43 thousand metric tons
output in the same period of 2022. Carabao mango with 495.06 thousand metric tons
accounted for 83.0 percent of the country’s total mango production.

Current Market Situation:

 The organic mango puree market is expected to grow rapidly and reach a large
market share of 65.2% by 2024. expected to witness a significant growth owing
to the increasing demand for organically and sustainably cultivated whole-bean
coffee.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 High international freight charges
 Difficulties in custom clearance
 Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures
 Unavailability of quality mangoes in sufficient quantity
 High local transportation charges, lack of standardization on post harvest handling etc.

Economic and Social Challenges:


There is a very high potential for export of fresh or processed carabao mangoes.
But the industry faces declining yield and quality attributed to pests and diseases,
high post-harvest losses and other factors that limit the performance of Philippine
mango in the international market.

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

Emerging Trends:
Mangoes are commercially cultivated in both the tropics and subtropics at latitudes of
37°N in Sicily, Italy, through to 33°S in South Africa. According to FAO statistics of
2012, mango is produced in 100 countries (103 including Spain, Portugal and Italy, not
listed by the FAO). Due to this wide geographic distribution and the development of
cultural techniques that allow out of season flowering, it is possible to supply world
markets all year around. Despite the number of mango-producing countries stabilising
in the last decade, world mango production has increased considerably and constantly:
 15,700×103 tons in 1990, 25,040×103 tons in 2000, 30,880×103 tons in 2006 and
42,140×103 tons in 2012 (these statistics include mangosteens and guava). Currently,
the leading exporters are Mexico, Brazil, Pakistan, Peru, and India. With the exception
of Asian countries (the Asian continent produces 76% of the total world production)
where consumer preference is oriented towards taste rather than colour, and in which
Australian new cultivars are making a breakthrough, the Floridian cultivars 'Tommy
Atkins', 'Haden', 'Kent', 'Keitt', and more recently the Mexican cultivar 'Ataulfo',
especially in the US, dominate the global export market. The increase of plantings in all
continents since the beginning of the century, probably as a response to the increased
world market demand of this commodity, now a well-known item in the housewife
basket in the Occidental world, coupled with improved cultural techniques suggests
there will be new increases in world production in the medium term.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?
AWD_ID=1501326&HistoricalAwards=false#:~:text=The%20mango%20was
%20first%20domesticated,world's%20most%20important%20tropical
%20fruits.
 https://getfarms.in/Why-Are-Mango-Farms-So-Important#:~:text=Mango
%20farms%20hold%20immense%20agricultural, .
 https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/mango#8.-May-support-eye-health
 https://psa.gov.ph/major-fruit-crops/mango#:~:text=Major%20Fruit%20Crops
%20Quarterly%20Bulletin%2C%20April%2DJune%202023&text=Mango
%20productio.
 https://getfarms.in/Why-Are-Mango-Farms-So-Important#:~:text=Mangoes
%20are%20an%20abundant%20source,vision%2C%20and%.
 https://typeset.io/questions/what-is-the-significance-of-mango-in-the-
philippine-
 https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/1183_51?__im-
dGKmUUFi=166575049653515417
1.Introduction about the Crop

Abacá (Spanish) (/ɑːbəˈkɑː/ ah-bə-KAH; Filipino: Abaka [ɐbɐˈka]), Musa textilis, is a

species of banana endemic to the Philippines. The plant grows to 13–22 feet (4.0–6.7 m),
and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The plant, also known as Manila hemp, has great
economic importance, being harvested for its fiber, also called Manila hemp, extracted
from the leaf-stems

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Angiosperms, Tracheophytes, Monocots, Commelinids

Order: Zingiberales
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
Species: M. textilis
Binominal name: Musa textilis

 Domestication: Abaca is indigenous to the Philippines and the Philippines is

the center of origin, from where it then moved southward to Borneo (Spencer,
1953, Brewbaker et al., 1956). The Filipinos are first to domesticate the abaca
(Spencer, 1953)

2.Importance of the crop:

 Uses:
 Abacá fibers were traditionally woven into sturdy textiles and clothing in the Philippines
since pre-colonial times. Along with cotton, they were the main source of textile fibers
used for clothing in the pre-colonial Philippines. Abacá cloth was often compared
to calico in terms of texture and was a major trade commodity in the pre-colonial
maritime trade and the Spanish colonial era.[36][37] There are multiple traditional types
and names of abaca cloth among the different ethnic groups of the Philippines. Undyed
plain abacá cloth, woven from fine fibers of abaca, is generally known as sinamáy in
most of the islands. Abacá cloth with a more delicate texture is called tinampipi. While
especially fine lace-like abacá cloth is called nipis or lupis. Fine abacá fibers may also
be woven with piña, silk, or fine cotton to create a fabric called jusi.

Economic Impact:
The study shows that abaca is both an important secondary income source of
households with lowland farms, and frequently the only source of cash income of the
poorest households in the community. The implications of abaca's niche in the village
economy, on increasing production of the crop, are discussed.

Nutritional Value:
 Among the essential nutrients N, P, Mg, and Mn were found to be high in the leaves of
the abaca plant at the vegetative and flagleaf stages of growth.

 3.PresentScenario
Statistics: Abaca production from April to June 2023 was estimated at 17.64
thousand metric tons. This was -1.8 percent lower than the previous year’s same quarter
output of 17.97 thousand metric tons.
Bicol Region recorded the highest abaca production of 5.99 thousand metric tons or 33.9
percent share to the total abaca production during the period. This was followed by
Eastern Visayas with 2.87 thousand metric tons (16.3%) and Caraga with 2.45
thousand metric tons (13.9%). These regions had a collective share of 64.1 percent to the
total abaca production during the period.
 From January to June 2023, area planted with abaca was recorded at 136.96
thousand hectares. This indicates an increase of 7.1 percent from the 127.82
thousand hectares area planted in the same period of 2022.

4.Issues and Challenges of the Industry:

 Production Challenges:
 Limited supply of quality abaca planting materials.
 Lack of high yielding and virus-resistant planting materials.
 Poor technology adoption of farmers.
 General lack of facilities for transport and drying.
 Insufficient support in product marketing and promotion

*Economic and Social Challenges:

In recent years, the demand for abaca is rapidly growing internationally and today the
production is insufficient to meet the local and global demand for fiber products due
to improper agricultural practices, pests and diseases, lack of technologies, and
support from the government

5. Future/Trends of the Industry

 Emerging Trends
 o Philippines Abaca Fiber Market was valued at USD 97.01 Million in 2023 and is
anticipated to project impressive growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of
7.84% through 2029

o Increasing demand from various end-user industries to propel the Philippines Abaca
Fiber market. According to TechSci Research report, “Philippines Abaca Fiber
Market By Fiber Size, By Strand, By End User Industry, Competition,
Forecast & Opportunities, 2024”, the Philippines abaca fiber market is forecast
to grow at around 6% during 2019 - 2024 owing to the properties possessed by the
abaca fibers such as resistance against salt water, high tensile strength, lower
elongation, among others.

6.References
 Sources:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Uses
 https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/ABOUT%20THE%20BANK/Events/By%20Year/
2010/BSP-UP%20Professorial%20Chair%20Lecture%20Series/
BSP_5a_lalusin.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
37618581_The_Role_of_Abaca_Musa_textilis_in_the_Household_Economy_of_a_
Forest_Village
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/philippines-abaca-fiber-market-analysis-
opportunities- kp#:~:text=According%20to%20TechSci%20Research
%20report,the%20abaca%20fibers
 https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/philippines-abaca-fiber-market/
4290.html#:~:text=Market%20Overview,CAGR%20of%207.84%25%20through
%202029.