● VEHICLE OVERSPEED DETECTION WITH AUDIO BUZZER

ALERT SYSTEM ON HIGHWAYS.

VEHICLE SPEED MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT

SYSTEM i

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1-1: Problem Statement and Motivation 1

1-2: Project Scope 2

1-3: Project Objectives 2

1-4: Proposed Approach 3

1-5: Background Information 4

 1-6: Report Organization 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2-1: Review of the Existing Systems/Applications 6

2-1-1: Manned Speed Traps 6

2-1-2: Doppler Gun 6

2-1-3: Vehicle License Plate Recognition 7

2-1-4: Image Processing 8

2-1-5: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 9

2-2: Critical Remarks of previous works 10

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN 12

3-1: System Architecture 12

3-2: Requirement Specification 15

3-2-1: Functional Requirements 15

3-2-2: Non-functional Requirements 15

3-3: Functional Modules in the system 16

3-3-1: Collect data Module 16

v
 3-3-2: Calculate speed Module 16

3-3-3: Display result Module 17

3-3-4: Notification Module 17

3-4: System Flow 18

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS 20

4-1: Design Specification 20

4-1-1: Methodologies 20

4-1-2: Tools to use 21

4-2: Expected Challenge 26

4-3: Timeline 27

4-4: Estimated Cost 29

CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING 30

5-1: Hardware Setup 30

5-1-1: Arduino Uno with RFID readers 30

 5-1-2: Arduino Uno with standard LCD 16x2 display 32

5-1-3: Arduino Uno with GSM modem 34

5-1-4: Arduino Uno with buzzer 35

5-2: Software Setup 37

5-2-1: Arduino Software (IDE) 37

5-2-2: RFID library 38

5-2-3: SPI library 38

5-2-4: LiquidCrystal library and GSM library 38

5-3: System Operation 39

5-4: Setting and Configuration 44

5-5: System testing 45

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 46

6.1 Conclusion 46

6-2: Impact, Significance and Contribution 47

 6-3: Future Work 47

Bibliography 48

vi
APPENDIX A: BI WEEKLY REPORT…………………………………………….A-1

APPENDIX B: POSTER……………………………………………………………..B-1

PLAGIARISM CHECK RESULT

CHECKLIST
vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Title Pa

ge

Table 2-2 Critical Remarks of previous works 10-

11

Table 4-3-T1 Gantt chart showing the project timeline (FYP 1) 27

Table 4-3-T2 Gantt chart showing the project timeline (FYP 2) 28

Table 4-4 Estimated Cost 29

Table 5-1-1-T1 Wire Connection for start RFID reader 30

Table 5-1-1-T2 Wire Connection for stop RFID reader 31

Table 5-1-2 Wire Connection for standard LCD 16x2 display 32-
33

Table 5-1-3 Wire Connection for GSM modem 34

Table 5-1-4 Wire Connection for buzzer 35

Table 5-5 System testing result 45

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Title Pa

ge

Figure 3-1-F1 System architecture 12

Figure 3-1-F2 Block diagram 13

Figure 3-1-F3 Schematic diagram 14

Figure 3-1-F4 Screenshot of the project after launch the 14

program

Figure 3-4 Flowchart of system flow 18

Figure 4-1-1 Prototyping Model 20

Figure 4-1-2-1-F1 Arduino Uno 21

Figure 4-1-2-1-F2 Mifare RC522 RFID Card Reader 22

Figure 4-1-2-1-F3 ISO14443A smart IC cards 22

Figure 4-1-2-1-F4 Standard LCD 16x2 display 23

Figure 4-1-2-1-F5 Buzzer 23

Figure 4-1-2-1-F6 GSM SIM900A Modem 24

Figure 4-1-2-2 Arduino IDE 25

Figure 5-1-1-F1 Arduino Uno pin diagram 31

Figure 5-1-1-F2 Actual setup with RFID readers 32

Figure 5-1-2 Actual setup with standard LCD 16x2 display 33

Figure 5-1-3 Actual setup with standard GSM modem 35

Figure 5-1-4 Actual setup with buzzer 36

Figure 5-3-F1 Screenshot for retrieve UID from RFID readers 39

Figure 5-3-F2 Screenshot for vehicle which does not exceeds 40

the
 speed limit

Figure 5-3-F3 Screenshot for vehicle which exceeds the speed 40

limit

Figure 5-3-F4 Screenshot for serial monitor 41

Figure 5-3-F5 LCD screen which display the calculated and pre 42

stored speed

Figure 5-3-F6 Screenshot for phone message 43

ix
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AES

Automated Enforcement System

CCU

Central Control Unit

BAP
Battery-Assisted Passive

CCTV

Closed Circuit Television

VLPR

Vehicle License Plate Recognition

OS

Operating System

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

MFRC522

Mifare RC522
RST

Reset

GND

Ground

MISO

Master Input, Slave Output

MOSI

Master Output, Slave Input

SCK

Serial Clock

SDA

Serial Data

SPI

Serial Peripheral Interface

UHF

Ultra High Frequency

LCD

Liquid Crystal Display

GSM
Global System for Mobile communication

x
IDE

Integrated Development Environment

ID

Identity

SIM
Subscriber Identity Module

UID

Unique Identity

IoT

Internet of Things

SS
Slave Select
xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-1: Problem Statement and Motivation

Road plays an important role in the transportation field in Malaysia. At the same
time, the field of transportation has an irreplaceable role in coordinating all countries '
development plan. In fact, the increase in human activities indirectly increases the need of
human beings for various kinds of vehicles. Simultaneously, the demand for various kinds of
vehicles caused the number of vehicles on the road increased. The rise in the number of
vehicles in Malaysia directly led to various kinds of traffic issues especially in road crashes.
Excessive speed when driving on the road is one of the factors that led to a car accident.

In Malaysia, AES system is implemented in order to capture the picture of

vehicles which violating the speed limits. These AES cameras are usually installed on the
roadside so the daily user of these roads can easily to aware them. After certain time,
the drivers will come in mind the locations of the AES cameras. This may lead to a very
dangerous traffic situation. For example, when the drivers approaching the enforcement
zone, they will suddenly decelerate the vehicle speed and only to accelerate again after
passed through the enforcement zone and the problem remains as it is. Besides, the
drivers that aware the locations of the fixed cameras may use the other roads in order
to prevent the cameras, which may lead to traffic accident on the other roads.
 In this project, radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is proposed to
solve the speeding violations issue. The main reason for choosing the RFID technology is
because RFID technology is more difficult to aware by the drivers and this will cause the
drivers to reduce the vehicle speed in order to avoid being fined.

1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-2: Project Scope

This project develops a system that could monitor the speeds of vehicles through
the use of RFID technology and able to inform who exceeds the speed limit by sending a
message to the owner of the vehicle. The monitoring system station consists of two RFID
readers and a Central Control Unit, which is Arduino Uno. Each car has its RFID tag. Two
RFID readers are connected to the Central Control Unit, which is collecting data from
them. The RFID reader will scan all the vehicles which are passing through it even the
vehicle speed is lower than the speed limit. The time count will start when the vehicle
pass through the start RFID reader and stop when the vehicle pass through the stop RFID
reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through two consecutive readers are
calculated. With the calculated time difference and pre stored constant distance the
speed of the vehicle is calculated. A buzzer will sound up to alert the driver and a text
message will send to the driver if the vehicle exceeds the speed limit.

1-3: Project Objectives

There are three primary objectives for this project. And they are listed as follows:

1. One of the objectives of this project is to setup a connection between the two RFID
readers and Arduino Uno. The project will start off with connecting the two RFID readers
to the Arduino Uno by using jumper wire. The two consecutive RFID readers must install
below the road at determined distance. The determined distance in this project is
100cm. Each vehicle has its own RFID tag. After successfully connected, the two RFID
readers will able to scan all the vehicles.

2. Besides, this project aims to create and upload a script to Arduino Uno in order to
calculate the speed of the vehicle. This script will create by using C++ language. A running
algorithm is used to calculate the time required for a vehicle to pass through two

2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

consecutive readers. With the calculated time difference and pre stored constant
distance, the speed of the vehicle is calculated.

3. Last but not least, this project also aims sound up a buzzer to alert the driver and
send a text message to the driver to inform them about the speed violation.

1-4: Proposed Approach

In this project we are going to develop a vehicle speed monitoring and

enforcement system by using RFID technology. This system not only can calculate the
vehicle speed and compare the calculated speed with the pre stored speed but also
manage to send a text message to the driver mobile phone if the value of calculated
speed is higher than the pre stored speed to inform them about the speeding violation.
The idea of this system make the driver hard to recognize the enforcement zone and
cause the driver to reduce the vehicle speed to avoid being fined. By using this system,
the speeding violations issue in Malaysia would decrease significantly.
3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-5: Background Information

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radio-

frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purpose of automatically
identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The RFID system is composed of two main
components, which are the RFID reader and RFID tag. The tag is composed of a microchip
connected to an antenna, the microchip can store a maximum of two kilobyte of data,
which can include the information of the product, destination of the product and the
manufacturing date. RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An
active tag has an on board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-assisted
passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of an RFID
reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no battery.

In order to retrieve data from the tags, RFID reader is needed. The RFID reader
can be either passive or active. The passive reader can only receive radio signals from
the active tags. Active reader can transmit interrogator signals and also receives
authentication replies from the tags.

RFID technology is progressing every day and has proven its importance. RFID is
widely using in pharmaceuticals industry, healthcare industry, agriculture, livestock
tracking, human identification and lot more area. RFID isn’t a new technology, but
people are beginning to pay attention to this technology which can directly benefit their
daily life in unexpected ways.

In this project, two active readers and multiple passive tags are used to monitor the
vehicle speed. The RFID readers transmit radio waves and received by the tag. These radio
waves activate the microchip of the tag and then the data get transmitted. This system once
completed can be installed on demand in high accident zones to monitor the vehicle speed.

4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-6: Report Organization

There will be total of 6 chapters in this report. Chapter 1 introduce about the
background information, problem statement and motivation, project scope, objective
and proposed approach also included. In chapter two, there will be 5 different types of
solutions to compare in the literature review.

While there is also the system architecture, block diagram, schematic diagram,
screenshot for the completed project and system flowchart inside the chapter 3. Next
chapter 4 will determine about the tools to develop the project and the methodology of
this project. Besides, in chapter 5 there is the implementation and testing part for the
real project. Finally, the chapter 6 conclusion which include is the conclusion, impact,
significance, contribution and future work of this project.
5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

There are several solutions have been proposed to monitor the vehicle speed and
reduce the speeding violation issue.

2-1: Review of the Existing Systems/Applications

2-1-1: Manned Speed Traps

In order to reduce the number of speeding violation, many traffic regulators use
speed trap devices which act as manual patrolling methods (Kevin Ransom, 2016). Speed
trap systems have been implemented on demand in high accident zones in many countries
as a way to control the vehicles speed. In Malaysia, manned speed trap is one of the
methods that used to arrest the speeding drivers. A manned speed trap is a method that
one or more police officers intentionally hiding themselves in any place in order to catch the
speeding drivers. For example, the police officers can hide themselves in a low ditch, behind
the billboard, a place which next to a sharp turn or anywhere that the drivers cannot see
them. This action may help to reduce the presence of the police officers so that they can
easily to arrest the speeding drivers. In this case, when the police officers believe that the
car is speeding, they will flip on the Doppler gun that transmits radio waves at particular
frequencies. The waves will bounce off the vehicle and then picked up by the receiver. The
police officers can know how fast the car is driving, according to the shift of frequencies. The
strength of manned speed traps is that drivers are less aware where exactly police officers
will appeared. The limitation is that they require more manpower.
2-1-2: Doppler Gun

The Doppler gun is a device used to measure the speed of moving vehicles and has
been widely used by police officers to arrest the speeding drivers by detecting the shift of
frequencies which caused by Doppler Effect. The Doppler Effect can be described as the

6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

change in frequency or wavelength of a wave caused by the motion of the observer

relative to the wave source. When the target is approaching, the reflected frequency
will be higher than the transmitted frequency. Conversely, when the target is receding,
the reflected frequency will be lower than the transmitted frequency. Doppler gun has
been widely used within the country because the size of the Doppler gun is smaller and
convenient to move from one location to another location. Besides, the price of the
Doppler gun is only RM2600 and is cheaper compare to the other devices which used to
monitor the vehicle speed.

The Doppler radar may cause innocent people to be arrested due to some
technical problems. The technicalities include the cosine error, calibration errors,
ghosting errors and lack of target specificity (Goodson, 1985). There are some
limitations to the use of the Doppler speed gun. For example, Doppler gun can only
capture one vehicle at a time. This may cause some drivers to drive behind the speeding
car because they know that only the car in front of them will be stopped and arrested.
Besides, when two cars are in parallel, the Doppler radar cannot differentiate which car
is the speeding car. An arrested driver may argue that his or her car does not exceed the
speed limit because the device only captures the speed of the vehicle.

2-1-3: Vehicle License Plate Recognition

Vehicle License Plate Recognition (VLPR) is a technology that can detect the vehicles
on monitored roads and automatically extract vehicle license plate information for
processing. VLPR technology is one of the important aspects in the intelligent traffic system
and it is widely been used. By using image processing, pattern recognition, computer vision
and other technologies, it analyzes the images or video sequences of the vehicles captured
by the camera to obtain the unique license plate number of each vehicle, thus completing
the recognition process. Through some subsequent processing means, it can be
implementing into different sectors such as parking management, traffic flow measurement,
vehicle positioning, red light enforcement, highway toll station, vehicle speed monitoring,
and so on. The license plate number is the only “identity” of the vehicle.

7
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

The automatic license plate recognition technology can automatically register and verify
the “identity” of the car without causing any changes to the car. The strength of this
technology is real time monitoring and surveillance. The limitation is that bad weather
or hindrance can make vehicle license plate recognition systems ineffective.

The license plate recognition technology combined with the speed measuring device can
be used for monitoring the speeding violations of vehicles. The specific applications are
divided into six steps as follows:

1. Setting speed monitoring points on the road.

2. Capturing speeding vehicles and identifying license plate numbers.

3. Sending license plate numbers and pictures of illegal vehicles to various exits.

4. Setting penalty point at each exit.

5. Using the license plate recognition device to identify the passing vehicle and
compare the number with the number of the speeding vehicle that has been
received.

6. Once the numbers are the same, an alert device is activated to notify the police
officer to stop and arrest the speeding driver.

2-1-4: Image Processing

 Image processing is a technology that can convert an image into digital form and
perform various image processing techniques such as image enhancement and
restoration, noise removal, image histogram, image compression, image segmentation,
image difference, image classification and image transformation to extract useful
information from the image (Ekta Saxena and Mrs. Neha Goswami, 2015). Image
processing is a type of signal disbursement in which input is an image, like video frame
or photograph and output may be image or characteristics associated with that image.

The image processing technology combined with the vehicle license plate
recognition technology can be used to monitoring the speeding violations and obtained
the information of speeding car such as license plate number and illegal video image.
The specific applications are divided into five steps as follows:

8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Using CCTV to capture video images on highways and then digitizing the images.

2. The digitalized image is preprocessed.

3. Determining the presence of vehicle in the field of view according to the pre-
processed image and determining the motion track and the speed of the vehicle.

4. Identifying the vehicle's license plate which appeared in step 3.

5. If the vehicle exceeds the speed limit, the number plate and video image will
send to the monitoring center.

This solution depends on implementing a large number of CCTV cameras within the
country in order to monitor the vehicle speed. The limitation is that the CCTV may be
interfered by the bad weather or any kind of hindrances and caused the system become
ineffective. Besides, this system also required some time to preprocessing the video
image. There is a lot of redundant data for image processing in an image. The more data
for image processing, the more time is needed for preprocessing it.

2-1-5: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radio-

frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purpose of automatically
identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. Farrukh Hafeez, Mohammad Al
Shammrani, Omar Al Shammary (2015) have proposed a system which using RFID
technology to calculate the vehicle speed and charge them fine for speeding violation. Two
RFID readers and tags are included in this system. The two RFID readers are installed at a
specific distance and the RFID tags are attached to each vehicles. The two RFID readers are
connected to the Central Control Unit which collecting data from them. The vehicle speed
can be calculated by using Speed - Time – Distance formula. If the vehicle speed is exceeds
the speed limit, the owner of the speeding vehicle will be fined. By implementing this
technology, the drivers will become more difficult to aware the enforcement zone and this
will cause them to reduce the vehicles speed in order to avoid being fined. The limitation of
this method is speeding driver may argue that his or her car does not exceed

9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

the speed limit because this system only scan the tag of the vehicle but does not provide
other evidence such as picture or video to prove their crime.

2-2: Critical Remarks of previous works

Existing System Advantages Disadvantages Critical Comments

Manned Speed ∙ Less aware ∙ Require This method

more

Traps where manpower. requires many

exactly police officers to

police patrol manually in

officers will different areas

appeared. which can easily

aware by the

drivers.

Doppler Gun ∙ Smaller ∙ Can only Doppler radar

and may

convenient capture one cause innocent

to move to vehicle at a people to be

other time. arrested due to

 location. ∙ Cannot some technical

differentiate problems.

which car is

the
speeding

car when
two

cars are in

parallel.

Vehicle License ∙ Support ∙ Bad weather Drivers can easily

real

Plate Recognition time or any aware the

presence

monitoring hindrance of the camera and

1
0
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

and will affect may use the other

the

surveillanc system. roads.

e

Image Processing ∙ Support ∙ Required Drivers can easily

real

time some time aware the

to presence

monitoring preprocessi of the camera and

ng

and the video may use the other

surveillanc image. roads.

e

Radio Frequency ∙ Difficult to ∙ Does not RFID technology is

Identification aware the provide very suitable for

enforceme enough this project as

nt

zone. evidence drivers become

such as hard to aware the

picture or enforcement
zone.

video.

Table 2-2: Critical Remarks of previous works

CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN
Figure 3-1-F3: Schematic diagram
Figure 3-1-F4: Screenshot of the project after launch the program

14
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

3-2: Requirement Specification

3-2-1: Functional Requirements

 The program should be able to connect the two RFID readers.

 The program should be able to scan the RFID tags.

 The program should be able to retrieve the unique ID from the RFID readers.

 The program should be able to display the unique ID on the serial monitor.

 The program should be able to calculate the time difference the vehicle pass
through consecutive RFID readers.

 The program should be able to calculate the vehicle speed based on the time
difference.

 The program should be able to do the comparison between the calculated speed
and pre stored speed.

 The program should be able to send a text message to the driver if the vehicle
exceeds the speed limit.

 The driver should be able to receive a text message if the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit.
3-2-2: Non-functional Requirements

 The program should be able to display the time difference on the serial monitor.

 The program should be able to display the calculated speed and pre stored
speed on the LCD screen.

 The program should be able to trigger the buzzer if the vehicle speed exceeds
the speed limit.

15
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

3-3: Functional Modules in the system

3-3-1: Collect data Module

In this module, all the setting for the RFID reader will be written in C++ code and
implemented. This module is responsible for collecting the data from the RFID reader
every time the reader scan the vehicle. Each vehicle has its own RFID tag. Basically in
this module, when the system runs, the RFID readers will continue to wait for vehicle
until the start RFID reader scan the vehicle. The start RFID reader will not able to scan
for the other vehicle until the first vehicle pass through the stop RFID reader. If the
vehicle choose to pass through the stop RFID reader first, the stop RFID reader will not
scan the vehicle. The start RFID reader will continue to wait for vehicle after the
previous vehicle passed through the stop RFID reader. In order to communicate and
collect data from the RFID readers, the SPI library and RFID library are needed to install
in Arduino IDE. The RFID library allows the Arduino Uno to read data from tag by using
the two RFID readers. Besides that, the SPI library allows the Arduino Uno to
communicate with the SPI device, with the Arduino Uno as a master device.

3-3-2: Calculate speed Module

This module is responsible for calculating the speed of the vehicle. An algorithm
which written in C++ language is uploaded to the Arduino Uno board in order to
calculate the vehicle speed. Firstly, the time count will start when the vehicle pass
through the start RFID reader and the time count will stop when the vehicle pass
through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through the two
consecutive RFID readers are calculated. With the calculated time difference and pre
stored constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. After the vehicle speed is
calculated, the calculated speed will compare with the pre stored speed to determine
whether the vehicle speed is exceeds the speed limit or not.

16
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

3-3-3: Display result Module

This module is responsible for displaying the calculated speed and the pre stored
speed on the LCD screen. When the vehicle pass through the RFID readers, the unique
ID of the tag, the time difference for the vehicle to pass through the two consecutive
RFID readers, the calculated speed and the pre stored speed will display on the serial
monitor. Only the calculated speed and the pre stored speed will display on the LCD
screen. This LCD is prepared for the situation when the result is unable to display on the
serial monitor such as the USB cable which connect the Arduino Uno board with the
laptop is unplug from the USB port. After the program is uploaded to the Arduino Uno
board, the program can run automatically when there is an external power supply to
power up the board. In order to display the calculated speed and pre stored speed on
the LCD screen, the LiquidCrystal library is needed to install in the Arduino IDE. This
LiquidCrystal library allows the Arduino Uno board to control the LCD based on the
Hitachi HD44780 chipset, which is found on most text-based LCD.

3-3-4: Notification Module

This module is responsible for notifying the driver if the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit. There are two hardware implement in this module. The first
implementation is a buzzer and the second implementation is a GSM modem. When the
vehicle is exceeds the speed limit, the buzzer will sound up to alert the driver and a text
message will send to the driver to inform them about the speeding violation via GSM
modem. GSM modem is a GSM phone without display, keypad and battery. It accepts a
SIM card and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator just like a mobile phone.
In this project, the GSM modem is controlled by the Arduino Uno to send a text message
to the driver when the vehicle exceeds the speed limit. In order to execute this function,
the GSM library is needed to install in the Arduino IDE.

17
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

3-4: System Flow

Figure 3-4: Flowchart of system flow

18
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

The system flow of this project will be represented in a flowchart form. From the
flowchart, it emulates a situation where the start RFID reader will scan the vehicle every
time the vehicle pass through it. Then, the time count will start until the vehicle pass
through the stop RFID reader. The time count will not stop if the vehicle does not pass
through the stop RFID reader. The time difference for a vehicle to pass through two
consecutive readers are calculated. With the calculated time difference and pre stored
constant distance the speed of the vehicle is calculated. Then, the calculated speed and
the pre stored speed will display on the LCD screen. If the vehicle exceeds the speed
limit, the buzzer will sound up and a text message will send to the driver to inform them
about the speeding violation.
19
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

4-1: Design Specification

In this section the methodologies adopted will be described, while there will be
list of tools used for development of the project.

4-1-1: Methodologies

The prototype model refers to a working prototype of the system that should be
built before the actual software development. A prototype is an analog implementation of
the system and generally has limited functionality, lower reliability, and insufficient
performance compared to actual software. Several shortcuts are often used to build
prototypes. These shortcuts may include the use of inefficient, imprecise, and virtual
functions. A prototype is usually a crude version of the actual system. The prototype model
obtains user feedback by providing prototypes to the user so that the developed software
can truly reflect the user's needs. By using this model, the client can get an “actual feel” of
the system much earlier instead of they have to wait for the final system to be completed.
This allow any misunderstanding of requirements, additional features and possible errors to
be detected much earlier, before the actually system is finalized. This model is most suitable
for projects whose requirements cannot be known in detail ahead of time.
Figure 4-1-1: Prototyping Model (ISTQB Exam Certification, 2018)

20
CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

In this project, prototype model was selected after discussed and studied. As this
project is not a very large scale project, hence the prototype model is suitable. Besides,
user can actually understand more on this system earlier instead of waiting for the final
system to be complete by using this model. Furthermore, this model allows any changes
or modification to made in order to reduce failure.

4-1-2: Tools to use

This project will be employing an Arduino Uno connected with two RFID readers
which are MFRC522 in order to scan the vehicle. Each car has its own RFID tag. A LCD is
implemented to display the calculated speed and the pre stored speed. A buzzer and a
GSM modem are implemented to notify the drivers when they exceed the speed limit.
The software components include Arduino Software (IDE) and C++ language.

4-1-2-1: Hardware

Arduino Uno
 The Arduino Uno is the heart of the entire system. It is capable to receive input
from the RFID readers and produce result as output after process. Besides, it is
reasonable in pricing and easy to get.

Figure 4-1-2-1-F1: Arduino Uno (Inventables, 2018)

21
Technical Specifications:

Title of the Project : Vehicle over speed detection with audio

buzzer alert system on highways

Domain : Embedded Systems

Microcontroller : ARDUINO UNO

Display : 16X2 LCD

Communication : 2 IR SENSORS

Software : ARDUINO IDE

ABSTRACT

This project presents a device to detect rash driving on highways and to alert the
traffic authorities in case of any violation. In past, lot of devices to detect rash
driving on highways has been made. Most of the approaches require human
concentration and involve a lot of effort, which is difficult to implement. In this
project we intend to design a system aimed at early detection and alert of
dangerous vehicle driving patterns related to rash driving. The entire
implementation requires an IR Sensotrs, a control circuit and a buzzer. The speed
limit is set by the police who use the system depending upon the traffic at the very
location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from one set point to the other is
calculated by control circuit and displays that on LCD . Moreover, if the vehicle
crosses the speed limit, a buzzer sounds alerting the police and speed breaker
activates to limit the speed of vehicle.

INTRODUCTION
 India is a country where the maximum number of deaths occurs due to road
accidents and most of these occur due to over speeding. Various attempts have
been made to produce reliable and efficient means of detecting over speeding
vehicles. The hand held over speeding detector is one such device. The
disadvantage of such a device was that it was heavy and required expert hands for
its operation; also by the time a speed reading is obtained, the vehicle would have
gone.

Rash driving is the cause of many road accidents all over the world. A total of
4,73,084 traffic accidents were reported during the year 2001 in India. The traffic
population has increased considerably in India as there is no means to control or
monitor the speed of vehicles running on roads. This system proves highly
effective in detection of over speed driving. It is not at all necessary that such
accidents are results of driving under the influence of alcohol as even a person who
hasn’t consumed alcohol can drive in a reckless manner [3]-[5]. To overcome this
problem and decrease death rate due to accidents, introduction of new and
innovative speed enforcement technology is necessary.
Nowadays, rash driving causes a serious danger to the driver as well as general
public.

EXISTING SYSTEM

Despite the fact that rash driving is a serious problem, its current methods of
detection by patrol officers lack sufficiency . First of all, given the huge mileage of
driveways, the number of patrol officers is far from enough to observe and analyze
every driver's behaviors. Second, the guidelines of rash driving patterns are only
descriptive and visual observations cannot specify the details of driving at night or
in poor weather. This is an ineffective process as after detecting one has to inform
the same and a lot of time is wasted. With the number of vehicles increasing day
by day, this method cannot be trusted with the lives of people.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the present system, to detect rash driving police has to use a handheld radar gun
and aim at the vehicle to record its speed. If the speed of the vehicle exceeds the
speed limit, buzzer will give alert and speed breaker activates to reduce speed of
vehicle. After keeping all these considerations in mind, we have designed a model
of highway over-speeding vehicle detecting circuit to control rash driving by the
use of different electronic devices such as timer, counter , sensors , motor, buzzer
& LCD display .
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Contrast

IR
SENSOR 1
A 16X2 LCD

R
IR D
SENSOR 2
U

I Driver
Buzzer
N CKT
Reset
O

L293D
MOTOR DC MOTOR
Crystal
DRIVER

Power
Supply

POWER SUPPLY

Step Bridge Filter Circuit

BLOCK
down T/F DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION Regulator
Rectifier
Conventional power supply
BLO
BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

IR sensors to detect the presence of a vehicle. A set point consists of a pair of

sensors comprising of an IR transmitter and an IR receiver, each of which are
installed on either sides of the road. Whenever IR rays are interrupted by a vehicle
during first sensor the count up timer is started. When the other IR sensor senses
the presence of vehicle, the count up timer is stopped. The speed limit set by the
device is kept at the very location depending upon the traffic. The time taken by
the vehicle to travel from one set point to the other is calculated by a
microcontroller program. Based on that time it then calculates the speed. The LCD
is used to display the speed of the vehicle. If the vehicle crosses the speed limit, a
buzzer sounds alerting the police and speed breaker activates through motor driver
.The microcontroller is used to monitor the all control operations needed.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
● ARDUINO UNO
● IR SENSOR
● L293D
● BUZZER
● LCD
● POWER SUPPLY
● DC MOTOR
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

● Standard LCD 16x2 Display

● A standard LCD 16x2 display is use to display the calculated speed and the pre stored
speed for this project. This standard LCD 16x2 display is connected to the Arduino
Uno by using jumper cable.

● Figure 4-1-2-1-F4: Standard LCD 16x2 Display (thingbits, 2018)

●

● Buzzer

● A buzzer will sound up when the vehicle exceeds the speed limit in order to alert the
driver about the speeding violation.

● Figure 4-1-2-1-F5: Buzzer (Banggood, 2018)

●
 ● 23

●
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

● .

● Figure 4-1-2-1-F6: GSM SIM900A Modem (Microsolution 2018)

● Other Components (Jumper Cable, Breadboard, SIM Card)

●
● Jumper wire is an electrical wire where it use to connect between the RFID readers
and Arduino Uno. The types of jumper cable that use in this project are male-to-
female jumper cable and female-to-female jumper cable. Breadboard is a
construction base for prototyping where it use to connect buzzer and Arduino Uno
to form a basic circuit. A SIM card is placed in the SIM900A GSM modem in order to
send a text message when the vehicle exceeds the speed limit.

● Personal Computer (Laptop)

● Windows based operating system laptop was use to run the Arduino Software (IDE).

● The code is create on Arduino IDE and then upload to the Arduino Uno board.

● 24

●
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

● 4-1-2-2: Software

● Arduino Software (IDE)

●
●

● Figure 4-1-2-2: Arduino IDE (Arduino, 2018)

● Arduino IDE is an open-source cross-platform application that make user easy to

write code and upload the code to the Arduino board. This application is written in
java language but the script that write to run this project is C++ language.

● C++ language

● C++ is a middle-level language and is an extension of the C language. C++ language

support multiple platform such as Windows, MAC OS and various versions of UNIX.
In this project, a C++ script is created and uploaded to the Arduino Uno board
through Arduino IDE.

● 25

●
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

● Libraries Used

● There is a list of libraries that used in this project.

● RFID library allows the Arduino Uno to read data from tag by using the two RFID readers.

● SPI library allows the Arduino Uno to communicate with the SPI device, with the
Arduino Uno as a master device.

● LiquidCrystal library allows the Arduino Uno board to control LCD.

● GSM library allows the Arduino Uno board to send message to the mobile phone.

● 4-2: Expected Challenge

● The challenge to be expected in this project will be the number of vehicle that can
enter the enforcement zone at one time. When a vehicle pass through the start RFID
reader, the start RFID reader will scan the first vehicle and then will become unable
to scan for the other vehicle until the first vehicle pass through the stop RFID reader.
This method will increase the accuracy when calculate the speed for each vehicle
but also limit the number of vehicle that can enter the enforcement zone at one
time.

●
●

● 26

●
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

● 4-3: Timeline

Task Project
Week

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Data Collection

Define project objective

and scope

Analysis for literature

review

Define technologies

involved

Determine system

development model

Determine system and

functional
requirements

Outline system

architecture
 Outline system flow

Create database and

insert all the

information of the tag.

Presentation

Documentation

● Table 4-3-T1: Gantt chart showing the project timeline (FYP 1)

● 27

●
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

Task Project
Week

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Calculate time

difference

Calculate vehicle speed

Set the speed limit

Add a LCD to display

the calculated speed

and pre stored speed.

Add a function which

can send a text

message

to inform the vehicle

owner about the

speeding violation.

Add a buzzer which

will sound up if the

vehicle exceeds the

speed limit.
 Finalizing the

functional requirement,

system architecture and

system flow

Finalizing system for

presentation

System testing and

performance

Presentation

Documentation

● Table 4-3-T2: Gantt chart showing the project timeline (FYP 2)

● 28

●
● CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS

● 4-4: Estimated Cost

Items For Final Year Project For Commercialization

Development

Arduino Uno RM0 RM45.00

MFRC522 readers and tags RM0 RM60.00

GSM Modem RM0 RM130.00

Standard LCD 16x2 display RM0 RM20.00

Jumper wire RM0 RM27.00

Breadboard RM0 RM20.90

Buzzer RM0 RM3.50

Arduino Software (IDE) RM0 --

C++ language RM0 --

RM0 RM306.40

Table 4-4: Estimated Cost

●
●

● Based on the table above, there will be no spending needed as the required items
are mostly personal belonging of mine. As for commercialization, Arduino Uno,
MFRC522 readers and tags, GSM Modem, Standard LCD 16x2 display, jumper wire,
breadboard and buzzer will cost RM45.00, RM60.00, RM130.00, RM20.00, RM27.00,
RM20.90 and RM3.50 respectively.

● 29

●
● CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

● CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

● 5-1: Hardware Setup

● 5-1-1: Arduino Uno with RFID readers

● The entire system of this project generally involves Arduino Uno. The two RFID
readers (MFRC522) were connected to Arduino Uno by using jumper cable to
perform read function for the system. The wire connection for start RFID reader is as
table 5-1-1-T1. The wire connection for stop RFID reader is as table 5-1-1-T2. Besides
that, a figure of Arduino Uno pin diagram and the actual setup with RFID readers are
also shown.

RFID reader (Start) Arduino Uno

3.3V 3.3V

RST Arduino Pin 9

GND GND
 MISO Arduino Pin 12

MOSI Arduino Pin 11

SCK Arduino Pin 13

SDA (SS) Arduino Pin 10

● Table 5-1-1-T1: Wire Connection for start RFID reader

● 30

●
● CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

RFID reader (Stop) Arduino Uno

3.3V 3.3V

RST Arduino Pin 7

GND GND

MISO Arduino Pin 12

MOSI Arduino Pin 11

SCK Arduino Pin 13

SDA (SS) Arduino Pin 8

● Table 5-1-1-T2: Wire Connection for stop RFID reader

●
●

●
 ●

● Figure 5-1-1-F1: Arduino Uno pin diagram (Component101, 2018)

ADVANTAGE:
● They reduce the risk of accidents.
● It is easy to implement.
● It reduces the effort of many men.
DISADVANTAGES:
Sometimes the circuit got failure and causes various problems

APPLICATIONS
● It uses in highways to avert accidents.
● It alert traffic authorities about the speed of vehicle.
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
Since number of accidents on highways increases day by day so it is necessary to
check speed of the vehicles on highways so as to remove accident cases and to
provide a safe journey by controlling high speed of the vehicle. It also minimizes
the difficulties of traffic police department and make ease to control the rash
driving on highways. The police can perform their duties while sitting in control
room and can provide their service with more ease and accuracy. This concept can
be extended in future by integrating a camera with the system which could capture
the image of the number plate of the vehicle to sends that to the traffic authorities.
The speed checker for highways‖ is an emerging field and there is a huge scope for
research and development. VEHICLE OVERSPEED DETECTION WI AUDIO
BUZZER ALERT SYSTEM ON HIGHWAYS can be further advanced by using
a CCTV camera in the circuit. Whenever any vehicle crosses speed limit, camera
captures the image of number plate and through transport database finds the
address of the owner and sends fine.

REFERENCES
[1] Dinesh Mohan, Omer Tsimhoni, Michael Sivak, Michael J Flannagan Road
safety in India: challenges and opportunities –Repost numberUMTRI-2009-1
http://www.deepblue.lib.umich.edu \
[2] Manisha Ruikar, National statistics of road traffic accidents in India, Journal of
Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Rehabilitation, 23 Sep. 2013, vol. 6, issue 1, pp.
1-6
[3] Daniel Brookoff, Charles S. Cook, Charles Williams, and Calvin S. Mann,
Testing Reckless Drivers for Cocaine and Marijuana, The New England Journal of
Medicine, Aug. 25, 1994, pp. 518-522
[4] Jiangpeng Dai , Jin Teng , Xiaole Bai , Zhaohui Shen,and Dong Xuan Mobile
phone based drunk driving detection in Pervasive Computing Technologies for
Healthcare (Pervasive Health), 2010 4th International Conference .
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org
[5] Available on [https://medvinlaw.com/reckless-driving-in-virginia-while-
intoxicated-or-with-elevated-bloodalcohollevel-bac-new-2013-case-law/]
[6] Lafayatte police department Advanced roadside interview techniques for petrol
officers.
[7] Harper Finch Lawyers, Speed Detection Methods. Available on:
[http://www.trafficlawqld.com.au/HarperFinchLawyers2056/Page/21590/
SpeedDetectionMethods.aspx]
[8] Available on: [http://www.cnet.com/news/police-radar-gun-that-shows-if-
youre-texting/#!]
[9] Available on: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIDAR_speed_gun]
[10] Available on: [https://www.elprocus.com/speed-checker-to-detect-rash-
driving-on-highways/]
[11]Shyr-Long Jeng, Wei-Hua Chieng, and Hsiang-PinLu Estimating Speed Using
a Side-Looking Single-Radar Vehicle Detecter, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, Vol. 15, No. 2, April 2014, pp. 607- 614