BOOKS LOVER

DEEP
WARM UP

Discuss these questions

with a partner.

1. What kinds of things

or people would you
describe as beautiful?

2. What do you think the

expression "Beauty is
only skin deep" means?
Do you think it's true?

A Huli Wigman paints

his face for a ceremony
in Papua New Guinea.

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Smiling women adorned with face

paint in Cape Town, South Africa

BEFORE YOU READ

DISCUSSION A Read the statements about beauty. Check (V) the ones you agree with. Then
discuss your answers with a partner.
I spend a lot of time thinking about my appearance.
Ü I think good-looking people have easier lives than other people.

Ü I think it's fine for men to wear makeup.

Women are judged on their looks more than men are.

PREVIEWING B. Work with a partner and note answers to these questions. Then read the
passage and check your ideas.
1. Do you think people around the world probably have similar ideas about beauty
and appearance? Why or why not?
2. In what ways do you think society and culture influence how we perceive, or

regard, beauty?

24 Unit 2 A
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BEAUTY?
A The search for beauty spans centuries and continents. Paintings of Egyptians dating
back over 4,000 years show both men and women painting their nails and wearing
makeup. On the other side of the globe, the ancient Maya of Central America
considered crossed eyesi beautiful, and hung little balls between children's eyes to
develop this look. In 18th-century France, wealthy noblemen wore large wigs of long
white hair to make themselves attractive. In cultures throughout the world, people have
gone to extreme lengths to achieve beauty.

B Today, people continue to devote a lot of time and money to their appearance. According
to a recent report, one out of three consumers globally say they are spending more
money on beauty and health-care products than ever before. Worldwide, sales of makeup,
dieting, hair- and skin-care products—as well as gym memberships and cosmetic
surgery —generate billions of dollars every year. And there is at least one good reason
for the desire to
be attractive: Beauty is power. Studies suggest that good-looking people
make more money, get called on more often in class, and are perceived as friendlier.

c But what exactly is beauty? Trying to define it is difficult, and yet we know it when we
see it—or so we think. "Beauty is health," says one psychologist. "lt's a billboard saying,
'I'm healthy. I can pass on your genes."' Amd our awareness of it may start at a very early
age. In one set of studies, six-month-old babies were shown a series of photographs.
The faces in the pictureshad been rated for attractiveness by a group of college students.
In the studies, the babies spent more time looking at the attractive faces than the
unattractive ones.

1 Crossed eyes are eyes that seem to look toward each other.
2 Noblemen are men who belong to a high rank, title, or status.
3 Cosmetic surgery is surgery done to make someone look more attractive.

> A Chinese opera star

carefully applies her
makeup.

Unit 2A 25
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D The idea that even babies judge appearance chin. Another study suggests that women prefer
makes perfect sense to many researchers. In men with large shoulders and a narrow waist.
studiesdone by psychologists such as Victor According to scientists, the mind unconsciously
Johnston at New Mexico State University and tells men and women that these traits—the full
David Perrett at the University of St. Andrews lips, clear skin, strong shoulders—equal health
in Scotland, men regularly showed a preference and geneåc well-being. In other words, it's a
for women with certain features: larger eyes, fundamental part of human nature to look for
clear skin, ålller lips, and a smaller nose and these qualities in a mate.

26 Unit 2A
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example, and the women on the pages are

thin. But is this the "perfect" body type for

women worldwide? Douglas Yur a biologist

from Great Britain, and Glenn Shepard, an
anthropologist at the University of California
at Berkeley, say no. For them, what is

considered beautiful is subjective and varies

around the world. Yu and Shepard found in

one study, for example, that native peoples in

southeast Peru preferred shapes regarded as

overweight in Western cultures.

F Take another example: In every culture,

one's hairstyle sends a clear message. In
the Huli culture of Papua New Guinea,
men grow their hair long as a symbol of
health and strength. Teenage boys in this
culture learn from a young age to style
and decorate their hair—a behavior more

commonly associated with the opposite

gender in many cultures. It is also the men
in this culture who are the objects of beauty.
For certain and celebrations, men
festivals

dress up and paint their faces. The more

colorful a man is, the more masculine4—and
attractive—he is considered.
< Actors In historicalcostumes
G For better or worse, beauty plays a role in
prepare to perform a comedy
our lives. But it is extremely difficult to define
by French playwright Moliére.
exactly what makes one person attractive
to another, Although there do seem to be
certain physical traits that are considered
universally appealing, it is also true that

E Not everyone agrees with this notion, beauty does not always conform to a single,

however. "Our hardwiredness can be uniform standard. In the end, beauty really

altered by all sorts of expectations— is, as the saying goes, in the eye of the

predominantly cultural," says C. Loring beholder.5

Brace, an anthropologist at the University of

Michigan. What is considered attractive in
4 Masculine qualities and things are typical for men, as
one culture might not be in another. Look opposed to women.

in most Western fashion magazines, for 5 If you behold something, you look at it.

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READING COMPREHENSION

A Choose the best answer for each question.

GIST 1. What is this reading mainly about?

a. different ideas about beauty

b, the history of beauty
c. the world's most beautiful people
d. how beauty is power
DETAIL 2. The ancient Maya hung balls between
children's eyes

a. as a form of jewelry

b. to differentiate boys from girls

c. because they thought crossed eyes were

beautiful

d. to add an attractive "third" eye

A beauty treatment using snails is
DETAIL 3. In paragraph C, the babies in the study demonstrated at a salon in Tokyo.
a. were shown photos of attractive students

b. were entered into a beauty contest

c. were rated for their beauty

d. were able to tell attractive from unattractive faces

VOCABULARY 4. In the second sentence of paragraph E, predominantly can be replaced

with

a. hardly c. exactly
b. mainly d. probably

DETAIL 5. What determines the beauty of a Huli man in Papua New Guinea?
a. how young he is c. his strength
b. his colorful makeup d. the size of his mask

SCANNING FOR B. Which paragraphs of the reading passage (A—F) contain the following
INFORMATION
information?
Review this
1. an argument that culture plays a part in perceptions of beauty
reading skill

1B
in Unit
2. an explanation of how some standards of beauty might be universal

3. a definition of beauty
4. a reference to the beauty-care industry

5. an example of a culture where men wear makeup

6. a time frame

28 Unit 2A
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READING SKILL

Analyzing a Writer's Claims

A reading passage may contain one or more claims—statements that suggest something is true or
real—made by the writer. As a reader, it's important to evaluate these claims to see how well they are
supported. There are several ways to support a claim.

Claim: In the United States, cosmetic surgery is increasingly popular.

Reason: One reason for this is that certain cosmetic surgeries are becoming more affordable.

• Example: Several popular reality-TV shows depict the positive side of the industry.

• Statistics: According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, there were 17.5 million
cosmetic procedures performed in 201 7, a 2 percent increase from the year before.

Expert opinion: According to the head surgeon of one leading clinic, more people are now
looking for ways to reshape their bodies.

ANALYZING A. Look back at paragraphs A-C in the reading passage to complete these
CLAIMS student notes.

"The search for beauty spans centuries and continents. " (paragraph A)

o Egyptian 4,000 y. o. paintingg ghow ppl w/ painted

' 18th c. French noblemen wore large white 2

I' Today, people continue to devote a lot of time and money to their appearance. "

(paragraph B)
e tout of g people gpending more money
4
of $$$ in ga(eg of beauty productg + gerviceg worldwide

'l [Olur awareness of it may start at a very early age. " (paragraph C)
5
-month-old babieg gpenf more time looking at attractive faceg than
unattractive oneg

ANALYZING B. The writer makes claims that perceptions of beauty may or may not be
CLAIMS universal. Note down how the writer supports these claims.

CRITICAL THINKING Evaluating Claims

Discuss these questions with a partner.

What do you think the expression "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" (paragraph G) means?
a. Beauty is perceived differently by different people.
b. Without vision, we can't perceive beauty
c. Beauty is held in very high regard.

Can you think of some examples to support this opinion?

Unit 2A 29
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE

COMPLETION A, Complete the information using the correct form of the words or phrases in

the box. One word is extra.

associate with conform consumer

devote gender notion

Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop, was committed to improving the world we
live in. Throughout her career she refused to I to business practices
that she saw as destructive to the environment. Roddick believed in the
2
that "business can and must be a force for positive social
change." These beliefs meant her company 3 time and money to
raising awareness of the need to protect the environment. She supported developing
countries, and created more environmentally friendly beauty products for
4
to buy. While Roddick is most closely 5

Anita Roddick The Body Shop, she also started a charity to help children in various parts of the

(1942-2007) world. Roddick died in 2007, but The Body Shop is still a model for ethically conscious

businesses everywhere.

COMPLETION B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in the box. One
word is extra.

desire feature gender

notion subjective uniform

In People don't have ideas on what beauty is; opinions vary greatly.

2. Nowadays, many people of both buy and use cosmetics.

3. People use makeup to enhance their —for example, by using

blush to make their cheeks look pinker and healthier.

4. Our ideas about beauty are highly , what one person finds

attractive may be unattractive to another.

5. The to look young has led to a boom in sales of anti-aging products.

WORD LINK C The word root form, as in uniform, means "shape." Complete the sentences
with the correct form of the words in the box. One word is extra.

deformed format conform transform uniform

1. There isn't a standard for indicating shoe size—a men's size 10

in the U.K is a size 9 in Mexico and a size 273 in Korean.

2. Students are expected to to the rules and regulations written

in the school handbook.

3. Volunteers the old warehouse into an exciting art space.

4. Many colleges expect essays to be in 12-point font.

30 Unit 2A
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2B
BEFORE YOU READ

DISCUSSION A. Work with a partner.

Brainstorm three ways that
people can change the
appearance of their skin.

PREVIEWING B. Why do you think people

change their skin in these
ways? Note some reasons.
Then read the passage and
check your answers.

> Facial and body tattoos

are common among the
Maori of New Zealand.

Unit 2B B1
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SKIN.
BODY'S
CANVAS

A If you could take off your skin and lay it flat, 1800s, white skin was desirable for many
it would cover an area of about 1.9 square Europeans. Skin this color meant that its owner
meters. Skin is, by far, the bodyHs largest was a member of the upper class and did
organ. Covering almost the entire body, skin not have to work in the sun. Among darker-
protects us from a variety of external forces. skinned people in some parts of the world,
For example, it protects us from extremes of products used to lighten skin are still popular
temperature, damaging sunlight, harmful today. During the 20th century, attitudes
chemicals, and dangerous infections. Skin toward light skin shifted in the opposite

is packed with nerves, which keeps the

also grew and
direction in other cultures, as cities
brain in touch with the outside world. The work moved indoors. Tanned skin began to
health of our skin and its ability to perform its indicate leisure time and health. In many
protective functions are crucial to our well- places today, tanning on the beach or in a salon
being. However, the appearance of our skin remains popular, even though people are more
is equally—if not more—important to many aware of the dangers of UV rays, 1
people on this planet.
Identity and Status
B Take skin color, for example. Your genes
c Just as people have altered their skin's color to
determine your skin's color, but for centuries,
denote wealth and beauty, so too have cultures
humans have tried to lighten or darken their
around the globe marked their skin to indicate
skin in an attempt to be more attractive. In the

32 Unit 2B
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wants to have. The process of getting a full-

body tattoo is both slow and painful and can
take two years or more to complete.

In some cultures, scarring—a marking caused

by cutting or burning the skin—is practiced,
usually among people who have darker skin
on which a tattoo would be difficult to see. For
many men in West Africa, for instance, scan-ing
isa rite of passage—an act that symbolizes that
a male has matured from a child into an adult.
among some native peoples, cuts
In Australia,
aremade on the skin of both men and women
when they reach age 16 or 17. Without these,
they were traditionally not permitted to trade,
sing ceremonial songs, or participate in other
activities.

Not all skin markings are permanent, though.

In counfries such as Morocco and India,
women decorate their skin with colorful henna
designs for celebrations such as weddings
and important religious holidays. The henna
< A model prepares for coloring, which comes from a plant, fades and
Fashion Week in New disappears over time.
York City.
G In recent years in many industrialized
nations, tattooing, henna body art, and, to
a lesser degree, scarring have been gaining
community status Tattooing,
cultural identity or .
in popularity. What makes these practices
for example, has been carried out for thousands
appealing to those living in modem cities?
of years. Leaders in places including ancient
According to photographer Chris Rainier,
Egypt, Britain, and Peru wore tattoos to mark
whose book Ancient Marks examines body
their status, or their bravery. Today, among the markings around the globe, people are looking
Maori people of New Zealand as well as in
for a connection with the traditional world.
cultures in Samoa, Tahiti, and Bomeo, frill-facial "There is a whole sector of modem society—
tattoos are still used to idenåfy the wearer as a
people in search of idenüty, people in search of
member of a certain family. These tattoos can
meaning ... says Rainier. "Hence, [there has
also symbolize the person's achievements in life.
been] a huge explosion of tattooing and body
D In Japan, tattooing has been practiced for marking." Rainier reasons that it's "mankind
thousands of years, but was outlawed in the wanting identity, wanting a sense of place .

19th century. Although there are no laws and a sense of culture their community."
against it today, tattoos are still strongly
associated with criminals—parücularly the
1 UV rays (or ultraviolet rays) from sunlight cause your skin
yakuza, or the Japanese mafia,2 who are known to become darker.

for their full-body tattoos. The complex design 2 The mafia commonly refers to a criminal organization that
makes money illegally.
of a yakuza member's tattoo usually includes
symbols of character traits that the wearer

Unit 2B 33
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READING COMPREHENSION

A, Choose the best answer for each question.

GIST 1. What is this reading mainly about?

a. the skin's role in our overall health

b. the ways people change the appearance of their skin
c. the different reasons people get tattoos
d. cultural ceremonies that involve skin tattooing

INFERENCE 2. What can we infer about the tattoos of the Maori?

a. Only men get facial tattoos.

b. Members of the same family have similar facial tattoos.

c. No one gets their entire face tattooed anymore.

d. Both men and women get facial tattoos but never body
tattoos.

DETAIL 3. Why are tattoos disapproved of in Japanese society?

a. They are often associated with crime.

b. They often have political messages.
c. They look unattractive.
d. They can only be made illegally.
The scars on the face
REFERENCE 4. In the last sentence of paragraph Et what does of a Gobir woman from
these refer to? Niger indicate her tribal

a. cuts c. males membership.

b. customs d. celebrations

DETAIL 5. What is NOT true about _henna designs?

a. They are used to celebrate religious holidays.

b. Women decorate their skin with them

c. They are permanent.

d. They are made with plants.

ANALYZING Write short answers to the questions below. Use up to three words or numbers
CLAIMS from the passage for each answer.
Review this

reading skill 1. Skin is by far the body's largest organ. n How big is it, exactly?
in Unit 2A

2- Skin "protects us from a variety of external forces. " What is ONE example of an
external force?

3. "In recent years in many industrialized nations, tattooing ... [has] been gaining in

popularity. " What is the name of the expert who gives an opinion about this?

34 Unit 2B
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READING SKILL

Summarizing the Main Idea of Paragraphs

Understanding the main idea of each paragraph can be especially useful when taking notes, or when
creating a summary outline or word web of the reading. As you read, one strategy is to summarize
the main idea of each paragraph so that you can easily identify it later. For each paragraph, read the
first sentence and then quickly skim the rest of the paragraph. Then determine what the paragraph is

mainly about and write a short note in the margin.

SUMMARIZING A. Look back at the reading passage. Choose the main idea of paragraphs A—C.
THE MAIN IDEA
1. Paragraph A
a. the role our skin plays in our overall health

b. the importance of skin health and appearance

2. Paragraph B
a. the reasons for changing skin color in recent centuries
b. skin tanning as a symbol of leisure time and health

3. Paragraph C
a. the history of facial tattooing b. cultural reasons for tattooing

B. Now identify and note the main idea of paragraphs D—F.

Paragraph D

Paragraph E

Paragraph F

CRITICAL THINKING Applying Ideas

What do people do to express their individual identity? Add more items to the list below.

Oet tattoo of important cultural gymbotg (e.g., an angel)

Dye hair a different color (e.g., pink)

Which of the things above have you done? Which would you consider doing? Why or why not?

Unit2B 35
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VOCABULARY PRACTICE

COMPLETION A. Complete the information using the words in the box. Three words are extra.

criminal crucial external fade

mature permanent protective sector

Tattooing was traditionally a(n) I part of life for members of the Iban

tribe of Sarawak, Malaysia. Iban tattooing was a spiritual art form. It was believed to

have 2 powers—defending the Iban people from harm and disease.

Originally, the tattooing was done using ancient recipes involving natural dyes from

plants, and traditional wooden tools. The dyes were 3 and could not

be removed. Newly done Iban tattoos look dark, but they gradually 4

somewhat from sunlight, or as the dye is absorbed into the skin. Today, for a growing
A tattooed
5
member of of Iban society, Western tattoos are more popular than traditional
the Iban tribe
designs. Modern chemical dyes have mainly replaced the plant-based ones.

DEFINITIONS B. Complete the sentences. Choose the correct words.

criminal is a person who the law.

a. follows b. breaks

leisure activity is one you enjoy doing when you working.

a. are b. are not

3, Something external is on the

a. inside, not the outside b. outside, not the inside

4. You are more likely to describe a as mature.

a. two-year-old b. 30-year-old

5. A person's status relates to their in society.

a. rank or position b. health and diet

COLLOCATIONS C The nouns in the box are frequently used with the adjective permanent.
Complete the sentences with the correct words, One word is extra.

address basis damage housing resident

1. Excessive sunburn can cause permanent to your skin-

2. It's helpful to have a permanent to receive your mail.

3. For foreign-born nationals, it can take many years to become a permanent

of Australia.

4. Many part-time workers hope to get hired on a permanent

36 Unit 2B
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VIDEO

HE BEAUTY OF
UGLY FOOD
BEFORE YOU WATCH

DEFINITIONS A. The words and phrases in bold appear in the video. Circle the best word or
phrase to complete each definition.
Do you ever buy food based on how it looks? Many kinds of produce are judged
on unrealistic standards of beauty. In fact, experts estimate that about a third of

the planet's fruits and vegetables goes to waste due to strict cosmetic standards.
Supermarkets and other retailers often sell only produce that meets certain size, shape,
and color specifications. Items that are seen as below grade—including ones that are
slightly damaged or bruised—are rejected and do not make it onto the shelves.

1. If you describe something as cosmetic, you are describing its appearance / meaning.
2. The produce section of a supermarket sells fruit and vegetables / meat and fish.

3. A food retailer is a company that sells food to customers / other businesses.

4. If someone rejects something, they demand / refuse to have it.

5. If a fruit is bruised, it has a mark on it / strange shape.

PREVIEWING B. Are there particular fruits or vegetables that you won't buy if the size, shape, or
color looks wrong? Discuss with a partner.

Video 37
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WHILE YOU WATCH

VIEWING A Watch the video. Then choose the best answer.

This video is mostly about

a. efforts to change perceptions of 'lugly" food

b. several examples of innovative supermarkets in California

c. the rising demand for more "beautiful" produce

MULTIPLE B. Watch the video again. Then choose the best option for each question
CHOICE
or statement.

1. According to the video, what happens to California pears that are bruised?

a. They are thrown away. b. They are canned and juiced.

2. In the video, what makes Chuck Baker sad?

a. the thought that his pears are getting thrown away
b. the overall decline in the U.S. pear market

3. When Ron Clark says, "It's up to us to put pressure on the retailers," he means that

a. If people want to buy "ugly" fruit, they have to go straight to the farms.
b. If people want stores to sell "ugly" fruit, they have to tell the stores.

4. According to the video, Ron Clark's company is trying to

a. show people that "ugly" fruit is actually healthier than other fruit.

b. get "ugly" fruit into stores so people can buy it

CRITICAL THINKING Applying Ideas Discuss your answers to the questions with a partner.

Would you shop at a store that only sells imperfect produce? Why or why not?
What might be some other ways to reduce the amount of "ugly food" that goes to waste?

VOCABULARY REVIEW
Do you remember the meanings of these words? Check (V) the ones you know. Look back at
the unit and review any words you're not sure of.

Reading A
associate with C] conform* consumer* desire devote*

feature gender Ü notion* C] subjective O uniform*

Reading B

Ü criminal crucial* Ü external* fade leisure

mature* permanent protective sector* Ü status*

* Academic Word List

38 Video