STUDY WITH SUDHIR

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS FOR JULIUS CAESAR

ACT 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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Question 1. Read the Extract below and answer the Questions that
follow.

Caesar : Are we all ready? What is now amiss, That Caesar and
his Senate must redress?
Metellus : Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Caesar,
Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat A humble heart (he
kneels)

(a) Where are the speakers? What does `puissant' mean? Explain :
`Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat a humble heart'. (3)

Answer : The speakers are the Senate House in Rome. Puissant

means powerful and the word is used by Metellus Cimber to praise
Julius Caesar.

Metellus Cimber begs the mighty and powerful Caesar in the most
humble manner to listen to his plea and he kneels while he says
these words.

(b) At the beginning of the scene, Caesar says `The Ides of March
are come'. Why do you think Caesar said this? What does the
Soothsayer say in response? (3)

Answer : In Act 1 of the play, Caesar had been warned by the

soothsayer to beware the Ides of March. So now Caesar reminds the
soothsayer that the Ides of March had already arrived and nothing
inadvertent had happened to him. This shows that Caesar does not
think highly of the soothsayer's forewarning. The soothsayer tells
Caesar that though the day had arrived, it had not yet got over and
thereby hints that the impending danger was not over yet. This brief
exchange of words foreshadows Caesar's assassination, which does
take place on the Ides of March, as per the prophecy.

(c) What specific duties do the conspirators allot to Trebonius and

Casca? Why does Cassius become nervous when Popilius Lena
speaks to him as they enter? (3)

Answer : Trebonius is tasked with the duty of taking Mark Antony out
of the way to ensure that he would not be anywhere near Caesar
when he is attacked by the conspirators. Casca is asked to be the
first person to attack Caesar.

When Popilius Lena speaks to Cassius when they are on their way
inside the Senate and wishes his ``enterprise today may thrive'',
Cassius gets anxious and tense as he suspects that their plot has
been leaked and discovered. This brief exchange highlights Cassius'
anxiety about the secrecy and the success of the plot.

(d) What does Artemidorus want of Caesar? How does Caesar

respond to his plea? (30)

Answer : Artemidorus pleads with Caesar that he read the scroll that
he has just given him because it is a ``suit that touches Caesar
nearer'' and affects him directly. Caesar responds in a brusque
manner with a touch of arrogance and says that whatever concerned
him personally would be dealt with last. This reply reflects Caesar's
overconfidence and belief in his own lack of vulnerability.

(e) Shortly after this exchange, Caesar is stabbed to death by the

conspirators. Whom do you sympathise with - Julius Caesar or the
conspirators? Give reasons for your choice.

Answer : My sympathies lie with Julius Caesar despite his flaws.

While the conspirators claim they act to save Rome from tyranny,
their actions are driven by a mix of personal ambition, jealousy, and
fear rather than pure love for the Republic.

While Caesar’s refusal to heed sane advice signals potential

autocratic tendencies, there is no concrete evidence within the play
that he would have destroyed the Republic. He had refused the
crown thrice, indicating some degree of restraint, and his
assassination is based more on the conspirators' fears of what he
might become rather than what he had already done. Brutus, the
most honorable conspirator, is manipulated by Cassius, and his
decision to join the plot reflects more on his personal conflict than a
clear, rational response to tyranny.

The conspirators betray the trust of Caesar, and the brutal murder of
a friend under the guise of patriotism seems more selfish than noble.
Moreover, the assassination plunges Rome into chaos where mobs
take over, undermining their claim of acting for the greater good.
Thus, Caesar becomes the victim of an act that brings about the very
downfall the conspirators sought to prevent.

Question 2.

Caesar : Hence ! wilt thou lift up Olympus?

Decius Brutus : Great Caesar
Caesar : Doth not Brutus bootless kneel?
Casca : Speak, hands for me !
Caesar : Et tu Brute !

(a) Who does Caesar say about lifting Olympus to? Explain the
Olympus reference. What is Caesar trying to imply? (3)

Answer : Caesar says about lifting Olympus to Cinna while they are at
the Senate on the Ides of March.

Olympus is a mountain in Greek mythology and considered the home

of the Gods. Caesar says ``Wilt thou lift up Olympus?'' to convey that
his request to pardon Publius Cimber is impossible to meet. It is a
rhetorical question which means Caesar does not expect an answer
but is saying so for dramatic effect. By prefacing the rhetorical
question with ``Hence'' which means Enough or Be gone, Caesar is
being curt and dismissive.

Caesar is trying to imply that the request being made is so

outrageous that it is like trying to move a mountain – a feat
considered impossible. He sees the request as a challenge to his
authority and dismisses it with contempt. His reference to the
Mountain of the Gods also implies that he considers himself nothing
less than God. This hubris ultimately contributes to his downfall as
the conspirators are emboldened by his dismissive attitude.

(b) What is the meaning of `bootless kneel'? Why did Brutus

kneel? (3)

Answer : `Bootless kneel' means that Brutus kneeled before Caesar in

vain. Brutus knelt in order to ``beg enfranchisement for Publius
Cimber'' and restore his citizenship. Publius had been banished
before by Caesar and he had refused to change his mind. Like
Metellus Cimber before him, Brutus had also knelt before Caesar.

(c) When does Casca ask his hands to speak for him? Why does he
say so? (3)

Answer : Casca says ``Speak, hands for me'' just before he goes to
stab Caesar. He has been assigned with the task of being the first
person to stab Caesar.

The line "Speak, hands, for me!" is as an expression of frustration at

a moment when he does not wish to speak and wants his hands to do
the talking and perform the deed. It shows that while the
conspirators believe they were acting for the good of Rome, the act
of violence is still a heavy burden. By saying "Speak, hands, for me!"
Casca might be distancing himself from the responsibility of the act,
letting his hands take the blame. There is also dark irony in asking
hands to speak, as they are incapable of true speech.

(d) How is this exchange of words a turning point in the play? (3)
(Important)

Answer : This moment is a turning point in the play because it is at

this precise moment that Caesar is surrounded by the conspirators
and assassinated. It also reflects a shift in the power dynamic. Up
until this point, Caesar wielded all the power in Rome. Now the
conspirators are seizing control and the act of stabbing becomes a
symbolic dethronement of Caesar's authority. Till this point, we
heard Caesar being dismissive of requests for the withdrawal of
Publius Cimber's banishment. But now he is rendered powerless and
is vulnerable against the conspirators.
(e) What is the emotion that accompanies ``Et tu Brute''? Explain
in the context of the relationship between Caesar and Brutus. (4)
(Important)

Answer : Caesar, upon seeing Brutus as one of his attackers, utters

this phrase ``Et tu, Brute?'' in utter disbelief and heartbreak. Brutus
was considered Caesar's closest friend and someone he trusted. By
saying "Et tu, Brute?" Caesar expresses his profound disappointment
and the depth of his betrayal. The use of "you" specifically directed
at Brutus emphasizes the severity of the betrayal. It suggests that
Caesar can accept being attacked by others but Brutus's treachery is
the most painful wound.

After the initial shock of Brutus's betrayal, Caesar seems to accept

his fate with a sense of stoicism. This short sentence signifies his
resignation to the inevitable. The short sentence encapsulates the
tragedy of the play. Caesar has been brought down by the person he
trusted the most and thus it marks a shift in power. Caesar, who has
been in control throughout the play, is now dead and defeated and
thus this line highlights the themes of betrayal, friendship, power,
and mortality.

Question 3.

Brutus : How many times shall Caesar bleed in sport,

That now on Pompey's basis lies along
No worthier than the dust !

(a) When and Where does Brutus say this? What does Pompey's
basis mean? (3)

Answer : Brutus says this immediately after Julius Caesar has been
assassinated. He says that at the place where Caesar's body is lying
inside the Senate. Pompey's basis means the base of Pompey's statue
where Caesar's body is lying.

(b) Explain the context of ``No worthier than the dust''. (3)

Answer : ``No worthier than the dust'' is a harsh line spoken by

Brutus about Caesar's dead body. Pompey was a powerful Roman
general whom Caesar had defeated. Brutus suggests Caesar is
sprawled insignificantly at the base of where a greater man once
stood. He is expressing the thought that Caesar’s power and
influence, once revered, are now worthless, reduced to nothing
more valuable than dust after his assassination. He also wants to
convey in a stoic manner that Caesar, as a mortal, is subject to the
same fate as any other human being.

(c) Why does Brutus say ``How many times shall Caesar bleed in
sport''? (3)

Answer : Brutus says this in response to Cassius' claim that future

generations will re-enact the murder of Caesar as if in a performance
or ``sport''. By "bleed in sport," Brutus means that Caesar’s death
will be symbolically repeated through storytelling, plays, or
historical accounts, where the assassination will be viewed as a
significant event of great dramatic value. Brutus is also seeking to
elevate the significance of the assassination, believing that it will be
remembered as a noble and heroic deed, rather than a betrayal. He
hopes that people in the future will view the conspirators’ act as a
pivotal moment in the protection of the Republic. The line can also
refer to Caesar being wounded metaphorically, possibly in political
battles before. Brutus implies Caesar has faced challenges before but
emerged unharmed, like someone getting playfully wounded in a
sport.
(d) How do Cassius and Brutus justify the assassination as having
done a favour to Caesar by cutting off twenty years of his life? (3)

Answer : Soon after the assassination, not only does Brutus try to
rationalize the action by saying, "Ambition’s debt is paid," meaning
they have ended Caesar’s life to prevent his ambition from becoming
a threat to Rome but also spared Caesar the indignities and decline
that come with old age. Cassius cynically argues that Caesar has
been freed from twenty years of life’s inevitable pains. This attempt
to justify their act as a favour done to Caesar, highlights the
conspirators' attempt to present the assassination as a noble, almost
merciful act rather than an act of betrayal.

(e) No parent will name his or her son as Brutus because he is

forever a blot on trust and friendship. Do you agree? Explain your
position. (4)

Answer : I do not fully agree that Brutus is "forever a blot on trust

and friendship" in `Julius Caesar'. While his betrayal of Caesar is
undeniably condemnable, his motivations are complex, and he is not
driven by personal malice or ambition, unlike other conspirators like
Cassius. Instead, Brutus is a character torn between his love for
Caesar and his sense of duty to Rome. He believes that "It is not that
I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more". Brutus thinks he is
acting for the greater good, to prevent Caesar from becoming a
tyrant and endangering the Republic.

Shakespeare portrays Brutus as an honorable man, which is

emphasized even by Mark Antony, who, after Brutus's death, calls
him "the noblest Roman of them all". Antony acknowledges that
Brutus, unlike the other conspirators, acted out of genuine concern
for the welfare of Rome. His betrayal is one of principle, not
personal gain.

However, the emotionally powerful line ``Et tu, brute?'' remains

etched in every person's memory and is often used to depict betrayal
by a trustworthy ally. So parents could be less keen to name his or
her newborn son as Brutus.

Question 4.

Antony : Post back with speed, and tell him what hath chanc’d
Here is a mourning Rome, a dangerous Rome,
No Rome of safety for Octavius yet; Hie hence and tell him so.
Yet, stay awhile; Thou shalt not back till I have borne this corpse
Into the marketplace:
there shall I try, In my oration, how the people take
The cruel issue of these bloody men; According to which, thou
shalt discourse
To young Octavius of the state of things. Lend me your hand.

(a) What instructions does Antony give the servant?

Answer : Antony instructed the servant to ride back and tell Octavius
Caesar what had happened. He also wanted to warn him that it was
dangerous to enter Rome. He also told him to ask him to wait a while
before coming to Rome. Antony also needed the servant’s help to
carry Julius Caesar's body to the pulpit where he would address the
Roman public. He had sought Brutus' permission but he actually
planned to change the public opinion of Julius Caesar and that of the
conspirators.

(b) Why does Antony say ‘Rome is dangerous’? Whom is it not safe
for? Why?
Answer : Antony uses the phrase ``a dangerous Rome'' because Julius
Caesar had just been assassinated, and there was chaos and panic.
Under the circumstances, it was not safe for Octavius Caesar as he
was Julius Caesar’s nephew and heir who too could be targeted by
the conspirators.

(c) Mention any three predictions that Antony makes when is left
alone with Julius Caesar’s dead body.

Answer : When Antony is left alone with Julius Caesar's dead body,
he predicts that a ``curse shall light upon the limbs of men''. He also
predicts that ``domestic fury and fierce civil strife'' will break out in
``all the parts of Italy''. Lastly, he predicts that ``blood and
destruction'' will become common dreadful sights and ``objects so
familiar'' that mothers will just smile when they watch their infants
cut into pieces by war.

(d) What was Brutus’ and Cassius’ opinion of Antony? Whose

assessment about Antony was correct? Justify your answer.

Answer : Both Brutus and Cassius knew that Antony was a very close
aide of Julius Caesar and he needed to be kept away when the
conspirators moved in to assassinate Caesar. That is why Trebonius
was tasked with taking Antony away. But both differ in their
assessment of Antony. Brutus considers Antony harmless, more
interested in sports, and calls him just a limb of Caesar, allowing him
to speak after him. On the other hand, Cassius considers him
dangerous and was annoyed with Brutus for giving him permission to
speak at the Forum with Caesar's body. Cassius tried to dissuade
Brutus against giving permission to Antony but Brutus prevailed over
him. In fact, Cassius' assessment of Antony was right because with his
speech, he was able to sway the public opinion to be sympathetic to
Julius Caesar and rise in mutiny. He made the plebeians rise in revolt
and that plunged Rome into chaos, forcing Brutus and Cassius to
flee.

(e) What aspects of Antony’s character are revealed during Act III
and Act IV?

Answer : In `Julius Caesar', Acts 3 and 4 reveal Mark Antony’s

character as a shrewd, calculating, and highly persuasive individual,
capable of manipulating situations to his advantage. Though he
initially appears loyal and emotional, Antony’s actions after Caesar’s
assassination demonstrate his political acumen, ambition, and
mastery of rhetoric.

He takes center stage in the famous funeral oration. Following

Caesar’s assassination, Antony appears submissive when he addresses
the conspirators, seemingly aligning himself with them to protect his
life. He says, “Friends, I am with you all, and love you all.” This
shows Antony’s ability to disguise his true intentions to gain trust.
However, once given the opportunity to speak at Caesar’s funeral,
Antony reveals his ability to sway the crowd through emotional
manipulation and rhetoric. He masterfully uses irony, repeatedly
calling the conspirators “honorable men” while subtly dismantling
their credibility. He also appeals to the crowd's emotions by showing
them Caesar’s wounds and reading his will, which promises gifts to
the Roman citizens. This speech turns public opinion against Brutus
and the conspirators, inciting a riot. Antony’s ability to read the
crowd and control their emotions reveals his cunning and power as a
public speaker, capable of shifting the course of Rome’s future.

By Act 4, Antony’s character is further revealed as coldly ambitious

and ruthless. In a meeting with Octavius and Lepidus, he shows his
willingness to sacrifice personal relationships for political gain. He
casually suggests marking people for execution, including Lepidus’s
brother, and dismisses Lepidus as “a slight unmeritable man” who is
only fit to be used as a tool in their rise to power. This plotting
reveals Antony’s pragmatic and ruthless side, showing that his
loyalty to Caesar was driven by a desire for power as much as
affection. So Antony is actually a complex character - both
calculating and loyal, willing to go to any ends to achieve his goals.

Question 5.

Antony : O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,

That I am meek and gentle with these butchers !
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
That ever lived in the tide of times.
Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood !

(a) Who is present when Antony speaks these words? What is his
state of mind at this point of time? (3)

Answer : No one is present when Antony speaks these words. When

he speaks these lines to himself, his state of mind is one of grief,
inner conflict, and seething anger. He is beside Caesar’s dead body,
mourning his fallen friend, and feeling immense sorrow over the
assassination. Yet, at the same time, he is filled with rage and guilt
for having appeared "meek and gentle" with Caesar's murderers, the
conspirators. This reveals his growing desire for revenge.

(b) Why does Antony refer to Caesar's body as ``thou bleeding

piece of earth''? (3)

Answer : Antony refers to Caesar's body as a "bleeding piece of earth"

to express the deep connection between Caesar's death and the land
of Rome, symbolizing both his grief and the tragic fall of a great
leader. Through this metaphor, Antony acknowledges that Caesar,
once a powerful and noble ruler, has been reduced to a lifeless
body. By calling him a "piece of earth," Antony highlights the
humbling reality that all people, even the greatest leaders,
ultimately return to the earth after death.

At the same time, the use of the word ``bleeding'' emphasises the
brutality of Caesar's assassination, as his body lies wounded with
several stab wounds and in a bloodied state. Antony is mourning not
just the death of Caesar, but the violent way in which it was done,
portraying the assassination as a heinous crime. Politically, Caesar
had been a central figure in Rome’s political landscape. By
describing him as a "piece of earth'', Antony is alluding to the fact
that Caesar was an essential part of Rome's stability, and with his
death, the foundations of Rome are bleeding as well.

(c) The use of the word ``butchers'' is in contrast to how Antony

met the conspirators in a ``meek and gentle'' manner. Explain
what trait of Antony is apparent from the two contrasting
expressions. (3)

Answer : The contrasting ways in which Antony behaves when he first

meets the conspirators in a ``meek and gentle'' manner and later
refers to them as "butchers" reveal his calculating nature. Antony is a
master of manipulation and able to conceal his true feelings to
achieve his ultimate goal.

When he first meets the conspirators soon after they have

assassinated Caesar, Antony knows that they are more numerically
more powerful at that point in time. Therefore, strategically, Antony
appears submissive and respectful, even shaking their hands and
calling Brutus noble. This meek behavior is a clever move because he
knows that if he showed anger or opposition at this moment, the
conspirators may view him as a threat and eliminate him as well. By
appearing calm and conciliatory, Antony is buying himself time and
gaining their trust, ensuring his own survival and setting the stage for
his future plans.

However, when he is alone with Caesar’s body, his true feelings

emerge. Referring to the conspirators as "butchers" reveals his deep-
seated contempt and rage towards them. This word highlights the
violent and savage nature of the assassination and proves that
Antony sees them not as liberators of Rome, but as brutal murderers.

The trait that emerges from these two contrasting expressions is

Antony's ability to control his emotions and craft a careful facade in
the face of danger. Unlike the image that he has created of being
fond of sport and parties, Antony is actually politically astute and
patient, waiting for the right moment to unleash his true intentions.
His outward meekness is a tactical front, hiding his inner fury and
desire for revenge. This combination of shrewdness and emotional
control makes Antony a formidable foe.

(d) ``Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood'', says Antony.
What does this cry reveal about Antony? (3)

Answer : Antony's lament and cry that "Woe to the hand that shed
this costly blood," reveals that he is an emotional person in his
private moments and also reflects the depth of his loyalty and sense
of justice. By referring to Caesar's blood as "costly", Antony
emphasizes how precious Caesar was to him and to Rome. His choice
of words convey a deep sense of personal loss. At the same
time, there is an underlying tone of anger and outrage. The word
"woe" suggests a curse on the men responsible for Caesar’s murder.
Thus Antony’s sorrow-filled emotions are intertwined with a growing
desire for retribution against the conspirators. In the later half of
the play, he gives shape to the plan for revenge.

(e) Antony describes Caesar as the ``noblest man that ever lived
in the tide of times''. Comment on the friendship that Caesar and
Antony had shared as it emerges after the assassination. (4)

Answer : The friendship between Caesar and Antony, as depicted in

`Julius Caesar', is one of deep loyalty, admiration, and mutual
respect. Antony sees Caesar as the "noblest man that ever lived in
the tide of times," which reflects the profound personal bond they
shared. Antony views Caesar as a figure of immense strength,
wisdom, and virtue who was worthy of honor and reverence. This
admiration is evident in Antony’s immediate grief and anger
following Caesar’s assassination.

Antony’s loyalty to Caesar is unshakeable. Even when faced with the

conspirators after the assassination, Antony manages to suppress his
emotions, showing self-control in order to protect himself and
Caesar’s legacy. However, when alone with Caesar’s body, his true
feelings emerge. He mourns Caesar deeply and vows to avenge his
death, displaying his unwavering commitment to his fallen
friend. This relationship is further illustrated in Antony’s funeral
speech, where he masterfully manipulates the crowd to turn them
against the conspirators. He uses his love for Caesar as a powerful
emotional tool, skillfully invoking the image of Caesar as a noble
martyr to incite the people to action. Thus Antony’s dedication to
Caesar goes beyond mere friendship and it becomes a driving force
for the remainder of the play, influencing his actions in seeking
revenge and restoring Caesar’s honor.

Question 6.
O masters, if I were disposed to stir
Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,
I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,
Who, you all know, are honourable men

(a) Who speaks these lines? Where does he speak these lines? Who
is referred to as `masters' and why?

Answer : Antony speaks these lines in Act 3 Scene 2 of the play

`Julius Caesar'. He speaks these lines at a public place referred to as
the `Forum' in Rome.

Antony refers to the Roman citizens assembled near Caesar's body as

``masters''. He does so as a strategic form of flattery. He pretends
to be deferential and humble, suggesting that the people assembled
there have the power and control. This is his tactic to gain their
trust and appear as though he is not trying to manipulate them.

(b) What does the word ``wrong'' mean as used by the speaker?
What does it suggest about his intentions?

Answer : When Antony says, "I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius
wrong" in his funeral speech, the word ``wrong'' means injustice or
unfair treatment. In this context, Antony is sarcastically suggesting
that it would be unjust or improper to criticize Brutus and Cassius,
given that they are "honorable men", a phrase he repeats with
sarcasm throughout the speech.

By saying this, Antony is pretending to be fair and impartial, as if he

does not want to accuse Brutus and Cassius directly of wrongdoing.
However, his true intention is to get the citizens to doubt their
honor and motives without Antony openly attacking them. So Antony
wants to stir up resentment and anger against Brutus, Cassius, and
the other conspirators. While outwardly maintaining a respectful
tone, Antony is subtly leading the people to see that Brutus and
Cassius have, in fact, committed a grave wrong by assassinating
Caesar. Therefore, the word "wrong" in this context is part of
Antony’s clever rhetorical strategy to incite the crowd against the
conspirators while appearing reasonable and non-confrontational.

(c) What is Antony's intention in mentioning Caesar's will to the

citizens?

Answer : Antony’s intention in mentioning Caesar’s will to the

citizens is to manipulate the crowd’s emotions and turn them against
the conspirators. He uses the will as a tool to ensure people's
feelings of loyalty to Caesar and their anger at his assassination.
While Brutus labelled Caesar as ambitious for himself, Antony by
suggesting that Caesar’s will contains generous gifts for the citizens,
makes them positively inclined towards Caesar. When he finally
reveals that Caesar left 75 drachmas to each Roman citizen and
public parks for their enjoyment, Antony transforms Caesar into a
benefactor of the people, someone who genuinely cared for their
welfare.

This portrayal of Caesar as a generous and selfless leader contrasts

sharply with the conspirators, who killed him under the pretense of
saving Rome from tyranny. Antony’s mention of the will suggests that
the conspirators acted not for the good of Rome but out of jealousy
and ambition. His revelation incites the crowd’s fury, provoking
them to mutiny against Brutus, Cassius, and the other assassins.

(d) What does Antony say will happen if the commoners happened
to hear the ``testament''?

Answer : Antony says that if the ``commons hear this testament'' of

Julius Caesar, which he did not ``mean to read'', they will go and
kiss dead Caesar's wounds and dip their napkins in his sacred blood.
They would even beg for a lock of his hair to remember him by.
When they would die eventually, they would mention the
handkerchief and the hair in their will, leaving it as a rich
inheritance for their descendents.

(e) What does the commoners' reaction to the contents of the will
reveal about the public?

Answer : The commoners' reaction to the contents of Caesar's will in

`Julius Caesar' reveals that they are easily influenced by appeals to
their feelings. Antony’s revelation that Caesar has left them money
and public parks triggers an outpouring of affection for Caesar,
quickly turning them against the conspirators. This suggests that the
Roman public is not driven by rational thought or careful judgment
but by their immediate emotions, making them highly susceptible to
manipulation.

It is important to note that just a few moments back, the

commoners were supportive of Brutus and the conspirators,
accepting Brutus's justification for Caesar's murder. They even
wanted Brutus to take Caesar's place and also erect his statue.
However, once Antony reads the will and portrays Caesar as a
benevolent figure, the crowd’s allegiance quickly shifts. This reveals
the fickle nature of the public.

The crowd’s enthusiastic reaction to the will also highlights their

concern for personal gain. When they learn that Caesar has left them
money and public lands, their grief for Caesar intensifies. This
suggests that their loyalty can be bought or influenced by material
benefits, showing that public sentiment is closely tied to personal
interest.

Question 7

Citizens : We will be satisfied, let us be satisfied.

Brutus : Then follow me and give me audience, friends -
Cassius, go you into the other street
And part the numbers.

(a) At which place does Brutus say this? What does he ask Cassius
to do and why? (3)

Answer : Brutus says this at a public place in Rome called The Forum
where the public has gathered to listen to him, Cassius and
thereafter Mark Antony along with Caesar's body. Brutus asks Cassius
to address a part of the crowd at another place so that everyone
does not crowd at one place. In this manner, Brutus wants to ensure
that both of them control the narrative which they want the
Plebeians to believe.

(b) What does the phrase `part the numbers' mean here? What
does it say about the leadership style of Brutus? (3)
Answer : The phrase `part the numbers' said by Brutus is an order to
Cassius to divide the crowd of Romans. It shows that Brutus realises
that a large crowd assembled at one place could get uncontrollable
and he wants to guard against a volatile situation that could go out
of hand. It shows that he is shrewd and is able to think deeply about
any situation.

(c) What does Brutus do in order to convince the Romans that the
conspirators did the right thing? (3)

Answer : Brutus delivers a speech to convince the Roman citizens

that the conspirators did the right thing by assassinating Caesar. To
achieve this, he uses a rational and logical approach, appealing to
the crowd’s sense of reason and patriotism. Brutus addresses them
as ``Romans, countrymen and lovers''. Brutus emphasizes it was
``not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more''. He
argues that Caesar’s ambition posed a threat to the freedom and
well-being of the Roman people. Brutus presents the assassination as
an act of selflessness, explaining that he killed Caesar not for
personal gain but to prevent Rome from falling under tyranny. By
framing the murder as necessary for the greater good of Rome,
Brutus tries to justify his actions.

Brutus also asks the crowd if they would prefer to live as slaves
under Caesar’s rule or as free men without him. He presents the
assassination as a choice between liberty and dictatorship, appealing
to the citizens’ pride in their freedom. This tactic aims to make the
crowd feel that Brutus and the conspirators acted to protect their
liberty, not to commit treason.
(d) How do the Plebeians react to Brutus? What do they wish to do
for him? (3)

Answer : The Plebeians who are the common citizens of Rome

initially react very positively to Brutus after his speech because he
appeals to their sense of logic and patriotism by explaining that he
assassinated Caesar not out of personal malice, but for the greater
good of Rome. Brutus argues that Caesar’s ambition would have led
to tyranny, and that the conspirators acted to protect the republic
and the freedom of the people.

The Plebeians, convinced by Brutus’s reasoning, express their

approval and admiration for him. They quickly agree that Caesar’s
death was justified, and they praise Brutus for his actions. In fact,
they are so impressed by his noble justification for the assassination
that they wish to honor Brutus for his service to Rome. Some of the
Plebeians suggest that Brutus should be crowned as Caesar's
successor or be given high honors in Rome. They declare, “Let him
be Caesar!” and even want to build a statue for him and carry him in
triumph to his house.

Their reaction reveals the fickle and easily swayed nature of the
Roman mob, as they quickly shift their loyalties and seem ready to
replace one ruler with another, despite Brutus’s argument against
such concentration of power.

(e) In the way the assassination was achieved, do you think

Cassius turned out the most clever of the conspirators? Give your
opinion. (4) (Very important)
Answer : In the context of the assassination of Julius Caesar, Cassius
can indeed be viewed as one of the more clever conspirators. His
strategic thinking and ability to foresee potential threats highlight
his intelligence in planning the assassination. Cassius is the architect
behind the conspiracy, having initially persuaded Brutus to join their
cause by appealing to his sense of honor and love for Rome. This was
a significant move because Brutus’s involvement lent credibility to
the conspiracy and swayed public opinion, as Brutus was highly
respected among the Romans.

During the assassination itself, Cassius demonstrates his cunning by

being calculated and methodical in the execution of their plan. He
picks up every cue and is anxious if Popilius has got to know about
the plot. He understands the importance of timing and positioning,
ensuring that they strike when Caesar is most vulnerable. By ensuring
that Antony was kept away. Cassius showed his ability to plan to the
last detail. He is also deeply suspicious and does not like to take
chances. For instance, he is not in favour of allowing Antony to speak
and argues with Brutus about it.

Question 8.

Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;

I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones;
So let it be with Caesar.

(a) Why does Antony refer to the Plebeians as ``Friends, Romans,

countrymen''? (Important)
Answer : Antony refers to the Plebeians as “Friends, Romans,
countrymen” at the beginning of his funeral speech to immediately
create a sense of camaraderie and intimacy. This, he hopes, would
foster a feeling of unity with the crowd, suggesting that he is one of
them. This would help him disseminate his message better. By
invoking Romans, Antony appeals to the crowd's national pride. This
reference reminds them of their identity and collective responsibility
as citizens of Rome. The phrase ``countrymen'' is most significant
because it emphasises that the matters at hand are not personal but
of national significance. Antony implies that the assassination of
Caesar affects all Romans and that they must come together to
address this injustice.

(b) Why does Antony say ``lend me your ears''?

Answer : The phrase ``lend me your ears'', spoken by Antony at the

beginning of his funeral speech is a polite request seeking attention
of the crowd. He wants their full focus because what he is about to
say will be crucial to swaying their opinion. This opening ensures
they are ready to hear what he has to say. By using this
phrase, Antony also exerts subtle control over the crowd. While the
request is respectful, it signals that he is about to deliver something
important. Lastly, by asking the crowd to ``lend'' him their ears, he
presents himself as a friend and fellow Roman rather than a
manipulator, helping to gain their trust before guiding them toward
the emotional climax of his speech.

(c) Explain ``the evil that men do lives after them, the good is oft
interred with their bones.''
Answer : The phrase “the evil that men do lives after them; the good
is oft interred with their bones” reflects a cynical view of human
nature and memory. These words by Antony suggest that people tend
to remember the wrongdoings of others long after their death, while
their good deeds are often forgotten or buried with them.

In this context, Antony implies that despite Caesar’s many positive

contributions to Rome, such as his victories and generosity, his
alleged ambition is what will be remembered by the public. While
the phrase acknowledges how the conspirators focus only on Caesar’s
supposed flaws, it reminds the crowd that Caesar’s virtues should
not be forgotten.

(d) Discuss the significance of Antony's claim that he came to bury

Caesar, not to praise him. How does this highlight the dramatic
irony of his speech? (3)

Answer : Antony’s claim that he comes to “bury Caesar, not to praise

him” at the beginning of his speech is a fine instance of dramatic
irony. It shows that he is aware that the crowd at that point in time
are on Brutus' side and therefore he does not wish to say anything
that may turn the Romans against him. By asserting that his intention
is to bury Caesar rather than praise him, Antony also prepares the
audience to expect a speech that will honor Caesar’s legacy in a
subdued or reserved manner. However, this sets up a contrast with
the actual content of his speech, which is filled with emotional
appeals and persuasive rhetoric that ultimately aims to incite the
crowd against the conspirators.

Antony's claim helps to draw in the Plebeians. It allows him to

present himself as a moderate voice who respects the conspirators’
actions while simultaneously undermining their justification for
Caesar’s assassination. As he continues to speak, he uses irony to
suggest that he is merely honoring Caesar's memory, all while
skillfully turning public opinion against Brutus and the others. This
manipulation emphasizes his cunning and rhetorical skill.

The dramatic irony in Antony's statement lies in the fact that the
audience knows he is actually there to incite rebellion rather than to
mourn. The audience knows that he does not consider Brutus and
Cassius as ``honourable men''. While Antony pretends to support the
conspirators' narrative of Caesar’s ambition, his actions and rhetoric
throughout the speech reveal his true intent. The audience witnesses
Antony’s transition from a moderate Roman to a passionate advocate
for vengeance, heightening the irony of his initial claim.

The phrase ``bury Caesar'' also contains inherent raw emotion and
foreshadows the revolutionary sentiments it will evoke. This
statement subtly hints that while Antony might appear to be
mourning, he is, in fact, laying the groundwork for a political
upheaval. The fact that he speaks from the same spot that Brutus
addressed from, puts him at the same level as Brutus.

(e) The speech by Antony is an exhibition of raw political

manoeuvring. Do you agree? (Important)

Answer : Yes, Antony’s funeral speech in `Julius Caesar' is a powerful

exhibition of raw political maneuvering. Through his speech, Antony
skillfully manipulates the emotions and thoughts of the Roman
citizens, turning them against Brutus and the other conspirators who
assassinated Caesar. By appearing to respect the conspirators,
repeatedly referring to Brutus and the others as "honorable men'', he
does not allow anyone to realise that he is actually manipulating
them in a subtle manner. He uses it as a camouflage tactic to slip in
facts about Caesar’s generosity and leadership, such as his refusal of
the crown and his concern for the poor. This is classic politics where
the opponents do not realise they are being outmanoeuvred.

Second, Antony appeals directly to the crowd’s emotions by showing

Caesar’s wounded body and points to the betrayal of Brutus, labeling
it the "most unkindest cut of all." By focusing on Brutus’s betrayal
and Caesar’s vulnerability, Antony stirs feelings of guilt, anger, and
sorrow in the crowd.

In politics, leaders often use welfarism as a tool to garner support.

One of Antony’s most politically savvy moves is his strategic mention
of Caesar’s will. By initially withholding the will’s details, he builds
suspense and curiosity among the crowd. When he finally reveals
that Caesar left money and his gardens to the Roman citizens, it
portrays Caesar as a benefactor of the people, further turning them
against the conspirators.

Finally Antony's masterful oratory ensures he incites action without

directly calling for it. Through these tactics, Antony shows his
shrewdness as a politician, manipulating public sentiment to achieve
his goals without appearing overtly hostile or power-hungry.

Question 9.

Antony: You all do know this mantle. I remember

The first time ever Caesar put it on;
‘Twas on a summer’s evening, in his tent,
That day he overcame the Nervii.
(a) Who were the ‘Nervii’? Why does Antony mention the names
of Cassius, Casca and Brutus as he shows the mob the mantle?

Answer : Nervii was a Gallic tribe who had been defeated by Julius
Caesar. Antony mentioned the names of Cassius, Casca and Brutus to
talk about which specific places in the cloak and Caesar's body the
trio had stabbed him in order to stir their raw emotions and win the
mob on to his side in order to incite them to take revenge.

(b) State three arguments put forward by Antony earlier to prove

that Caesar was not ambitious.

Answer : Antony put forward several arguments to refute Brutus’s

claim that Caesar was ambitious. He reminded the crowd that Caesar
refused the crown offered to him by Antony during the Feast of
Lupercal, not once, but three times. He asked, "Was this ambition?"
This point showed that Caesar was not driven by personal power or
ambition, as an ambitious man would have eagerly accepted the
crown.

Second, Antony pointed out that Caesar brought wealth to Rome by

securing ransoms from captives during his military conquests. This
showed that Caesar's victories benefited the state, not just himself.
An ambitious man would have kept the wealth for personal gain, but
Caesar used it for the good of the people and the Roman treasury.

Antony further argued that Caesar was compassionate and

empathetic, citing how he “wept” for the poor. By showing that
Caesar had concern for the common people, Antony suggested that
he was not purely self-centered or power-hungry, as a truly
ambitious person would be.

(c) Why does Antony refer to Brutus as well-beloved? Why was the
stabbing of Caesar by Brutus referred to as the ‘most unkindest
cut of all’? (Important)

Answer : Antony refers to Brutus as “well-beloved” to emphasize the

deep personal bond between Caesar and Brutus. Brutus was not only
one of Caesar’s closest friends but also someone whom Caesar
trusted implicitly. By highlighting Brutus’s status as "well-beloved,"
Antony underscores the shock and betrayal Caesar must have felt
when Brutus, of all people, participated in the assassination. This
makes Brutus’s betrayal even more devastating in the eyes of the
crowd. By using the adjective now, Antony is also being sarcastic.

The phrase “most unkindest cut of all” refers to the emotional pain
caused by Brutus's betrayal, which was far worse than the physical
wounds inflicted by the other conspirators. The “cut” symbolizes
both the literal stab wound and the deep emotional wound caused by
someone Caesar loved and trusted. Antony implies that, although
Caesar could endure the betrayal of others, the participation of
Brutus was the final, unbearable blow. This is why Caesar's shock is
captured in the famous phrase, “Et tu, Brute?” (Even you, Brutus?).

Antony’s use of this phrase manipulates the crowd’s emotions,

painting Brutus as the ultimate betrayer. It makes Brutus’s
involvement in the assassination appear more treacherous and
heartbreaking, turning public opinion against him and the other
conspirators.
(d) Mention three ways Brutus’ speech differs from Antony’s.
(Important)

Answer : Brutus’ speech differs significantly from Mark Antony’s

speech in content, style, and rhetorical approach. Brutus’ speech is
grounded in rational argument, appealing to the logic of the crowd,
and explaining that he killed Caesar not because he lacked love for
him, but because he loved Rome more. Brutus argues that Caesar’s
ambition would have enslaved the Roman people, and so his
assassination was necessary for the good of the Republic. In contrast,
Antony’s speech has a strong emotional quotient. He stirs the
crowd’s feelings by presenting Caesar’s deeds and generosity,
highlighting Caesar’s compassion for the poor and reading his will.
Antony’s speech manipulates the crowd's emotions to turn them
against the conspirators.

Second, Brutus speaks in a direct and formal manner, presenting his

reasons for killing Caesar in a straightforward way. He assumes that
the crowd will understand and accept his reasoning. Antony, on the
other hand, is more manipulative. He uses irony and rhetorical
questions to cast doubt on Brutus’s claim of Caesar’s ambition,
repeatedly calling Brutus "honorable" while providing evidence to the
contrary.

Finally, Brutus delivers his speech in prose, reflecting his emphasis

on reason and his attempt to communicate plainly. Antony speaks in
verse, which adds a more emotional and persuasive rhythm to his
speech, making it more memorable and impactful to the crowd.

(e) What characteristic of the mob is highlighted in this scene?

State any two characteristic traits of Mark Antony revealed in this
scene. Justify your answer by giving a suitable reason.
Answer : In Act 3, Scene 2 of `Julius Caesar', the fickle-minded
nature and emotional volatility of the Roman mob are prominently
highlighted. Initially, the crowd supports Brutus, accepting his
justification for Caesar’s assassination. Brutus appeals to their logic,
claiming that Caesar was ambitious and that his death was necessary
for the good of Rome. The mob readily agrees with him and praises
Brutus as a savior. However, when Mark Antony delivers his funeral
speech, he cleverly manipulates their emotions, causing the same
crowd to turn against Brutus and the other conspirators. This rapid
shift in loyalty demonstrates that the mob is easily influenced,
driven more by emotion than rational reason. Their lack of
steadfastness reflects their susceptibility to rhetorical manipulation.

Two key traits of Mark Antony that are revealed in this scene
include his ability to manipulate and oratory skills. Antony’s speech
shows his ability to subtly manipulate the crowd without directly
attacking Brutus. He repeatedly calls Brutus “honorable” while
contrasting this with examples of Caesar’s non-ambitious behavior,
such as his refusal of the crown and his compassion for the poor. This
ironic repetition plants seeds of doubt in the minds of the citizens,
gradually swaying them against Brutus. Antony’s calculated use of
emotional manipulation, from displaying Caesar’s wounds to
revealing the contents of his will, demonstrates his cunning.

Antony’s exceptional skill as an orator is evident in how he builds

momentum in his speech. He begins with restraint, pretending to be
humble and cautious and siding with Brutus, but as the speech
progresses, he intensifies his emotional appeal, ultimately inciting
the crowd to riot. His mastery of rhetoric allows him to control the
mob’s emotions and turn them into a vengeful force.
Question 10.

Cinna the poet : I dreamt tonight that I did feast with Caesar, And
things unlucky charge my fantasy :
I have no will to wander forth of doors, Yet
something leads me forth.

(a) When and where does Cinna say these words? To whom does
he say this? What connection does he have to Cinna the
conspirator? (3)

Answer : Cinna the poet says these words to himself on a street in

Rome while he is on his way to Julius Caesar's funeral. Apart from
the fact that he bears the same name as Cinna the conspirator, there
is no connection with him.

(b) Explain ``charge my fantasy''. How does it connect to what

unfolds in Rome? (3)

Answer : Cinna the poet says that he dreamed ``tonight'' that he

feasted with Caesar. ``Charge my fantasy'' refers to the fact that his
mind was now preoccupied by the ominous premonition of
misfortune which was full of unlucky signs.

The dream of feasting with Caesar is a manifestation of his

subconscious fears that come true in Rome soon after. Cinna, who is
a poet, artistically describes the dream as charging his fantasy with
``things unlucky'' and this is a pointer to political instability that
Rome will find itself facing after Caesar's assassination. The dream
serves as an indication of impending disaster. It is important to note
that Shakespeare uses Cinna not as an individual but someone who
represents the mind of the common people of Rome.

(c) Why does Cinna say ``I have no will to wander forth of doors,
Yet something leads me forth.''

Answer : Cinna's statement ``I have no will to wander forth of doors,

Yet something leads me forth.'' reflects his fear and inner
conflict. He hopes his dream of feasting with Caesar is not an omen
of danger while being afraid of venturing outdoors. Even though he
consciously doesn't want to venture out, something beyond his
control seems to be compelling him to do so, indicating a sense of
foreboding. The ``something'' is the pull of fate, an important
element in the play. It is also a reflection on Cinna's character that
he feels it is necessary to participate in Caesar's funeral and that
also highlights his commitment. The line adds to the tension on the
streets of Rome, highlighting how, in the turmoil following Caesar’s
assassination, ordinary people are caught up in events beyond their
control.

(d) Why does the mob attack Cinna? Comment on the theme
that it highlights. (3)

Answer : Cinna the poet is attacked because the mob of Plebeians

mistake him for Cinna the conspirator who took part in the
assassination of Julius Caesar at the Senate. It highlights the theme
of mistaken identity and points to the chaos and anarchy that
prevails on the streets of Rome soon after the killing of Caesar. The
fact that the mob wants to ``tear him to pieces'' highlights the
danger of mob mentality and the destructive potential of
misinformation. It also reflects the breakdown of rational judgement
in times of political upheaval and the degeneration into paranoia.
The mob's propensity to turn violent also highlights its tendency to
act on emotion and not on reason.

(e) The theme of Power plays out in three different ways in Act 3
of Julius Caesar? Explain. (4) (Important for Understanding)

Answer : In Act 3 of `Julius Caesar', the theme of power is explored

through the power dynamics among the conspirators, the power of
rhetoric through Brutus and Antony's speeches, and the shifting
power of the people of Rome.

The power that the conspirators seek to wield here is political

because they believe that by killing Caesar, they can prevent him
from becoming a tyrant and save the Republic. Their collective
action represents the power of a small group to alter the course of
history through violence and betrayal. The conspirators manipulate
the trust Caesar has in them, especially Brutus, and use their
proximity to Caesar to gain power over him in his most vulnerable
moment.

At the same time, Brutus’ moral authority within the group, his
idealism, and his belief that Caesar's death is necessary for the
greater good, give him a certain type of power. He sees himself as
acting in Rome’s best interest, but in doing so, he is blind to the
consequences of their violent act and the forces he unleashes by
removing Caesar.

After the assassination, power shifts to the realm of rhetoric, where

Brutus and Antony vie for control of public opinion. Brutus uses a
rational, logical approach in his funeral oration, emphasizing that
Caesar's ambition was a threat to Roman freedom and thereby
justifying the assassination as a noble act. But he fails to use
emotion as an element to connect with the crowd at a base level. In
contrast, Mark Antony’s speech demonstrates the power of
emotional manipulation and rhetoric. He uses irony, repetition, and
emotional appeal to turn the crowd against the conspirators. He
appeals to the crowd's emotions by showing them Caesar's wounded
body and reading his will, which promises them money and public
parks, making Caesar seem like a benevolent figure. Antony's speech
is a masterclass in how language could be wielded as power to stir
the masses into rebellion.

The common people of Rome represent the shifting power dynamics

in the streets of the city and reflect in the form of mob fury. They
rely on raw emotion and not on logic. They highlight that the masses
can be manipulated by a skilled orator like Antony and then they
turn dangerous, making Rome a chaotic place.

The irony is that the assassination was meant to restore power to the
people by preventing Caesar's dictatorship. But the result is a Rome
where mob rule prevails, showing that power in the hands of the
masses can be just as dangerous as power concentrated in one man.

(While you may not get an omnibus question like this, this answer
will help you cull out relevant parts when writing on an important
theme point like Power in the play)