Unit 1:

Topic vocabulary in contrast:

1. artificial / false: artificial-not natural or real, but made by people. false-made to look like something real
2. aim / cause / reason: aim-the thing that you hope to achieve by doing something. cause-an event, thing
or person that makes something happen. Reason-a fact, situation or intention that explains why
something happened, why something did something or why something is true
3. progress / development: progress-the progress of developing or improving development-change,
growth or improvement over a period of time
4. natural / physical: natural-existing in nature, and not produced by people. physical-real and able to be
seen, touched or felt
5. estimate / calculate: estimate-to guess or calculate an amount or value by using available information.
Calculate-to discover a number or amount by using mathematics
6. modern / new: modern-relating to or belonging to the present time. New-recently made, invented or
developed
7. true / accurate: true-based on facts or on things that really happened. accurate-correct in every detail
and without any mistakes
8. electric / electronic: electric-using or relating to electricity. electronic-using electricity and extremely
small electrical parts, such as microchips
9. industry / factory: industry-all the businesses involved in producing a particular type of goods or
services. Factory-a building where large quantities of goods are produced using machines
10. method / way: method-a way of doing something, especially a planned or established way. Way-a
method for doing something
11. invent / discover: invent-to design or create something that did not exist before discover-to find
something that was hidden or that no one knew about before
12. award / reward: award-a prize that is given to someone who has achieved something. Reward-
something good that happens or that you receive because of something that you have done
13. engine / machine / motor: engine-part of a vehicle that makes it move. Machine-a piece of equipment
with moving parts that does a particular job. motor-the part of a machine or vehicle that makes it work
14. research / experiment: research-the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts.
Experiment-a scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions
15. take place / occur: to happen
Phrasal verbs
 break down stop working (for a machine, etc) зламати
 carry out perform an experiment, etc виконувати
 come off succeed досягнути успіху
 come on develop or make progress розвиватися
 come up with think of (an idea, a plan, etc) пропонувати
 cut off stop the supply of sth припинити постачати
 find out discover information, etc дізнатися
 give off produce sth such as heat or a smell виділяти
 narrow down reduce the number of possibilities зменшити
 plug in connect to the electricity supply під’єднати
 put through connect by phone з’днати по телефону
 turn into change into sth different перетворити
 turn off stop a machine working виключити
 work out find the solution to a problem, etc вирішити проблему

Phrases and collocations

o Attempt-make an attempt (at sth/doing/to do); attempt to do; in an attempt to do
o average-on average
 o beginning-in the beginning; at the beginning (of sth); beginning with
o bottom-at/on the bottom (of sth)
o cause-(be/find/look for/etc) the cause of sth
o conclusion-сome to/reach the conclusion (that); in conclusion
o experiment-do/perform/carry out an experiment (on sth); experiment with sth/doing
o fact-in fact; as a matter of fact; the fact (of the matter) is (that); face the facts
o introduction-with the introduction of sth; an introduction to sth/sb
o phone call-make/receive/get a phone call
o photo(graph)-take a photo (of sth/sb)
o research-carry out/do research (on/into sth)

Word patterns
 cause sth (to do)
 consider sth/doing; consider if/whether; consider sb for sth; consider it
 strange, etc (for sb to do)
 discuss sth/doing (with sb)
 explain that; explain sth (to sb)
 intend to do/doing мати намір
 know (about) sth/doing; know of sb; be known as sth
 look at/for sb; look forward to sth/doing
 manage to do
 plan sth; plan to do
 possible (for sb) to do; find sth possible; find it impossible to do
 result of sth/doing; result in sth; result in (your) doing; result from sth/doing; as a result of sth
 wonder about sth/doing; wonder if/whether/why
Unit2
Topic vocabulary: Change
 adapt (v) to change your ideas or behaviour so that you can deal with a new situation
 adjust коректувати (v) to change something slightly in order to make it better, more accurate or more
effective
 alternate чергувати (v) if one thing alternates with another, it happens after it and keeps being repeated
 alternate черговий (adj) happening on one day, week, etc, but not on the day, week, etc
 alternative альтернатива (n) something that you can choose instead of something else
 alternative альтернативний (adj) different from something else and able to be used instead of it
 amend поправляти (v) to make changes to a document, law, agreement, etc, especially in order to
improve it
 conservative (adj) not willing to accept much change, especially in the traditional values of society
 convert (v) to change from one system, use or method to another, or to make something do this
 convert (v) Зміна переконань to change your beliefs, especially your religious beliefs, or to persuade
someone to do this
 convert (n) someone who has changed their beliefs in an important way
 decay (v) розпадання to be gradually destruction of something as a result of a natural process of change
 decay (n) розпад the gradual destruction of something as a result of a natural process of change
 deteriorate погіршуватися (v) to become worse
 distort спотворювати (v) to change something such as information so that it is no longer true or accurate
 dynamic (adj) continuously changing, growing or developing
 endure терпіти (v) to suffer something unpleasant or difficult in a patient way over a long period
 endure продовжуватися (v) to last for a long time
 evolve еволюціонувати (v) when a type of plant or animal evolves, its physical form changes over a
long period of time
 evolve розвиватися (v) to gradually change and develop over a period of time
  influence (v) to affect the way someone thinks or behaves or affect the way something happens
 influence (n) the effect that a person or thing has on someone’s decisions, opinions or behaviour or on
the way something happens
 innovation (n) a new idea, method, piece of equipment, etc
 innovative (adj) new, original and advanced
 last (v) to continue existing or happening for or until a particular time
 maintain підтримувати (v) to make something stay the same
 mature (v) to start behaving like an adult and become more sensible as you get older
 mature (adj) behaving in the sensible way that you would expect an adult to behave
 modify (v) to change something slightly, especially in order to improve it or to make it less extreme
 novel (adj) new or unusual
 persist наполягати (v) to continue to do or say something in a determined way
 potential (n) the possibility to develop or achieve something in the future
 potential (adj) possible or likely in the future
 progress (v) to continue to develop or move forward
 progress (n) the process or developing or improving
 radical (adj) a radical change or way of doing something is new and very different from the usual way
 refine доопрацювати (v) to make some changes to something in order to improve it
 reform (v) to improve a situation by correcting things that are wrong or unfair, or make a system work
more effectively
 reform (n) a change intended to correct a situation that is wrong or unfair or make a system work more
effectively
 remain (v) to continue to be in a particular situation or condition
 revise (v) to change your opinion or judgment of something such as a book, law or piece of writing
 revolution (n) a sudden or major change, especially in ideas or methods
 revolution (n) a situation in which people completely change their government or political system,
usually by force
 shift (v) if an idea, attitude or plan shifts or someone shifts it, it changes
 shift (n) a change in something, for example in someone’s ideas or opinions
 spoil псувати (v) to affect something in a way that makes it worse, less attractive or less enjoyable
 status quo існуючий стан. (n phr) the present situation or the way things usually are
 steady (v) to hold something firmly without shaking or moving it
 steady (adj) firmly held in a particular position without moving or shaking
 steady (adj) staying at the same level, speed, value, etc
 substitute (v) to remove one thing and put something else in its place
 substitute (n) something that is used instead of something else
 sustain підтримувати (v) to provide the conditions in which something can happen or exist
 switch (v) to replace one object with another
 switch (n) a change from one thing to another
 switch (n) something such as a button or key that controls the electrical supply to a light, piece of
equipment, machine, etc
 transform (v) to make someone or something completely different, usually in a way that makes them
more attractive, easier to use, etc
 trend (n) a gradual change or development that produces a particular result
 uniform (adj) the same everywhere

Topic vocabulary: Technology

breakthrough (прорив) craft (ремесло) manual (посібник) primitive (adj) broadband (широкосмуговий
доступ) data (відомості) network (мережі) programmer (n) click (v) download (v, n) nuclear (ядерний)
resource (n) complex (складні) file (n) offline (adj,adv) technique (n) consumer electronics (побутова
електроніка) (games) console (n phr) online (adj,adv) upload (завантажити)
Phrasal verbs:
 o back up- резервне копіювання
o change around-переставляти
o change into-змінюватися, перетворюватися
o change out of-переодягатися
o do away with-позбуватися
o do up-лагодити
o fade away-зникати
o key in-друкувати на клавіатурі
o make into-перевтілити
o mix up p-міксувати
o switch on/off-вкл/викл
o take apart-розбирати на частини
o test out-тестувати
o turn into-створити
o use up-використати
o wear out-зносити
Idioms
 a leopard can’t change its spots - used for saying that something will never change their behaviour or
character
 all mod cons - all modern conveniences, the machines and piecesof equipment in your house that make
life easy and comfortable
 break the mould - change a situation by doing something that is very different from what most people
usually do or have done in the past
 change your tune - change your opinion or attitude
 have a change of heart - change your opinion about something or decide not to do something you were
planning to do
 know sth inside out - be very familiar with
 reinvent the wheel - waste time and effort trying to do something that someone else has already done
well
 stick to your guns - refuse to change what you are saying or doing despite the opposition or criticism of
other people
 the tools of the trade - the skills and equipment that you need in order to do your job
 turn over a new leaf - change your life by starting to be a better person or stopping a bad habit