1. Some bacteria are classified as C.

Embryology
saprophytes because they organism which D. Speciation
_____.
A. feed on dead organism matter 8. Known as "Dimasalang" and "Laong
B. feed on other living things Laan".
C. undergo photosynthesis A. Antonio Luna
D. have hydrolytic enzymes B. Jose Rizal
C. Graciano Lopez Jaena
2. Pag-aaral ng mga tuntunin kung paano D. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
inaayos ang mga salita sa loob ng
pangungusap. 9. Ito ay wikang impormal na nalikha at
A. Semantika nabuo sa pagsasama-sama ng mga
B. Syntax salitang pinaikli o pinahaba.
C. Pragmatika A. Balbal
D. Ortograpiya B. Kolokyal
C. Lalawigan
3. The major concern about global D. Pampanitikan
warming arises from increased
concentration of _______. 10. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang di-
A. Greenhouse gases mahalagang salik sa pagtatalumpati?
B. Acid rain A. Okasyon
C. Photochemical smog B. Paksa
D. Nitrogen oxides C. Pagyayabang
D. Tagapakinig
4. Decomposition is a process in which a
substance is broken to make it useful in 11. During what part of the day is carbon
other processes. The organisms that are dioxide released in plants?
capable of decomposing a substance are A. Morning
called _______. B. Noon
A. Autotrophs C. Afternoon
B. Heterotrophs D. Evening
C. Saprotrophs
D. Producers 12. A Greek poet,author of the Iliad and
Odyssey.
5. The laws of heredity were results of the A. Virgil
study of _______. B. Homer
A. Fleming C. Chaucer
B. Mendel D. Valmiki
C. Curie
D. Darwin 13. Which best describes a Haiku?
A. 3 lines with 17 syllables
6. Who were the aboriginal settlers in the B. 14 iambic pentameter lines
islands prior to succeeding migrants who C. 17 lines with 3 syllables
crossed the seas from the southern D. 3 lines with 7 syllables and talks about
Philippines? nature
A. Sumarians
B. Malayans 14. What is the oldest religion in Asia?
C. Borneans A. Hinduism
D. Negritos B. Buddhism
C. Islam
7. Damage to DNA that is not repaired and D. Christian
then replicated can result in genetic
orders. 15. The peace agreement forged in Bohol
A. Mutation between Legaspi and Sikatuna was known
B. Pathology as ________?
A. Blood Compact A. El Filibusterismo
B. Galleon Trade B. Fray Botod
C. Union Obrera C. Mi Ultimo Adios
D. Versadero Decalogo D. El Verdadero Decalogo

16. Who was the youngest Filipino (Boy 23. The pen name of Samuel Clemens is
General) who gave his life while heroically ______.
holding back American troops in the Battle A. George Eliot
of Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur? B. Mark Twain
A. Carlos Romulo C. Robert Browning
B. Emilio Aguinaldo D. Edgar Allan Poe
C. Marcelo H. del Pilar
D. Gregorio del Pilar 24. Which was the first labour union in the
country founded by Isabelo Delos Reyes
17. Which of the following fastest travel in on July 1901?
air? A. Association of the Philippine Labor
A. Thunder B. Union Obrera Democratica
B. Moonbeam C. Union Trabajadores de Filipinos
C. Current D. Association de Compania Tabacalera
D. Light
25. The world largest ecosystem of
18. Secretes insulin that aids in the deserts is _______.
regulation of sugar in the body? A. Africa
A. Kidney B. Sahara
B. Liver C. Libya
C. Pancreas D. Saudi
D. Thyroid
26. Know as Virgin Queen who gave
19. Governor-General Narciso Claveria was England's most prosperous years in wealth
the one who ordered the _______. and culture was ________.
A. Founding of the Union Obrera A. Queen Victoria
Democratica B. Queen Elizabeth II
B. Use of Spanish Surnames by Filipinos C. Queen Elizabeth I
C. Resettlement of Filipino communities in D. Queen Marie Antoinette
cabeceras
D. Tobacco monopoly 27. The poem that Expressess faith in
Filipino youth as hope of the fatherland is
20. A Novel in the form of exchange _________.
letters. A. La belleza de una rosa
A. Epistolary B. A La Juventud Filipina
B. Fiction C. Mi Ultimo Adios
C. Allegory D. Al trabajo
D. Episodic
28. What does a professional code of
21. "Scent of Apples" a collection of stories conduct prescribe?
that succeeded with the united states A. Civic conduct for all
audience,was written by ______. B. Professional traditions and mores
A. Bienvenido Santos C. Moral and ethical standards
B. Jose Garcia Villa D. Stricter implementation of laws
C. F. Sonil Jose
D. Carlos Bulosan 29. What are the prime factors of 56?
A. 7x2x2x2
22. Expounding on the ideals that Mabini B. 7x2x2x3
believed the Philippine Revolution should C. 7x7x2x2
have had, he wrote _______. D. 7x4x2x2
 36. The interrelation between the physical
30. By playing his violin in public places, and biological components of the
Gilopez Kabayao brought classical violin environment is called __________.
music to the _______. A. Ecosystem
A. elite B. Ecological niche
B. cinemas C. Water system
C. theaters D. Solar system
D. masses
31. Isang uri ng pamahayagan na nag- 37. The resettlement of the Filipino
uulat ng mga tunay na pangyayari batay communities to town centers called
sa pag- aaral,pananaliksik,o cabeceras was provided by the Spanish
pakikipanayam at sinusulat sa paraang policy called ________.
kawili-wili ay ________. A. Encomienda
A. Pangulong tudling B. Reduccion
B. Kumento C. Pueblo
C. Lathalain D. Gobernadorcillo
D. Editoryal
38. Virtual face-to-face communication is
32. Which demonstrates interconnections made possible by this software.
between social and environmental A. Google
injustice? B. Skype
A. Industrialized countries' toxic disposed C. Twitter
to poorer countries. D. Facebook
B. Temperature warming and rise of sea
level. 39. What will happen to the plant cell in
C. Desertification of verdant regions. hypertonic solution?
D. Extinction of rare animal species. A. The plant cell will swell.
B. The plant cell will develop a thickened
33. Anong sangay ng linggwistika na cell wall.
sumasaklaw sa pag-aaral ng wastong C. To effect on the plant cell.
baybay ng mga salita? D. The plant cell will shrink.
A. Ortograpiya
B. Morpolohiya 40. Si Fe ay masaya sa kanyang
C. Semantika kaarawan. Ang salitang "masaya" ay isang
D. Sintaks _______.
A. pang-ukol
34. Sa pananaliksik,saang kabanata B. pang-abay
matatagpuan ang tungkol sa suliranin at C. pang-uri
ang kaligiran nito? D. pandiwa
A. Kabanata I
B. Kabanata II 41. The Philippines was discovered in 1521
C. Kabanata III by a Portuguese explorer _______
D. Kabanata IV A. Servillano Aquino
B. Ferdinand Magellan
35. After the 1987 Philippine constitution, C. Christopher Columbus
the first legal bases to make teaching as a D. Fidel Castro
profession or teachers as professionals is
______· 42. Which of the following is a segmented
A. Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers worm that can be used to facilitate
B. RA 7640 anticoagulation?
C. RA 7836 A. Maggots
D. PD 1006 B. Leeches
C. Bloodworms
D. Earthworms
43. Students who bully their classmates 50. Prokaryotes
should be ashamed of _______. morphologies: spherical,rod-shaped, spiral
A. Himself shaped and comma-shaped. The bacterial
B. Ourselves etiology of cholera (vibrio cholera) is _____.
C. Themselves a. Comma-shaped
D. Oneself b. Spherical
c. Rod-shaped
44. She is known for PENCHANT for d. Spiral
jewelry. The capitalized word means
_______. 1. What are the small hair-like structures
A. Avoidance that serve as a sensory function in
B. Fondness eukaryotic cells?
C. Dislike A. Plasma membrane
D. Aversion B. Centromere
C. Actin filaments
45. The US was able to produce semen in D. Cilia
test tubes through _________.
A. Internal 2. Jose reads WAS for SAW or D for P or B.
B. Gene pairing From his reading behavior, one can say
C. In vitro that Jose suffers from ______.
D. Protoplast fusion A. dysgraphia
B. dyslexia
46. The part of newspaper or magazine C. dysphasia
article which gives the name of the writer D. dyspraxia
of the article is called __________.
A. By line 3. Who is the first mythical geographer
B. Dead line who was recognized due to his vivid
C. Head line descriptions
D. Banner line of land and people encountered by his
hero Ulysses?
47. The fisherman uses worms to _______ A. Virgil
the fish. B. Plato
A. Bait C. Homer
B. Bite D. Cicero
C. Bitten 4. Virtual face-to-face communication is
D. Bit made possible by this software.
A. Google
48. May mga salitang naglilipat ng lugar B. Skype
ng ponema lalo na kung nagsisimula sa /1/ C. Twitter
o /y/ at ginigitlapian ng/-in/laya nagkalalpit D. Facebook
ang posisyon ng /1/ at /n/ at nagiging/ni/.
Ang pagbabagong ito ay tinatawag na 5. Dengue is an infectious disease
________. transmitted by an organism classified
A. pagpalit-ponema under which phylum?
B. reduplikasyon A. Arthropoda
C. pagkakaltas B. Echinodermata
D. metatesis C. Mollusca
D. Cnidaria
49. Anong bahagi ng pananalita na
nagsasaad ng kilos, galaw at pangyayari? 6. What are the prime factors of 56?
A. pangngalan A. 7x4x2
B. panghalip B. 14x2x2
C. pang-uri C. 7x8
D. pandiwa D. 7x2x2x2
7. Who said, "The Filipino is worth dying A. Tanay
for?" B. Antipolo
A. Carlos P. Garcia C. Biñan
B. Fidel V. Ramos D. Calamba
C. Jose P. Laurel
D. Benigno Aquino 15. What is the possible consequence of
"meritocracy" in a social system?
8. What is a very hot gas of nuclei and A. Culture of elitism
electrons called? B. Leadership by a people of talent
A. laser C. Rule by those with noble birth
B. ideal gas D. Rule by the wealthy and powerful
C. tokamak
D. plasma
16. Governor-General Narciso Claveria was
9. Isang akda ni Padre Modesto de Castro the one who ordered the __________.
na binubuo ng palitan ng liham ng A. Founding of the Union Obrera
dalawang magkapatid. Democratica
A. Urbana at Feliza B. Use of Spanish Surnames by Filipinos
B. Barlaan at Josaphat C. Resettlement of Filipino communities in
C. Dasalan at Tocsohan cabeceras
D. Indarapatra at Sulayman D. Tobacco monopoly

17. Which among the following refers to

the "Enhanced Basic Education Act of
10. Ilan ang patinig sa alpabetong filipino? 2013"?
A. 4 A. RA 4670
B.5 B. RA 7836
C. 6 C. RA 10533
D. 23 D. RA 9293

11. What organism would most likely be in 18. This Act is also known as the
an arctic environment? "Philippine Teachers Professionalization
A. Crocodile Act of 1994."
B. Walrus A. RA 4670
C. Turtle B. RA 7836
D. Maya Bird C. RA 10533
D. RA 9293
12. A Filipino migrant writer whose fiction
stories reflect the filipino's concepts of 19. This law makes some amendments of
american culture. certain sections of RA 7836 such as the
A. Bienvenido Santos Qualification Requirements of Teacher
B. Ricky Lee Applicants, Registration and Exception.
C. Alejandro Roces A. RA 4670
D. Ambeth Ocampo B. RA 10157
C. RA 10533
13. Harry Potter is a series of seven D. RA 9293
fantasy novels written by British author
________. 20. What is the process used by plants to
A. William Shakespeare convert the energy from sunlight into
B. George Orwell chemical energy?
C. J. K. Rowling A. Diffusion
D. Virginia Woolf B. Cytolysis
C. Photosynthesis
14. Saan ipinanganak ang pambansang D. Phytochemical conversation
bayani ng Pilipinas?
21. What is considered as the earliest form 28. Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides
of writing in the Philippines? and polysaccharides are types of
A. Abakada _________.
B. Roman Alphabet A. Proteins
C. Alibata B. Lipids
D. Balitaw C. Nucleotides
D. Carbohydrates
22. A human arm,a bat's wing and a seals
flipper are examples of _______. 29. "Silas Marner" and "Middlemarch" are
A. Analogous organs two of the most famous works of George
B. Homologous organs Eliot, whose real name is _________.
C. Embryonic organs A. George Barthes
D. Vestigial organs B. Anton Chekov
C. Mary Ann Evans
23. Pinakapayak na anyo ng salita na D. Ashton Bell
walang kahalong panlapi ay __________.
A. Gitlapi 30. The ordering of human needs from
B. Ponema highest to lowest is known as the
C. Salitang ugat hierarchy of needs by _____
D. Laguhan A. John Dewey
B. Abraham Maslow
24. The family members were ______ in the C. Jean Jacques Rousseau
beach party. D. Edward Thorndike
A. Together
B. Altogether 31. This was a prize winning-poem of Rizal
C. All together when he was a student in UST. This poem
D. Together all proved that an Indio was not only equal
but also more superior than the Spaniards
25. Which microsatellite and the first in poetry writing.
satellite built and designed by Filipinos? A. A La Juventud Filipina
A. Diwata-l B. Noli Me Tangere
B. Marikit-1 C. El Filibusterismo
C. Maganda-l D. Mi Primera Inspiracion
D. Pumailanlang-l
32. What was the poem of Rizal dedicated
26. Isang uri ng pamahayagan na nag- to his mother?
uulat ng mga tunay na pangyayari batay A. El Filibusterismo
sa pag- aaral,pananaliksik,o B. Noli Me Tangere
pakikipanayam at sinusulat sa paraang C. A La Juventud Filipina
kawili-wili ay _______. D. Mi Primera Inspiracion
A. Pangulong tudling
B. Kumento
C. Lathalain 33. A poem written by Jose Rizal before his
D. Editoryal execution was __________.
A. Mi Ultimo Adios
27. The collection of stories of animals B. Fray Botod
which teach moral C. La Solidaridad
lesson is________. D. Sa Aking Mga Kabata
A. The Lion King
B. Aesop's Fables 34. It shows the complex food relationship
C. One Thousand and One Arabian Nights of organism in a given area and the cyclic
D. Grimm's Fairy Tale flow of food through organisms.
A. Food chain
B. Food web
C. Food pyramid
D. Biological cycle A. had
B. have
35. He invented the vaccine for rabies. C. could
A. Joseph Lister D. will
B. Robert Koch
C. Louis Pasteur 43. Among all the religious missionaries,
D. Marie Pasteur who arrived first?
A. Dominicans
36. Tao Te Ching is the principal of literary B. Franciscans
work of Taoism which was written by C. Jesuits
________. D. Augustinians
A. Lao Tzu
B. Confucius 44. What are the last words of Jose Rizal?
C. Gautama Buddha A. "Factum est!"
D. Mahatma Ghandi B. "Consummatum est!"
C. "Deus benedicat!"
37. Your findings are IMPERTINENT to the D. "Liberare regionem!"
results of this investigation. The
capitalized word means ____.
A. malicious 45. What are the prime factors of 48?
B. violent A. 3x2x2
C. irrelevant B. 3x2x2x2x2
D. important C. 3x2x2x5
D. 4x12
38. Ano ang pangalan ng ina ni Jose Rizal?
A. Teresa Magbanua 46. Ayon kay Gleason,ang wika ay
B. Teodora Alonso pinagkakasunduan ng isang lahi at kaya
C. Concepcion Mercado naman ay naunawaan ng lahat ng kasapi
D. Segunda Katigbak ng lahi.
A. masistema
39. Pia took the LET last March 2015. B. dinamiko
Unfortunately she failed in the C. likas
examination. Is she qualified for the D. arbitraryo
position of para- teachers?
A. No. 47. Ang salitang ugat sa "sinaliksik" ay
B. Yes, if her LET rating is below 75. ______.
C. Yes, if her LET rating is 71-74. A. Saksihan
D. Yes, if her LET rating is 70-74. B. Sinaksi
C. Saliksik
40. Anong klaseng pagpapatay (execution) D. Salik
ang ginawa kay Rizal?
A. Electrocution 48. A toothpick can sit on the surface of
B. Firing Squad water due to __________.
C. Hanging A. Surface tension
D. Lethal Injection B. Buoyancy
C. Atmospheric pressure
41. What do we call a traditional Japanese D. Viscosity
poem with three lines (with 17 syllables)?
A. Haiku 49. The tax required to be paid annually
B. Free verse by all adult citizens of the Philippines is
C. Sonnet the ________.
D. Elegy A. Community Tax
B. Income Tax
42. If I _______ known her before I would C. Real estate Tax
have hired her as my personal adviser. D. Inheritance Tax
 7. What are the hormones responsible for
50. Organisms that eat plants only is plant growth, promoting auxillary bud
called _______. growth and apical dominance?
A. ovipores A. Auxins and Gibberellins
B. herbivores B. Cytokinins and Gibberellins
C. omnivores C. Auxins and abscisate
D. carnivores D. Cytokinins and auxins

1. This Shakespearean play talks about 8. Perfumes contain organic compounds

the ill- fated love affair between two called _________.
individuals from warring families. A. Alcohol
A. Romeo and Juliet B. Ethers
B. Midsummer Nights Dream C. Acids
C. Merchant of Venice D. Esters
D. The Twelfth Night
9. What is the process used by plants to
2. The collection of stories of animals convert the energy from sunlight into
which teach moral lesson is _______. chemical energy?
A. The Lion King A. Diffusion
B. Aesop's Fables B. Cytolysis
C. One Thousand and One Arabian Nights C. Photosynthesis
D. Grimm's Fairy Tale D. Phytochemical conversation

3. The peace agreement forged in Bohol 10. The world largest ecosystem of
between Legaspi and Sikatuna was known deserts is _________.
as _______? A. Africa
A. Blood Compact B. Sahara
B. Galleon Trade C. Libya
C. Union Obrera D. Saudi
D. Versadero Decalogo
11. What was the term popularly used to
4. What do you think will happen when a refer to England's Queen Elizabeth I?
plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? A. Righteous Queen
A. The plant cell will shrink B. Queen of Justice
B. The plant cell will swell C. Mother Queen
C. The plant cell will rupture D. Virgin Queen
D. The plant cell will remain as is
12. Who is the most famous proponent of
5. Our guest of honor was a loquacious Arena Theater in the Philippines?
speaker. Loquacious means ________. A. Montano
A. reserved B. Avellana
B. verbose C. Tinio
C. reticent D. Carpio
D. spiritless

6. The Philippine Legislature has two 13. What is the oldest religion in Asia?
chambers. This set-up is known as A. Hinduism
________. B. Buddhism
A. Bicameral C. Islam
B. Multilateral D. Christian
C. Bilateral
D. Unicameral 14. The energy source which is not
sustainable is ___________.
A. coal
B. wind
C. sun A. Noli Me Tangere
D. water B. La Liga Filipina
C. El Filibusterismo
15. "The goddess Aphrodite is the D. For the Filipino Youth
phantom of delight." The sentence is an
example of ________. 22. Which best describes the division of
A. Metaphor the legislature into the Senate and the
B. Simile House of Representatives?
C. Irony A. Bicameralism
D. Hyperbole B. Bipartisanship
C. Unicameralism
16. Participation in governance, including D. Co-legislative
the right to vote and seek public office is
secured within citizenry's __________. 23. Secretes insulin that aids in the
A. Right to due process regulation of sugar in the body?
B. Socio-civic rights A. Kidney
C. Political rights B. Liver
D. Right to suffrage C. Pancreas
D. Thyroid
17. A mango tree is planted beside a
sampaguita plant in a garden. They 24. Who among the Filipino writers below
demonstrate the following relationship. focuses on the beliefs and traditions
A. Commensalism during the Filipino-Spanish period?
B. Predation A. Nick Joaquin
C. Competition B. Bienvenido Santos
D. Mutualism C. NVM Gonzalez
D. F. Sionil Jose
18. I can't find ______ calculator; may I use 25. He referred to as the "The Brain of
______, Prince? Himagsikan".
A. My, yours A. Apolinario Mabini
B. His, yours B. Graciano Lopez Jaena
C. My, his C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Yours, mine D. Emilio Jacinto

19. Ano ang tawag sa bantas na 26. Iron-deficiency contributes to the poor
sinisimbolo ng sunod-sunod na tatlong scholastic performance of students. Which
tuldok para ipakita na may mga bahaging of the following food items is best for iron
hindi na sinipi sa isang talata? deficient students?
A. synopsis A. Pechay
B. ellipsis B. Fish
C. sintesis C. Sardines
D. abstrak D. Liver

20. Through the Galleon Trade (1565- 27. What is the Teacher's
1815), the Philippines has extended Professionalization Act?
contacts with _______. A. RA 7836
A. Spain B. RA 4670
B. Spice Island C. RA 7722
C. China D. RA 9263
D. Mexico
28. We admire ________ when Cynthia
21. What is Jose Rizal's novel that centers speaks English fluently with _____.
on Crisostomo Ibarra, whose primary wish A. Him, them
is to educate the youth? B. Her, us
C. Him, we
D. Him, me A. Cape
B. Gulf
29. Ang pagyayabang ay dapat iwasan sa C. Peninsula
anong uri ng talastasan? D. Archipelago
A. Kwentuhan
B. Liham
C. Pagbati 37. The resettlement of the Filipino
D. Talumpati communities to town centers called
cabeceras was provided by the Spanish
30. Know as Virgin Queen who gave policy called
England's most prosperous years in wealth A. Encomienda
and culture was _________. B. Reduccion
A. Queen Victoria C. Pueblo
B. Queen Elizabeth II D. Gobernadorcillo
C. Queen Elizabeth I
D. Queen Marie Antoinette 38. A Philippine President made this quote,
"I will make this nation great again!" who
was it?
31. A razor blade can float on the surface A. Manuel Roxas
of water due to __________. B. Elpidio Quirino
A. Surface tension C. Ferdinand Marcos
B. Atmospheric pressure D. Manuel Quezon
C. Buoyancy
D. Viscosity 39. "The comedian is known for his
CANDIDNESS. "The capitalized word
32. Which is the brain of a computer? means ___________.
A. RAM A. tactfulness
B. CPU B. rudeness
C. MOTHERBOARD C. attention
D. VIDEO CARD D. frankness

33. Which of the following is waste product 40. The ordering of things according to the
of photosynthesis? importance a person attaches to them is
A. Oxygen known as ____________.
B. Nitrogen A. Hierarchy of needs
C. Carbon Dioxide B. Values hierarchy
D. Glucose C. Academic hierarchy
D. Religious hierarchy
34. Technology ______ dramatically in the
twenty-first century. 41. Si Fe ay masaya sa kanyang
A. was improved kaarawan. Ang salitang "masaya" ay isang
B. has improved ________.
C. is improved A. pang-ukol
D. did improve B. pang-abay
C. pang-uri
35. Who among the Presidents changed D. pandiwa
the date of our celebration of
Independence day from July 4 to June 12? 42. The DENR mandated the total ban of
A. Ramon Magsaysay ________ dynamite fishing.
B. Diosdado Macapagal A. with use
C. Carlos Garcia B. to use
D. Ferdinand Marcos C. of use
D. on the use
36. The Philippines, which made up of 43. The right invoked in the "writ of
thousands of islands is called __________. habeas corpus" is the _____.
A. Right to due process
B. Right to bank secrecy 50. Ang Cebuano, Ilokano at Hiligaynon ay
C. Right to demand the presence of the halimbawa ng anong barayti ng wika?
accused A. Sosyolek
D. Right to information B. Dayalek
C. Idyolek
44. What is the LCM of 5,6 and 7? D. Jargon
A. 200
B. 203
C. 205
D. 210

45. The molecules that contain an

organism's genetic make-up is called
_________.
A. DNA
B. Nucleolus
C. Cytosol
D. Genetic membrane

46. "As far back as I can remember,our

family had always been an extended one.
Our grandmother was the mainstay in the
family, the silent strength behind our
mother who is her daughter." The informal
guide and honorary household chief in.
The extended family is the _________.
A. grandmother
B. mother
C. father
D. aunt

47. All of the following describes One

Thousand and One Nights EXCEPT:
A. It was use to praise their own tribe or
make fun of others.
B. It is also called The Arabian Nights.
C. Stories were compiled during the
Islamic Golden Age.
D. It is a collection of Middle Eastern folk
tales.

48. Tao Te Ching is the principal of literary

work of Taoism which was written by
________.
A. Lao Tzu
B. Confucius
C. Gautama Buddha
D. Mahatma Ghandi
49. The pen name of Mary Ann Evans is
________.
A. George Eliot
B. Emily Watts
C. Jane Seymour
D. Anne Bradsheet