URP 110-INTRODUCTION
TO PLANNING AND THE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
LECTURE 3
INTRODUCTION TO
RULING IDEAS IN
SETTLEMENT MAKING
1.
INDUSTRIAL
TOWNS
1. There was no control over air pollution either,
so factory smoke and smog were a regular fact
of life.
2. London, and the cities in the midlands and
north of the country were the unhealthiest
places to live.
3. Disease spread rapidly, especially among the
urban poor. Cholera, smallpox and typhoid were
common causes of death.
4. Modern Urban and Regional Planning has
arisen in response to specific social and
economic problems.
5. Triggered off by the Industrial Revolution at the
end of the eighteenth century.
2. GARDEN
CITY
MOVEMENT
1. Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) was an urban planner from Britain.
2. He was the founder of the English Garden City movement, which had a
worldwide impact on urban planning.
3. Published Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1898), which describes a utopian city
where people live in harmony with nature.
4. His garden cities were planned, contained communities surrounded by a
green belt (parks),
5. Containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
6. The Garden City movement aimed at addressing the urban problems from the
industrial city of that time.
7. The Garden City Concept was an effective response for a better quality of
life in overcrowded and dirty industrial towns which had deteriorated the
environment and posed a serious threat to health.
What was the problem?
• The growth of the industrial cities of Victoria was a
problem for England.
• Industrialization has attracted a large number of
people to cities, promising better wages, more fun
and more opportunities for social activities.
It did, However, cause:
• Overcrowing due to migration
• Rent and prices have risen high
• Housing has become insufficient to support all
people
• Lack of adequate water supplies
• Poor sewage systems
• Poverty
• Poor living conditions leading to disease such as
typhold, cholera.
What is the garden city movement
The garden city pioneered the use of green belts
that have served many purposes including
maintaining agriculture and rural life,
• Preserving nature and culture,
• Recreation,
• Reducing pollution,
• Controlling development.
• Howard's vision for garden cities was a
response to the need to improve the quality of
urban life because city life has changed since
the Industrial Revolution due to overcrowding
due to uncontrolled growth.
• The Garden City introduced the use of green
belts that have served many uses, including
conservation of agricultural and rural life,
conservation of nature and heritage,
recreation, minimization of pollution and
management of growth.
Main components of Howard's Garden City movement
• Planned Dispersal: The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of
sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations, and level of culture needed by
a balanced cross-section of modern society.
• Limit of Town - size: The growth of towns to be limited, so that their inhabitants may live
near work, shops, social centers, and each other and also near open country.
• Amenities: The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private
gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and
parkways.
• Town and Country Relationship: The town area to be defined and a large area around it
reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a
nearby market and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country
situation.
• Planning Control: Pre-planning of the whole town framework, including the road - scheme,
and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality
and design, but allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden
design.
• Neighborhoods: The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental
and social entity
Principles of the Garden City
movement,
1. Strong vision, leadership, and community
engagement
2. Land value capture for the benefit of the
community
3. Housing types that are affordable for
ordinary people
4. Strong local jobs that are easily reached in
the Garden City by distance
5. Opportunities for residents to grow their
own food, including needs.
6. Well-connected and biodiversity-rich
public parks, high-quality gardens, tree-
lined roads, and open spaces to avoid
unplanned expansion.
7. Integrated and accessible transport
systems.
TOWN
• The 'City Magnet' draw is the career and high wage prospects, social
opportunities, amusements, and well-illuminated highways. Country
Magnet's pull is in natural beauty, fresh air, healthy. It was shutting
out of sight, providing crowd solitude and remoteness from life. But
it came at the expense of foul air, expensive drainage, murky sky and
slums.
COUNTRY
• Natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but low wages and lack
of drainage were offered. Country has sluggishness, lack of society,
low wages, lack of entertainment and general decay.
TOWN- COUNTRY
• It was a combination of town and countryside to provide both
advantages and
• The beauty of nature, social opportunities, areas where easy access,
low rent, high wages and a business area.
• Therefore, the solution was found in a synthesis of Town and
Country's advantages - the ' Town - Country Mix' - a Town in the
Country was suggested, with the benefits of natural beauty, fresh air
and healthiness within it. The advantages of the Town - Country are
thus the seed to be free from either of the disadvantages.
3. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
The German
The primary purpose of a
geographer WalterWalter Christaller
settlement or market town is Such towns are centrally
Christaller introduced the
Walter Christaller
the provision of goods and located and may be called
central-place theory in his
services for the surrounding central places.
book entitled Central Places
market area.
in Southern Germany (1933).
Lower-order central places
Settlements that provide
have small market areas Higher-order places are
more goods and services
and provide goods and more widely distributed and
than do other places are
services that are purchased fewer in number than lower-
called higher-order central
more frequently than higher- order places.
places.
order goods and services.
• People gather together in cities to share goods,
services, and ideas
• Cities exist for purely economic reasons
• Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more
services for the population living around it
• Central goods and services – these are provided ONLY
in the central place, things such as professional sports
teams, international airports, etc.
• Threshold – The minimum number of people required to
justify a certain good/service
• Range – The Maximum distance a consumer will travel
for a good/service
• Complementary regions – the area surrounding a central
place that relies exclusively on that central place because
it is the only location within the range of sale.
• The theory states that central goods and services are
located in a central place.
• The central place is surrounded by a complementary
region where essentially all residents are dependent upon
the central place for central goods and services.
4. LE CORBUSIER
1. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, who
chose to be known as Le
Corbusier (1965), was a Swiss
architect, designer, urbanist,
writer, and painter
2. Famous for being one of the
pioneers of what now is called
Modern architecture or the
International style.
3. His career spanned five decades,
with his buildings constructed
throughout central Europe,
India, Russia, and one each in
North and South America.
1. He was a pioneer in studies of modern high design
and was dedicated to providing better living
conditions for the residents of crowded cities.
2. For several years French officials had been
unsuccessful in dealing with the squalor of the
growing Parisian slums
3. Le Corbusier sought efficient ways to house large
numbers of people in response to the urban
housing crisis.
4. He believed that his new, modern architectural
forms would provide a new organizational solution
that would raise the quality of life for the lower
classes.
1. Called for large blocks of cell-like
individual apartments stacked one on top
of the other, with plans that included a
living room, bedrooms, and kitchen, as
well as a garden terrace.
2. Not merely content with designs for a few
housing blocks, soon Le Corbusier moved
into studies for entire cities.
3. In 1922, he presented his scheme for a
"Contemporary City" for three million
inhabitants.
4. The centerpiece of this plan was the
group of sixty-story, cruciform
skyscrapers; steel-framed office buildings
encased in huge curtain walls of glass.
• These skyscrapers were set within large, rectangular
park-like green spaces.
• At the center was a huge transportation hub, that on
different levels included depots for buses and trains, as
well as highway intersections, and at the top, an airport.
• He had the fanciful notion that commercial airliners
would land between the huge skyscrapers.
• He segregated pedestrian circulation paths from the
roadways and glorified the use of the automobile as a
means of transportation.
• Zigzag apartment blocks (set far back from the street
amid green space), housed the inhabitants.
5. Radburn
• Radburn Theory is a concept in urban planning and
design that was first proposed by Clarence Stein and
Henry Wright in the 1920s.
• The design of the Radburn neighborhood model
was, in essence, a hierarchical one comprising four
levels-enclave, block, superblock, and
neighborhood.
• The fundamental component was an enclave of
twenty or so houses.
• These houses were arrayed in a U-formation about a
short vehicular street called a lane,
• A cul-de-sac court with access to individual garages.
While the back of each house faced this court the front of the
house had a garden.
Three or more of these enclaves were lined together to form a
block.
Enclaves within the block were separated from one another by
a pedestrian pathway that ran between the front gardens of all
the houses.
The blocks, usually four in number, were arranged around the
sides of a central parkway in such a manner to enclose the
open green space.
DESIGN
ELEMENTS
• SEPARATION of pedestrian and vehicular
traffic
• SUPER BLOCK ‐ large block surrounded by
main roads
• houses grouped around small CUL DE
SACS ‐ each accessed from main road,
Living, Bedroom faced gardens & parks,
service areas to ACCESS ROADS
• Remaining land ‐ PARK AREAS
• WALKWAYS ‐ designed such
that pedestrians can reach
social places without crossing
automobile street
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