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 JEFFREY S. NEVID
BEVERLY GREENE
LINDA J. KNIGHT
PAUL A. JOHNSON
STEVEN TAYLOR

Essentials
of Abnormal
Psychology
IN A CHANGING WORLD
FOURTH CANADIAN EDITION
 CONTE NTS

Preface xi 2
Acknowledgments xviii Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of
About the Authors xix Abnormal Behaviour 40

Methods of Assessment 42
1 The Clinical Interview 42
What Is Abnormal Psychology? 1 Psychological Tests of Intelligence and
Personality 43
How Do We Define Abnormal Behaviour? 3 Neuropsychological Assessment 50
Criteria for Determining Abnormality 3 Behavioural Assessment 51
Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behaviour 5 Cognitive Assessment 54
The Continuum between Normal and Abnormal Physiological Measurement 55
­B ehaviour 6 Probing the Workings of the Brain 56
CONTINUUM CHART 7 Sociocultural Factors in Psychological
REVIEW IT How Do We Define Abnormal Assessment 56
Behaviour? 8 REVIEW IT Methods of Assessment 58

Classification of Abnormal Behaviour 59

Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour 8
Systems of Classification 59
The Demonological Model 8
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Origins of the Medical Model: An “Ill Humour” 8
Disorders (DSM) 59
Medieval Times 9
DSM-5 62
Witchcraft 9
REVIEW IT Classification of Abnormal Behaviour 64
Asylums in Europe and the New World 10
The Reform Movement and Moral Therapy in Europe and Methods of Treatment 64
North America 10 Types of Mental Health Professionals in
Drugs and Deinstitutionalization: The Exodus from Canada 65
Provincial Psychiatric Hospitals 11 Biological Therapies 66
Pathways to the Present: From Demonology to Psychodynamic Therapies 69
Science 14 Behaviour Therapy 72
REVIEW IT Historical Perspectives on Abnormal Humanistic-Existential Therapies 74
Behaviour 17 Cognitive-Behaviour Therapies 76
Current Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour 18 Eclectic Therapy 79
Biological Perspectives on Abnormal Behaviour 18 Group, Family, and Marital Therapy 79
Indigenous Healing Perspective 80
REVIEW IT Biological Perspectives 22
Computer-Assisted Therapy 81
Psychological Perspectives on Abnormal Does Psychotherapy Work? 81
Behaviour 22 REVIEW IT Methods of Treatment 84
REVIEW IT Psychological Perspectives 33
Abnormal Psychology and Society 85
Sociocultural Perspectives on Abnormal
Psychiatric Commitment and Patients’ Rights 87
Behaviour 33
Mental Illness and Criminal Responsibility 91
REVIEW IT Sociocultural Perspectives 34
REVIEW IT Abnormal Psychology
Interactionist Perspectives 34 and Society 93
REVIEW IT Interactionist Perspectives 35 CONCEPT MAP 96
CONCEPT MAP 38

vii
3 Theoretical Perspectives 155
Stress 155
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma- Psychodynamic Perspectives 156
and Stressor-Related Disorders 100 Learning Perspectives 157
Cognitive Perspectives 159
CONTINUUM CHART 103 Biological Perspectives 164
Tying It Together 165
Anxiety Disorders 103
REVIEW IT Theoretical Perspectives on Depressive and
Panic Disorder 104
Bipolar Disorders 166
Agoraphobia 106
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 108 Treatment 166
Phobic Disorders 109 Psychodynamic Approaches 167
Behavioural Approaches 168
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 113
Cognitive Approaches 168
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 113
Biological Approaches 170
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 115 REVIEW IT Treatment of Depressive and Bipolar
Adjustment Disorders 115 Disorders 175
Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders 116
Suicide 175
REVIEW IT Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive
Who Commits Suicide? 176
Disorder, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Why Do People Commit Suicide? 177
Disorders 120
Theoretical Perspectives on Suicide 177
Theoretical Perspectives 120 Predicting Suicide 180
Psychodynamic Perspectives 120 REVIEW IT Suicide 182
Behavioural Perspectives 121
CONCEPT MAP 184
Cognitive Perspectives 122
Biological Perspectives 125
Tying It Together 128
REVIEW IT Theoretical Perspectives 130 5
Treatment 130 Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom
Psychodynamic Approaches 130 and Related Disorders 186
Humanistic Approaches 130
Biological Approaches 131 CONTINUUM CHART 188
Cognitive and Behaviour-Based Approaches 131
Dissociative Disorders 188
REVIEW IT Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-
Dissociative Identity Disorder 188
Compulsive, and Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Dissociative Amnesia 193
Disorders 138
Depersonalization/Derealization
CONCEPT MAP 140 Disorder 194
Theoretical Perspectives 196
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders 198
4 REVIEW IT Dissociative Disorders 200
Depressive Disorders, Bipolar and Related Somatic Symptom and Related
Disorders, and Suicide 142 Disorders 201
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological
CONTINUUM CHART 143 Symptom Disorder) 201
Depressive Disorders 144 Illness Anxiety Disorder 202
Major Depressive Disorder 144 Somatic Symptom Disorder 203
Persistent Depressive Disorder 151 Factitious Disorder 204
Theoretical Perspectives 205
Bipolar and Related Disorders 152 Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related
Bipolar I Disorder 152 Disorders 207
Bipolar II Disorder 154 REVIEW IT Somatic Symptom and Related
Cyclothymic Disorder 154 Disorders 209
REVIEW IT Depressive and Bipolar and Related
CONCEPT MAP 211
Disorders 155

viii C O N T E N TS
6 Theoretical Perspectives 271
Biological Perspectives 271
Personality Disorders 213 Learning Perspectives 273
Cognitive Perspectives 275
CONTINUUM CHART 214 Psychodynamic Perspectives 277
Sociocultural Perspectives 277
Types of Personality Disorders 214
Tying It Together 278
Personality Disorders Characterized by Odd or
Eccentric Behaviour 215 REVIEW IT Theoretical Perspectives 278
Personality Disorders Characterized by Dramatic,
Treatment 279
­Emotional, or Erratic Behaviour 217
Biological Approaches 279
Personality Disorders Characterized by Anxious or
Nonprofessional Support Groups 281
­Fearful Behaviour 226
Residential Approaches 282
Problems With the Classification of Personality
Psychodynamic Approaches 283
Disorders 229
Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches 283
REVIEW IT Types of Personality Disorders 232
Relapse-Prevention Training 285
Theoretical Perspectives 232 REVIEW IT Treatment 287
Psychodynamic Perspectives 232 CONCEPT MAP 290
Learning Perspectives 234
Family Perspectives 236
Cognitive-Behavioural Perspectives 236 8
Biological Perspectives 237 Feeding and Eating Disorders and
Sociocultural Views 239
Sleep–Wake Disorders 292
REVIEW IT Theoretical Perspectives 240

Treatment 240 CONTINUUM CHART 293

Psychodynamic Approaches 241
Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches 241
Feeding and Eating Disorders 293
Anorexia Nervosa 294
Biological Approaches 242
Bulimia Nervosa 297
Canadian Treatment Services 242
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia 299
REVIEW IT Treatment of Personality Disorders 243
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
CONCEPT MAP 246 Nervosa 304
Binge-Eating Disorder 307
REVIEW IT Eating Disorders 307
7
Sleep–Wake Disorders 307
Substance-Related and Addictive Insomnia Disorder 308
Disorders 248 Hypersomnolence Disorder 309
Narcolepsy 309
CONTINUUM CHART 251 Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders 310
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake
Classification of Substance-Related and
Disorders 311
Addictive Disorders 251 Parasomnias 312
Substance-Induced Disorders 251 Treatment of Sleep–Wake Disorders 314
Substance Use Disorders 252
REVIEW IT Sleep–Wake Disorders 317
Addiction, Physiological Dependence, and
Psychological Dependence 254 CONCEPT MAP 319
Pathways to Substance Use Disorder 254
REVIEW IT Classification of Substance-Related 9
Disorders 255
Gender Dysphoria, Paraphilic Disorders,
Drugs of Abuse 255
and Sexual Dysfunctions 321
Depressants 256
Stimulants 264
CONTINUUM CHART 323
Hallucinogens 268
Inhalants 270 Gender Dysphoria 323
REVIEW IT Drugs of Abuse 271 Theoretical Perspectives 326

C O N T E N TS ix
Treatment of Gender Dysphoria 327 11
REVIEW IT Gender Dysphoria 328
Abnormal Behaviour across the Lifespan 391
Paraphilic Disorders 328
Types of Paraphilic Disorders 328 CONTINUUM CHART 393
Theoretical Perspectives 335
Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders 336 Neurodevelopmental Disorders 393
Sexual Assault 337 Autism Spectrum Disorder 393
REVIEW IT Paraphilic Disorders 341 REVIEW IT Autism Spectrum Disorder 398

Sexual Dysfunctions 342 Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental

Types of Sexual Dysfunctions 342 Disorder) 398
Theoretical Perspectives 345 REVIEW IT Intellectual Disability 405
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions 349 Specific Learning Disorder 405
REVIEW IT Sexual Dysfunctions 353 REVIEW IT Specific Learning Disorder 408
CONCEPT MAP 355 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 408
REVIEW IT Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 412

10 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Disorders 412
Conduct Disorder 412
Psychotic Disorders 357
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 413
REVIEW IT Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct
CONTINUUM CHART 359
Disorders 416
Clinical Features of Schizophrenia 359
Anxiety and Depression in Childhood and
Historical Contributions to Concepts of
Schizophrenia 359 Adolescence 416
Prevalence and Costs of Schizophrenia 360 Separation Anxiety Disorder 416
Phases of Schizophrenia 362 Perspectives on Anxiety Disorders in Childhood 418
Major Features of Schizophrenia 362 Depression in Childhood and Adolescence 418
Suicide among Children and Adolescents 419
REVIEW IT Clinical Features of Schizophrenia 369
REVIEW IT Anxiety, Depression, and Suicide 421
Theoretical Perspectives 369
Psychodynamic Perspectives 369 Neurocognitive Disorders 422
Learning Perspectives 370 Delirium 422
Biological Perspectives 370 REVIEW IT Delirium 424
The Diathesis-Stress Model 375 Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia) 425
Family Theories 378 REVIEW IT Dementia 428
REVIEW IT Theoretical Perspectives 381 CONCEPT MAP 431
Treatment 381
Biological Approaches 382 Appendix: Research Methods in Abnormal
Psychoanalytic Approaches 383
Learning-Based Approaches 383 Psychology 433
Psychosocial Rehabilitation 385 Glossary 447
Family-Intervention Programs 385
Early-Intervention Programs 386 References 457
REVIEW IT Treatment Approaches 387 Name Index 496
CONCEPT MAP 389
Subject Index 511

x C O N T E N TS
 PRE FACE

Abnormal psychology is among the most popular areas of study in psychology for good
reason. The problems it addresses are of immense personal and social importance—
problems that touch the lives of us all in one way or another. They include problems that
are all too pervasive, such as depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunctions, and alcohol and
substance use disorders. They include problems that are less common but have a pro-
found impact on all of us, such as schizophrenia.
The problems addressed in this book are thus not those of the few. The majority of us
will experience one or more of them at some time or another, or a friend or loved one
will. Even those who are not personally affected by these problems will be touched by
society’s response—or lack of response—to them. We hope that this text will serve both
as an educational tool and as a vehicle to raise awareness among students and general
readers alike.
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World, Fourth Canadian Edition,
uses case examples and self-scoring questionnaires; a clear and engaging writing style
that is accessible but does not compromise rigour; research-based and comprehensive
coverage; superior pedagogy; and integration of sociocultural material throughout,
including coverage of issues relating to Canadian cultural diversity, gender, and lifestyle.
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology provides students with the basic concepts in the
field in a convenient 11-chapter format. These chapters cover historical and theoretical
perspectives, approaches to psychological assessment and treatment, and the major types
of psychological disorders—including eating disorders, anxiety disorders, depressive and
bipolar disorders, substance-related disorders, personality disorders, gender dysphoria
and sexual dysfunctions, schizophrenia, and disorders of childhood, adolescence, and
aging. Throughout the text, we highlight important Canadian research, case examples,
and societal and legal perspectives on abnormal psychology. We also present the best
international research from a Canadian perspective.

NE W TO THE FOURTH CANADIAN E DITION

Welcome to the fourth Canadian edition of Essentials of Abnormal Psychology in a
Changing World. We continue to bring readers the latest research developments that
inform contemporary understandings of abnormal behaviour in a way that both stimu-
lates student interest and makes complex material understandable. Highlights of this
new edition include the following:
• Enhanced Integration of DSM-5
This new edition has been revised to better reflect the organizational structure
of DSM-5.
• A Continued Focus on Mental Health in Canada
Since our third edition, Canada has made significant strides in recognizing and plan-
ning for the mental health needs of our population, including the homeless and Indig-
enous communities.
• Here is a sample of the documents that have been recently released and that are inte-
grated into this new edition:
° Employment and Social Development Canada:
• Homelessness Partnering Strategy Coordinated Canadian Point-in-Time Count
• Highlights of the National Shelter Study 2005–2014

xi
 ° Mental Health Commission of Canada:
• Changing Directions, Changing Lives: The Mental Health Strategy for Canada
• Informing the Future: Mental Health Indicators for Canada, 2015
• Advancing the Mental Health Strategy for Canada: A Framework for Action
(2017–2022)
• National At Home/Chez Soi Project Final Report
° Public Health Agency of Canada:
• Report from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System: Mental Illness
in Canada, 2015
° Canadian Institute for Health Information:
• Care for Children and Youth with Mental Disorders, 2015
° Statistics Canada:
• Mental and Substance Use Disorders in Canada
• Prevalence and Correlates of Marijuana Use in Canada, 2012
• 2011 National Household Survey Aboriginal Demographics, Educational
Attainment and Labour Market Outcomes
• Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada, 2016
• First Nations & Inuit Health, 2016
• Population Size and Growth in Canada: Key Results from the 2016 Census
• Integration of Latest Scientific Developments
The text integrates the latest research findings and scientific developments in the field
that inform our understanding of abnormal psychology. We present these research
findings in a way that makes complex material engaging and accessible to the student.
• Integration of Social and Cultural Diversity
We examine abnormal behaviour patterns in relation to factors of diversity, such as
ethnicity, culture, and gender. We believe students need to understand how issues of
diversity affect the conceptualization of abnormal behaviour as well as the diagnosis
and treatment of psychological disorders.
Here are a few examples:
° Cultural factors in defining and assessing mental illness
° Eating disorders in non-Western countries
° Sociocultural perspective on depression in women
° Differences in youth suicide rates across various countries
° The psychological effects of female genital mutilation
° Sociocultural issues in gender dysphoria
° The Indigenous healing perspective
° Traditional Indigenous ceremonies and practices
° The Canadian Indigenous suicide crisis
• Emphasis on Mental Illness as a Continuum
° Continuum Chart
We recognize that mental illnesses are on a continuum and that the delineation
between “normal” and “abnormal” is not always clear. In order to emphasize this
continuum, we have introduced a continuum chart at the beginning of each chap-
ter to emphasize the dimensional aspect of mental disorders.
° Dimensional versus Categorical Approach to Diagnoses
Our present method of diagnosing (DSM) continues to be categorical despite
increasing criticisms and debates. In order to promote critical thinking, we intro-
duce students to these controversial issues and alternative approaches.

xii PR EFAC E
• Increased Emphasis on Student Learning
° Interactive Concept Maps
Students learn best when they are actively engaged in the learning process. To
engage students in active learning, we converted the Concept Maps in this edition
to an interactive format. The maps are presented in a matching format in which
key words and terms are omitted so that students can fill in the missing pieces to
complete these knowledge structures.
° Multiple-choice questions have also been added to the end of each chapter.

GE NE R AL APPROACH
We approached the writing of this text with the belief that a textbook should do more
than offer a portrait of a field of knowledge. It should be a teaching device—a means of
presenting information in ways that arouse interest and encourage understanding and
critical thinking. To these ends, we speak to the reader in a clear expository style. We
attempt to render complex material accessible. We put a human face on the subjects we
address by including many case examples drawn from our own clinical files, those of
other mental health professionals, and those from DSM casebooks. We stimulate and
involve students through carefully chosen pedagogical features, questionnaires, high-
lights, and applications. We also include built-in study tools designed to help students
master difficult material. And yes, we keep abreast of our ever-changing subject by
bringing to our readers a wealth of new scientific information drawn from leading sci-
entific journals and organizations. To summarize the material covered in each chapter
in an easy-to-remember visual format, we also include Concept Maps at the end of each
chapter.
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology exposes students to the multiple perspectives
that inform our present understandings of abnormal behaviour—the psychological,
sociocultural, and biological domains. We adopt an interactionist approach, which rec-
ognizes that abnormal behaviour typically involves a complex interplay of multiple fac-
tors representing different domains. Because the concept of integrating diverse
perspectives is often difficult for beginning students to grasp, the unique “Tying It
Together” features interspersed through the text help students explore how multiple fac-
tors interact in the development of psychological disorders.

F E ATURE S OF THE TE XT
Textbooks walk balance beams, as it were, and they can fall off in three directions, not
just two. That is, they must do justice to their subject matter while also meeting the needs
of both instructors and students.
In subject matter, Essentials of Abnormal Psychology is comprehensive, providing
depth and breadth as well as showcasing the most important new research discoveries. It
covers the history of societal response to abnormal behaviours, historical and contempo-
rary models of abnormal behaviours, methods of assessment, psychological and biologi-
cal models of treatment, contemporary issues, the comprehensive range of problem
behaviours set forth in the DSM, and a number of other behavioural problems that entail
psychological factors—most notably in the interfaces between psychology and health.

Canadian Content
The fourth Canadian edition of Essentials of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World
showcases a wealth of Canadian content. We chose to do this for several reasons. First
and foremost, there is a great deal of important, internationally acclaimed Canadian
work being done on the research and treatment of abnormal behaviour. In other words,
we have tried to present the best research on abnormal psychology while at the same time

PR EFAC E xiii
 alerting our readers to the fact that much of this work comes from Canada. Why would
we do this? The answer is to help our readers understand that there is important, relevant
research being conducted right where they live, and quite likely on their own campus.
Our Canadian focus helps readers understand that key research does not originate just in
other countries—it’s happening in students’ own backyards, perhaps being done by the
professor who is teaching their course.
The second reason for highlighting Canadian content is to refute the myth that men-
tal disorders are things that happen to people who live someplace else, such as in other
regions or countries. Mental disorder touches all of us; there are people in our country
and communities and on our campuses who are afflicted with psychological problems.
By citing Canadian examples of people who have battled psychological problems, we
hope to bring home the fact that mental illness can reach any of us. Fortunately, effective
treatments are available for many of these disorders.
Our third reason for a Canadian focus is pragmatic. The prevalence of mental disor-
ders differs from country to country, as do the treatments of and laws regarding mental
disorders and patient rights. Some disorders, such as dependence on crack cocaine, are
much more common in the United States than in Canada. Substance use disorders in
Canada more commonly involve other substances. The health-care system in Canada is
also different from systems in other countries. Accordingly, it is important to have a
Canadian focus so that readers can understand how people with mental health problems
are treated in Canada.
Finally, the issues regarding mental disorders and the law are different in Canada
than in many other countries. For example, in the United States, a person might
be deemed to be “not guilty by reason of insanity.” In Canada, such a judgment would be
“not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder.” In other words, the
­Canadian courts often recognize that an accused is guilty of a given crime but not respon-
sible because he or she is under the influence of a mental disorder.
This text illustrates the important fact that abnormal psychology does not occur in a
cultural vacuum; the expression and treatment of psychological problems are strongly
influenced by cultural factors. Our task of updating and Canadianizing this text was
made much easier by the fact that so much of the key research on abnormal behaviour
has been conducted in Canada.

“Did You Know That” Chapter Openers

Each chapter begins with a set of “Did You Know That” questions designed to whet stu-
dents’ appetites for specific information contained in the chapter and to encourage them
to read further. These chapter-opening questions (e.g., “Did You Know That . . . you can
become psychologically dependent on a drug without becoming physically addicted?” or
“. . . as many as 17% of people will suffer from an anxiety disorder at some point in their
lives?”) also encourage students to think critically and evaluate common conceptions in
light of scientific evidence.

“Normal/Abnormal” Features
Instructors often hear the question “So what is the difference between normal behav-
iour and a psychological disorder?” In an effort to bring the material back to real life
and to separate normal emotional distress from a psychological disorder, we’ve intro-
duced case comparisons called “Normal/Abnormal Behaviour”—for example, “Alcohol
Use: No Disorder” and “Alcohol Abuse: Disorder,” “Normal Perfectionism: No
­Disorder” and “OCPD: Disorder.” These have been written to inspire discussion and
engagement with students in class. Students will encounter a variety of symptom
­severities and can discuss the differences between the cases. These cases are not meant
to encourage labelling but are designed to show real-life examples written in nonclinical
language. The cases have been written by Dr. Karen Rowa, Assistant Professor,

xiv PR EFAC E
­McMaster U
­ niversity, and Associate Director at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Clinical Psy-
chology Residency Program.

“Focus on Diversity” Features

The fourth Canadian edition of Essentials of Abnormal Psychology helps broaden stu-
dents’ perspectives so that they understand the importance of issues relating to gender,
culture, ethnicity, and lifestyle in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
Students will see how behaviour deemed normal in one culture could be labelled abnor-
mal in another, how states of psychological distress might be experienced differently in
other cultures, how some abnormal behaviour patterns are culture-bound, and how ther-
apists can cultivate a sensitivity to cultural factors in their approach to treating people
from diverse backgrounds. Multicultural material is incorporated throughout the text
and is highlighted in boxed “Focus on Diversity” features that cover specific topics,
including the following:
• Mental Health Issues in Canadian Indigenous Communities (Chapter 1)
• Culture-Bound Syndromes (Chapter 2)
• Traditional Indigenous Ceremonies and Practices (Chapter 2)
• Canadian Multicultural Issues in Psychotherapy (Chapter 2)
• Koro and Dhat Syndromes: Asian Somatic Symptom Disorders? (Chapter 5)
• Ethnicity and Alcohol Abuse (Chapter 7)

“A Closer Look” Features

The Closer Look features highlight cutting-edge developments in the field (e.g., virtual
reality therapy) and in practice (e.g., suicide prevention) that enable students to apply
information from the text to their own lives. Here is a quick preview of features:
• Canadian Mental Health Promotion (Chapter 1)
• The Homeless in Canada (Chapter 1)
• DSM-5: Points of Controversy (Chapter 2)
• A New Vision of Stigma Reduction and Mental Health Support for Young Adults
(Chapter 2)
• Virtual Therapy (Chapter 3)
• Concussions, Depression, and Suicide Among NHLers (Chapter 4)
• Suicide Prevention (Chapter 4)
• Personality Disorders—Categories or Dimensions? (Chapter 6)
• The Controlled Social Drinking Controversy (Chapter 7)
• Correctional Service Canada’s National Sex Offender Programs (Chapter 9)
• A New View of Women’s Sexual Dysfunctions? (Chapter 9)
• Psychosis Sucks! Early Psychosis Intervention Programs (Chapter 10)
• A Canadian Definition of Learning Disabilities (Chapter 11)

Self-Scoring Questionnaires
Self-scoring questionnaires (for example, “The Body Shape Questionnaire” in Chapter 8
and the “An Inventory of Dissociative Experiences” in Chapter 5) involve students in the
discussion at hand and permit them to evaluate their own behaviour. In some cases,
­students may become more aware of troubling concerns, such as states of depression or
problems with drug or alcohol use, which they may wish to bring to the attention of a
professional. We have screened the questionnaires to ensure that they will provide students
with useful information to reflect on and to serve as a springboard for class discussion.

PR EFAC E xv
 Review It: In-Chapter Study Breaks
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology contains a built-in study break for students. These
in-chapter study breaks conclude each major section in the chapters. This feature pro-
vides students with the opportunity to review the material they have just read and gives
them a review break before moving on to a new section.

Define It: End-of-Chapter Glossary Terms

Key terms introduced throughout the text are listed here, with page references for easy
retrieval and to help students as they study.

Think About It: End-of-Chapter Discussion Material

End-of-chapter questions ask students to think critically about the issues that were raised
in the preceding passages of the text and invite students to relate the material to their
own experiences.

Recall It
End-of-chapter multiple-choice questions enable students to test their understanding of
the material.

Concept Maps
Concept Maps are diagrams at the end of each chapter that summarize key concepts and
findings. Refreshed and revised for this edition, the Concept Maps provide readers with
a “big picture” and are a useful way of understanding and remembering the material
covered in each chapter.

SUPPLE ME NTS
No matter how comprehensive a textbook is, today’s instructors require a complete edu-
cational package to advance teaching and comprehension. These instructor supplements
are available for download from a password-protected section of Pearson Canada’s
online catalogue (https://pearson.com/higher-education). Navigate to your book’s cata-
logue page to view a list of those supplements that are available. Speak to your local
Pearson Canada sales representative for details and access.
Essentials of Abnormal Psychology is accompanied by the following supplements:

MYTEST from Pearson Canada is a powerful assessment generation program that helps
instructors easily create and print quizzes, tests, and exams, as well as homework or prac-
tice handouts. Questions and tests can all be authored online, allowing instructors ultimate
flexibility and the ability to efficiently manage assessments at any time, from anywhere.
MyTest for Essentials of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World, Fourth Canadian
Edition, includes over 3500 fully referenced multiple-choice, true/false, and essay ques-
tions. Each question is accompanied by a difficulty level, type designation, topic, and
answer justification. Instructors can access MyTest at “http://www.pearsonmytest.com”.

TEST ITEM FILE. The MyTest questions in multiple-choice, true/false, and essay ­formats
are also provided in a Word document.

INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE MANUAL The Instructor’s Resource Manual is a true

“course organizer,” integrating a variety of resources for teaching abnormal psychology.
It includes a summary discussion of the chapter content, a full chapter outline, lecture and
discussion questions, a list of learning goals for students, demonstrations, and activities.

xvi PR EFAC E
POWERPOINT® PRESENTATIONS Students often learn visually, and in a world where
multimedia is almost an expectation, a full set of PowerPoint presentations will help you
present course material to students.

IMAGE LIBRARY Electronic versions of key figures and tables in the text are available
for your use.

LEARNING SOLUTIONS MANAGERS Pearson’s Learning Solutions Managers work

with faculty and campus course designers to ensure that Pearson technology products,
assessment tools, and online course materials are tailored to meet your specific needs. This
highly qualified team is dedicated to helping schools take full advantage of a wide range
of educational resources by assisting in the integration of a variety of instructional materi-
als and media formats. Your local Pearson Canada sales representative can provide you
with more details on this service program.

PR EFAC E xvii
 ACKNOWLE DGME NTS

The field of abnormal psychology is a moving target, because the literature base that
informs our understanding is continually expanding. We are deeply indebted to a num-
ber of talented individuals who helped us hold our camera steady in taking a portrait of
the field, focus in on the salient features of our subject matter, and develop our snapshots
through prose.
First, we thank Tracey Carr at the University of Saskatchewan, who reviewed and
updated the previous edition to address changes in the DSM-5 criteria.
Second, we thank our professional colleagues, who reviewed chapters from earlier
Canadian editions: Mark Benner, Fanshawe College; Beverley Bouffard, York University;
Kristen Buscaglia, Niagara College; Kathy Foxall, Wilfrid Laurier University; Stephane
Gaskin, Dawson College; Stuart Keenan, Sir Sandford Fleming College; Thomas Keenan,
Niagara College; Ronald Laye, University of the Fraser Valley; Jocelyn Lymburner,
Kwantlen University College; Rajesh Malik, Dawson College; Jillian Esmonde Moore,
Georgian College; Karen Moreau, Niagara College; Ravi Ramkissoonsingh, Niagara
College; Joanna Sargent, Georgian College; Sandy Schlieman, Algonquin College; Dana
Shapero, University of Windsor; Carolyn Szostak, University of British Columbia-­
Okanagan; and Abe Worenklein, Dawson College.
Third, we are thankful to those who provided feedback to develop this new fourth
Canadian edition: Anastasia Blake, St. Clair College; Leonard George, Capilano Univer-
sity; and Cathy Lountis, Camplain College.
And finally, thank you to the publishing professionals at or collaborating with
­Pearson Canada who helped guide the development, editing, proofreading, and market-
ing of this edition, including Kim Veevers (Acquisitions); Madhu Ranadive and ­Katherine
Goodes (Development); Darcey Pepper (Marketing); Susan Johnson (Production); and
the various people who contributed by copyediting and proofreading the manuscript and
researching permissions and photos.

xviii
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

JEFFREY S. NEVID is Professor of Psychology at St. John’s

­ niversity in New York, where he directs the Doctoral Program
U
in Clinical Psychology, teaches at the undergraduate and gradu-
ate levels, and supervises doctoral students in clinical practicum
work. He received his PhD in Clinical Psychology from the State
University of New York at Albany and was a staff psychologist
at Samaritan Hospital in Troy, New York. He later completed a
National Institute of Mental Health Post-Doctoral Fellowship
in Mental Health Evaluation Research at Northwestern
­University. He holds a Diplomate in Clinical Psychology from the American Board of
Professional Psychology, is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the
Academy of Clinical Psychology, and has served on the editorial boards of several jour-
nals and as Associate Editor of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. His
publications have appeared in journals such as Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psy-
chology, Health Psychology, Journal of Occupational Medicine, Behavior Therapy,
American Journal of Community Psychology, Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, Journal of Clinical Psychology, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
Teaching of Psychology, American Journal of Health Promotion, and Psychology and
Psychotherapy. Dr. Nevid is also author of the book Choices: Sex in the Age of STDs and
the introductory psychology text Psychology: Concepts and Applications, as well as sev-
eral other college texts in the fields of psychology and health co-authored with Dr. Spen-
cer Rathus. Dr. Nevid is also actively involved in a program of pedagogical research
focusing on helping students become more effective learners.

BEVERLY GREENE is Professor of Psychology at St. John’s

­ niversity, a fellow of seven divisions of the American Psycho-
U
logical Association, and a fellow of the American Orthopsychi-
atric Association and the Academy of Clinical Psychology. She
holds a Diplomate in Clinical Psychology and serves on the edi-
torial boards of numerous scholarly journals. She received her
PhD in Clinical Psychology from Adelphi University and worked
in public mental health for over a decade. She was founding co-
editor of the APA Society for the Study of Lesbian, Gay, and
Bisexual Issues series, Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Issues.
She is also co-author of the recent book What Therapists Don’t Talk About and Why:
Understanding Taboos That Hurt Ourselves and Our Clients and has more than 80
professional publications that are the subject of nine national awards. Dr. Greene was
recipient of the APA 2003 Committee on Women in Psychology Distinguished Leader-
ship Award; 1996 Outstanding Achievement Award from the APA Committee on Les-
bian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns; the 2004 Distinguished Career Contributions to
Ethnic Minority Research Award from the APA Society for the Study of Ethnic Minority
Issues; the 2000 Heritage Award from the APA Society for the Psychology of Women; the
2004 Award for Distinguished Senior Career Contributions to Ethnic Minority Research
(APA Division 45); and the 2005 Stanley Sue Award for Distinguished Professional Con-
tributions to Diversity in Clinical Psychology (APA Division 12). Her co-edited book
Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspec-
tives and Practice was also honoured with the Association for Women in Psychology’s
2001 Distinguished Publication Award. In 2006, she was the recipient of the Janet Helms
Award for Scholarship and Mentoring from the Teacher’s College, Columbia University

xix
 Cross Cultural Roundtable, and of the 2006 Florence Halpern Award for Distinguished
Professional Contributions to Clinical Psychology (APA Division 12). In 2009, she was
honoured as recipient of the APA Award for Distinguished Senior Career Contribution to
Psychology in the Public Interest. She is an elected representative to the APA Council and
member at large of the Women’s and Public Interest Caucuses of the Council.

LINDA J. KNIGHT has been teaching psychology at John Abbott

­ ollege in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, since 2001. She
C
teaches in both the Psychology Department and the Youth & Adult
Correctional Intervention department and supervises students in
clinical practicum work. She served on the Innovative Research
and Development Committee and the Teaching and Learning Envi-
ronmental Committee. She received her PhD in Clinical Psychology
from Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, and was a staff psy-
chologist at the London Psychiatric Hospital, London, Ontario,
and the Child and Family Assessment and Treatment Centre of Brant County, Brantford,
Ontario. She also practised as a clinical psychologist in Vancouver, British Columbia, and in
Montreal, Quebec. In addition to a private practice, she conducted intake and parole assess-
ments at various correctional facilities in Quebec. Dr. Knight served as a reviewer for the first
three Canadian editions of Essentials of Abnormal Psychology in a Changing World.

PAUL A. JOHNSON has 25 years’ experience in post-secondary

education as a professor, program co-ordinator, and curriculum
and program validation adviser at Confederation College. Paul
recently served on the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges
and Universities (MTCU) committee that developed the new
provincial college curriculum standards for general education
and essential employability skills. He has received international
recognition for academic leadership from the Chair Academy
and the National Institute for Staff and Organizational Devel-
opment (NISOD). Paul has also practised psychology in the Psy-
chotherapy and Psychiatric departments of St. Joseph’s Hospital
in Thunder Bay. As well, he has been a health-promotion con-
sultant in his community for many years. Along with Helen Bee
and Denise Boyd, Paul co-authored Lifespan Development (Pearson Education Canada),
now in its fourth Canadian edition.

STEVEN TAYLOR, PHD, ABPP, is a professor and clinical psy-

chologist in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of
British Columbia and is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Cogni-
tive Psychotherapy. He serves on the editorial board of several
journals, including the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psy-
chology. He has published over 200 journal articles and book
chapters, and over a dozen books on anxiety disorders and
related topics. Dr. Taylor has received career awards from the
Canadian Psychological Association, the British Columbia Psy-
chological Association, the Association for Advancement of
Behaviour Therapy, and the Anxiety Disorders Association of
America. He is a fellow of several scholarly organizations,
including the Canadian Psychological Association, the
­A merican Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, and the
Academy of Cognitive Therapy. His clinical and research interests include cognitive-
behavioural treatments and mechanisms of anxiety disorders and related conditions, as
well as the behavioural genetics of these disorders.

xx A B O U T T H E AU T H O RS
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
face with long black moustaches. Romanelli is over seventy years old
but carries them lightly on his shoulders. He wears a red scarf round
his throat, carpet slippers, and a black velvet “calotte” pushed off on
the back of his bald head. At my first sitting I felt rather shy when
the sculptor placed me in a seat standing on the turning pedestal,
but at the second sitting it went off all right, I mounted bravely on
my elevated throne. The bust of a young woman, made in clay,
stood on my right hand and Romanelli modelled it here and there,
according to my features, diminishing or adding small bits of clay.
Sitting for my bust made me sleepy, and I waited impatiently when
Romanelli, who was careful not to overtire me, would tell me to have
a rest. Then I rose and went out into the garden, stiff with long
sitting. I yawned and stretched my arms wearily and five minutes
after I resumed my place on the “dais.” When the turn came for my
neck to be modelled, Romanelli told me to unbutton the upper part
of my bodice, which made me burn with shame. The old sculptor
laughed and said that he had lost the number of all the necks, a
great deal more low-bodied than mine, which had served for models
to him during his long artistic life. My bust advanced rapidly and the
likeness was perfect, but Sergy, who had only too flattering an
opinion of me in every way, and was very hard to please according
to what concerned my precious person, found that the head was not
well put on, and the back not sufficiently straight, and when
Romanelli agreeably to his demands, began to take off layers of clay
from my bust’s back, Sergy turned away shuddering: it seemed to
him as if I was being carved alive. Romanelli declared finally that the
head had to be separated from the bust in order to place it more
backwards; my husband would not consent to be present at this
bloodless operation and carried me away promptly, when we
returned an hour later, we found the head in its proper place again.
My bust in clay was now completed and Romanelli promised to send
to Moscow for Christmas my bust made in marble. The lump of clay
representing the bust of a young woman, which Romanelli
manipulated according to my features, is transformed now, for
another sitting, into a bust of a wrinkled old man. My portrait will be
ready for Christmas also.
 CHAPTER XXXIV
ROME

We spent a week in visiting the city of the Cæsars, running

through churches, art-galleries and other regulation sights, according
to Baedecker, from morning till night. We followed our guide with
uncomplaining stoicism from one Museum to another. I was not
feeling altogether at my ease when visiting the catacombs, and
wished myself anywhere else all the time. We had to come down
slowly through dark stone passages with our folding lantern in which
a reluctant wax-taper went out at regular intervals. We saw caverns
containing skeletons which fell to dust when you touched them, and
petrified corpses in coffins under a glass cover. Truly it was a ghastly
sight! There are often crumbling stones too in the Catacombs, and
you can easily find your death under them.
In the church of “Santa Croce” we saw the staircase (Scala Pia)
brought forward from Jerusalem, reputed to have belonged to
Pilate’s Palace, where they were trodden by Christ at the time of his
trial. Pilgrims are permitted to ascend the steps on their knees only.
Two smart ladies were toiling slowly up the long ladder, stopping at
every step to arrange the folds of their skirts. Some peasant women,
who had begun their ascent much later, soon overtook them. I am
sure that they have more chance of getting to the Kingdom of
Heaven.
The Pantheon, where the remains of King Vittorio Emmanuele
repose, is the only ancient edifice in Rome, which is conserved
perfectly intact. It has no ceiling, and the Roman sun and the Roman
moon shine through the open roof. The sepulchre in which the body
of Vittorio Emmanuele is laid is covered all over with garlands of
flowers and is guarded by three veterans of the Italian army, who
watch over a big book in which all those who wish to honour the
memory of the “King Galantuomo” sign their names.
We had to cross the Tiber to arrive at the Vatican, where we found
ourselves on Papal territory, which has a particular clerical aspect.
The population is very poor here, a great part of their existence is
spent in the open. There was a crowd of women, ragged and
unkempt creatures, sitting in front of their houses in a bath of
sunshine, bearing the pure classical Roman type. They were
surrounded by a swarm of children with unwiped noses, who stared
at us with their fingers in their mouths. I can’t make out how these
matrons had the time to bring such a lot of children into the world.
We met a number of prelates in the streets, and ladies in black
dresses and long black veils, prescribed by etiquette for ladies going
to an audience with the Pope, and wearing mourning in the memory
of the abolished clerical potency. The Pope, deploring his decay, has
shut himself up in the Vatican, vowing never to leave it until the King
abdicates the throne. The doors of the Vatican are closed to all
persons belonging to the Court of Italy, Baron Rosen, the Russian
attaché, in the number.
There was much to see in the Vatican Palace. We went from room
to room admiring the immortal masterpieces. In the “Sixtine Chapel”
we saw the famous picture of the “Last Judgment” painted by
Michael Angelo. We could hardly get away from the place. Then we
stepped into a long gallery all lined with pictures on Scripture
subjects, arranged like a museum and leading to the private
apartments of the Pope. Groups of Papal guards, the last remains of
the Papal power, in their picturesque uniforms, with striped yellow
and black legs, were walking to and fro with a rifle on their shoulder.
After leaving the Palace we strayed down the wide stairs into the
beautifully kept gardens which surrounded it, and saw wild deer and
pheasants walking about freely. The Pope feeds them himself every
morning during the voluntary prisoner’s drive in the alleys of the
Park. On leaving the Vatican Gardens the head-gardener presented
me with a splendid bouquet.
 On the great Square before the bronze gates of the Vatican, in
front of St. Peter’s Cathedral, we saw the black statue of St. Peter,
sitting in his stone chair under a golden baldaquin, holding in his
hand the “Keys of Paradise.” Through the continual contact of
worshippers lips, one of the Saint’s toes was almost completely worn
out. After having admired the rich monuments of all the interred
Popes, and the shrine containing St. Peter’s relics, we drove along
the ancient “Latin Road” to Monte Palanchino, one of the most
interesting reminiscences of past ages. A whole army of workmen,
under the superintendence of a group of engineers and
archeologists, continue to excavate making splendid discoveries. A
whole street intact has recently been dug out. The pavements and
houses with their mosaic floors are marvellously preserved. We
stood on the roof of one of the newly excavated houses watching
the workmen who were destroying—on the mountain side over us—
a splendid villa which had belonged to Napoleon the Third, in order
to continue to dig out the street under its foundation.
On the eve of our departure from Rome we went to see the
Coliseum, a ruin of former glory where gladiators have fought, the
largest amphitheatre in the world, which could hold about ten
thousand spectators. Before turning to the hotel we took a drive in
Monte Pincio, the Hyde Park of Rome. The large alleys are filled with
riders, drivers and pedestrians. On both sides of the drive stand
white marble statues of gods and goddesses. In the very beginning
is erected the statue of Vittorio Emmanuele, in the memory of the
taking of Rome by his armies. In front of the round tower of the
summer-house, sheltered by magnificent magnolia and orange trees,
there is a high terrace. We mounted on it, and Rome lay below us
like a city from a balloon. It was very still and peaceful, the noise of
the street did not penetrate to this place. Suddenly the evening bells
began to ring all over Rome. On our way back, when passing before
the “Trevi Fountains,” we called to mind the popular saying that if
you want to return to Rome once more, you must drink some water
out of this fountain, and we swallowed two glasses of the miraculous
water which we purchased at a little shop near by.
 After having seen all the sights of the Eternal City we started for
Naples. We had quite enough of all these churches and museums,
and were tired out by too much admiration. The tenants of our
railway carriage were but three, but they had managed things so
nicely that not a square inch of spare room was visible, engrossed
by a fabulous number of bags, baskets, etc., etc. “Partenza!”
shouted the railway officials, bang-bang went the doors, and our
train left the station and began to wind round the low hills of the
“Campagna.”
 CHAPTER XXXV
NAPLES

When we arrived at Naples a whole legion of porters assailed us.

We took an apartment at the Grand Hôtel, situated on the New
Quay. We had a disagreeable surprise when we awoke next
morning; a grey mist veiled Mount Vesuvius, the sky and sea were of
leaden hue, and rain began to fall, which is very rare in this place.
We braved the elements, and went in the afternoon to try and find
out what has become of Schildecker, one of my most devoted lovers
in the blessed days of my girlhood. We had exhausted every means
in our power to discover his whereabouts and have been all over
Naples to find him, but nobody could tell us anything about him. We
called at the Transatlantic Bank where Schildecker had been
employed, but there also nothing had been heard of him for nearly
ten years. We got, however, the address of one of Schildecker’s
friends, who perhaps could say where he was. But Sergy felt tired,
and said that we could make far better use of our time than
spending it in search of Schildecker. I despaired of finding him again,
but did not insist, fearing to displease my husband.
After dinner, we drove to the Circus in a cab drawn by a queer-
tempered horse, who at first would not move, and stood planted
with rigid forelegs, tucked-in tail and ears laid back. Our driver made
a great fuss with the reins and the whip, but his horse would not
advance an inch. Suddenly the stubborn animal changed his mind,
swerved aside, and commenced to rear, plunging rather wildly, and
seemed to be in a fair way to kick himself free of everything.
Perceiving the danger, I jumped out of the carriage, to Sergy’s great
horror, and went straight to the horse’s head and snatched at the
bridle, after which the nasty vicious brute became more manageable
and consented to carry us to our destination.
 Next morning, while still in bed, I could see the sunrise over
Vesuvius, lighting the smoke which rose from the crater. After a
hasty breakfast, we went for a drive in the outskirts of Naples
passing through the “Pausilippe Grotto,” which is about a mile long;
it is supported by columns and lighted at long intervals by lanterns.
The road leading to Virgil’s tomb passes over the Grotto. We visited
also the “Sulfre Grotto” with sulphur smoke coming out of the
Vesuvius and evaporating through crevices in the Grotto. The “Dog’s
Grotto” is full of sulphuric acid. A dog, serving for experiments, loses
consciousness when kept inside one second, and breathes his last in
the lapse of one minute. One of the ugly little mongrels, upon whom
experiments are made, ran before us wagging his tail, but when the
guide wanted to take him in his arms, the poor little brute began to
whine pitifully. We would not have him tortured on our account, and
the guide finding it necessary to show us another experiment, filled
an earthen pot with gas, into which he dipped a burning torch which
was immediately extinguished. We were back at Naples just in time
for dinner. Before going to sleep we had an agreeable surprise. A
troup of wandering singers gave us a serenade beneath our
windows, and sung Russian folk-songs. I was so pleased I could
have kissed them all. Next morning Sergy went out by himself to
make inquiries about Schildecker, and started off to the address of
his friend given in the Bank, and was told that Schildecker had died
of consumption ten years ago. Poor fellow! His death affected me,
and I dropped a tear for him.
We devoted the whole of the next day to Pompeii, the long-buried
city at the foot of the great destroyer. Nothing but desolation and
silence around! Walking amid the wrecks, the mystery of the past
took possession of us and the busy lives which animated formerly
the deserted town, rose before us. The cinder-choked streets have
preserved their ancient denominations. The buildings remind me of
those of Erzeroum, with a fountain in the middle of the inner court.
The frescoed walls have kept their original colour, and the sign-
boards over the houses and the indecent bas-reliefs (reminiscences
of not over pure-minded antiquity) are perfectly intact. Here is the
grand Basilique the symbol of an ancient disappeared civilisation and
the pagan temples of Venus, Mercury and Jupiter. A little further, in
the quarter of the Gladiators, is the Forum with the immense tribune
in which the people assembled for all sorts of meetings. In a
separate museum curious remains of past ages are gathered:
artistically worked jewels, mosaics and petrified corpses in almost as
fine condition as 1800 years ago in 79 a.d. There is a young woman
lying prostrate on the marble floor; the position of the hands
indicate that she had instinctively tried to protect her face from the
hot ashes when the death-storm broke and Vesuvius blotted out
Pompeii. We saw objects just dug up: coins, vases and pottery. We
passed before bars which looked as if they had just been freshly
painted, where wine had been sold. Here are loaves of bread lying
on the counter of a baker’s shop, transformed into stone and looking
as if they had just come out of the oven. Before the shop, a petrified
dog, curled up, seems to be sleeping.
Our old cicerone, who had lived all his life at the foot of the great
mountain, had worked as guide to Pompeii for fifty-five years. He
told us that there were presently forty guides at Pompeii. When we
asked if it wasn’t dangerous for him to live so near to the volcano,
the old guide replied, with pride, that they were all of them sons of
Vesuvius, and had no need, therefore, to dread it.
We had to pass through the vestibule of the modern Hôtel
Diomède to enter the domains of the past, and on our way back we
had dinner there. I was glad to be out of the circle of the dead
centuries and back into the world of living men. I had just read a
French novel written by Georges de Peyrebrune in which the author
described the wonderful beauty of Signorina Sofia Prospezi the
daughter of the proprietor of Hôtel Diomède, and wanted to see if
the reputation of her beauty was not exaggerated. It appeared to be
quite true. Signorina Prospezi was beyond question endowed with
great beauty: she was tall, slender, with a pure oval face, finely
chiselled features and luminous velvety, brown eyes, shaded by
curling black lashes. I asked her to give me her photograph, and she
begged for mine in return. Her father was wonderfully amiable and
attentive towards us. Instead of regaling us with diluted wine, which
was usually served to his customers, he ordered the oldest and best
wine in his cellars to be brought to us. Our host evidently meant to
be complimentary, and said that he thought me very much like his
wife—who appeared to be a compatriot of ours—when she was
young and beautiful.
On the following day we drove to Castellamare; a succession of
villages lined the way. The tramway took up half the breath of the
road, encumbered with huge waggons drawn by great powerful
horses; I felt rather frightened. On approaching Sorrento we ran
against a car drawn by a horse, a cow and a donkey as well! There
was a local feast of Saint-somebody, I didn’t know who, at Sorrento,
and flags were suspended from house to house across the narrow
streets. We passed before the house which had been inhabited by
Torquato Tasso transformed now into an hotel. Just in front of it
stands the statue of the great poet. The distant sound of low
chanting attracted our attention; it grew louder, and presently, far up
the street, we saw a religious procession come in sight. At the head
came a pilgrim holding a high crucifix. Behind followed a group of
curates in white surplices, bearing a large grotto in which stood the
statue of a saint dressed as a Franciscan monk, surrounded by a
number of statuettes representing worshippers kneeling to him. A
number of little girls, arrayed in white, with crowns of roses on their
heads, carried an altar decorated with vases full of paper-flowers, in
the middle of which stood the statue of the Virgin, clad in a rich
brocade dress and a long blue mantle embroidered with silver stars;
the Madonna’s long hair fell in ringlets on her shoulders. A large
crowd of pilgrims came behind. We begged a constable to clear a
passage for us through the throng and gained the high road by a
back street. From afar we saw the lava running down Vesuvius. Our
vetturino, turning round, said, “That’s my home,” pointing with his
whip to a little village sheltered beneath the treacherous mountain.
On arriving at Castellamare we were just in time to catch the train
with which we were to return to Naples. We got into the first railway
carriage occupied by an ill-assorted Italian pair, a fat middle-aged
lady and a good-looking young man resembling an opera tenor, and
at least a quarter of a century younger than his companion, who
made beside him, the sharpest contrast, looking very thick and
clumsy. She gazed at her interesting cavalier with an admiration and
tenderness in her old eyes, which was quite ridiculous. The evening
being fresh, I closed the window, to the great displeasure of my
voluminous neighbour, who began to grumble and said to her
companion that she was on the point of being suffocated. “She must
certainly feel hot, the fatty!” I exclaimed in Russian very imprudently,
for after I had just made this flattering statement, the young Italian
said to Sergy, in a most natural tone, that his wife, as it appears, is a
compatriot of ours. I felt pretty bad at that moment, I confess,
having got into a terrible scrape. I could have bitten off my tongue!
Unfortunately I always speak first and think afterwards! But
apparently the fat lady didn’t hear my complimentary adverb, as she
amiably entered into conversation, and in a few minutes we felt as if
we had known her for ages. She became very confidential, and by
the time the train reached Naples we were in possession of the
entire history of her life. She told us, with a coquettish glance at her
husband, which would have been very effective thirty years ago, that
she had been married five years, and was feeling perfectly happy,
only rather home-sick for Moscow, her native town. How in the
world did she manage to catch that handsome fellow—who, for his
part, certainly didn’t seem to adore his caricature spouse.
Our great desire was to make the ascent by the Funicular Railway
of Mount Vesuvius, whilst it was in eruption. Our wish was fulfilled
on the following day. It took us three hours to drive in a carriage to
the aerial railway-station. We passed a great number of macaroni
factories, and saw rows of macaroni hanging on strings to dry. The
road was most picturesque, having the blue Mediterranean strewn
with white sails on one side and Vesuvius on the other. At length we
reached the foot of the mountain, its head wrapped in a gloomy
wreath of smoke and cloud. The volcano was in full activity at that
moment, and a large torrent of lava was running down the right
slope of the Vesuvius. We saw the Funicular Railway crawling up the
steepest part of the cone. We began to climb a very steep ascent
leading to the aerial station, paved with different-coloured tiles of
petrified lava. On each side of our way rose mountains of black lava.
A group of street-singers followed our carriage singing Neapolitan
folk-songs. When we arrived at the railway-station, standing near the
observatory and the carbiniers’ lodge, the carriage-road ended. After
having secured our tickets at the booking-office, we had lunch in the
restaurant, and saw from the open window a funicular car crawling
down the mountain. The Funicular Railway has only two cars,
attached to an endless cable, named “Vesuvius” and “Etna,” one at
the top and one at the bottom of the mountain; the one that comes
down pulls the other one up.
After lunch, when we made our way to the Funicular, we were
accosted by a crowd of tattered boys, who proposed to clean our
boots, and begged plaintively for some coins “Per mangiare
macaroni.” We descended into a sort of dark cave and entered an
open railway-carriage in sloping position, holding only ten
passengers sitting in pairs opposite each other, the back seats on a
level with their heads. Two carbiniers escorted our car. I shuddered
when we began the ascent, for it was not at all comforting to be
aware that lava only served as foundation to the Funicular Railway
and might be falling to pieces at any moment. The mount which only
takes a few minutes, seemed a whole century to me. Vesuvius was
throwing great balls of fire all the time, and the smoke coming out of
the volcano spread around us. We had arrived at the highest point
that the waggon could reach and had to leave the Funicular and
climb to the summit of Vesuvius on foot. We walked on very rough
ground, steaming with sulphurous springs. A score of ragged fellows
proposed to serve as guides to us, and said that we must absolutely
take two men, each of us, to push and pull us up, but I announced
proudly that I could perfectly do with one guide only. I hadn’t made
the ascent of Mont Blanc for nothing, I suppose! We walked on a
moving soil, consisting of ashes and pumice-stone, sulphur smoke
passed off in vapour from crevices beneath us; the soil burnt our
feet and our shoes filled with lava. The smell of sulphur nearly
choked me. I could not breathe without coughing or gasping. Our
mount became more and more difficult: there was no longer any
path, it was merely like going up a very steep cinder heap; with each
step we sank in it to knee-depth. It was very fatiguing and I had to
seek the aid of three guides; one guide took me by the right arm,
another took me by the left one, and the third pushed vigorously
behind. By the time we arrived at the top my dress was in rags. At
last, after an hour’s toil, we succeeded in reaching the summit of the
cone and were approaching the lip of the crater. At the same time
we heard a long low rumbling, like the sound of the sea when the
tide is breaking on a distant beach. Right below us yawned an
enormous pit, whose sides were gnarled and twisted by the action of
terrible heat; we saw the burning liquid issue from the crater. I
managed to get so near that the ashes fell on my dress. It was a
wonderful sight and needs the pen of Dante to describe the awful
impression received when I stood on the brink of the crater and
gazed into the depths of an inferno. The head-guide requested me
not to approach too near its fiery mouth, but I felt it draw me like a
magnet. We could hear the roar of the fire beneath us. We stood
there fascinated when a loud report shook the ground and a shower
of hot cinders fell around us. We felt like being under a war-fire. I
never was in such a fright in all my life and thought our last moment
had come. “We are lost,” I said to myself trembling all over.
Following the command of our guides we fell flat on our faces, at
once. All this happened in the space of a second. A smell of burning
wool spread around us. It was my dress which had caught fire. Next
moment we got up hurriedly and fled in terror to the other end of
the cone, as the direction these rivulets of liquid fire take, depends
entirely on the wind. By some miracle nobody was hurt. We have
had evidently a very narrow escape of our lives. We were now on
our way back to the Funicular Railway. Oh! that descent! We slid
down as on skates and reached the Funicular Station in shoes
almost entirely without soles.
The next day we went to visit the “Certosa,” an ancient grey
abbey perched on a high rock, a veritable eagle’s nest. Only six
monks are left now in the monastery, to make the famous “Certosa
liqueur.” They gather the herbs in the mountains and keep the recipe
of their liqueur as a great secret. The convent is now converted into
a Museum. Among other curiosities we were shown a shallop in
which Charles the Tenth had landed in Spain. Looking out from the
terrace the whole city of Naples lay revealed; only the distant
splashing of the sea below was heard.
A terrible calamity has befallen the Island of Ischia. The little town
of Casamicciola, destroyed by a recent tremendous earthquake, is
nothing but a heap of deplorable ruins. Through the awful cataclysm
the inhabitants are deprived of home and bread. In pursuit of strong
sensations we wanted to visit these ruins and embarked on a small
steamer which plied from the Bay of Naples to Ischia. It takes only
two hours to cross. There was not a breath of air and the sea looked
like a polished mirror. Whilst we gazed at the frolics of the dolphins
from deck, we passed a man-of-war that had cast anchor in the Bay,
and did not remark that it was a Russian cruiser. A young chap who
sold photographs on board, offered to show us the ruins of
Casamicciola. He could murder enough French to be our interpreter
and we accepted his offer. He told us that he had lost both his
parents and all his belongings in the recent earthquake; the only
object he had found amongst the ruins was his watch. The poor boy
had remained several hours unconscious under the ruins and was
just out of hospital. On approaching Ischia, we stopped before what
had formerly been Casamicciola, a desolate black desert now. The
earthquake had in a few moments changed the prosperous little
town into a ruin. Hundreds and hundreds of homes had entirely
gone. Many people were buried beneath the fallen houses. About
two hundred corpses remained under the ruins and a terrible smell
came forth. In fear of infection the inhabitants are forbidden to dig
out the corpses. Another slight earthquake took place the other day:
a rock tumbled down, destroying the remaining houses, and large
crevices have been formed in the mountains all around. The whole
population is in terrible distress. The only inhabitants who escaped
death are those who were working out in the fields at the moment
of the catastrophe, and had fled panic-stricken to the mountains for
refuge. We were told that a Russian couple, living at the Hôtel des
Étrangers, had been saved through their children who were having a
fight in the park belonging to the hotel. Their parents had just come
down to set them apart, when the earth shook, and the whole hotel
came down, falling to pieces. Looking at this bright place and its
luxurious vegetation, it seems to be a perfect paradise on earth, but
this beautiful soil opens treacherously under your feet, transforming
everything into a “vale of tears.” Oh! the irony of the things of this
world! And still men will build up new dwellings again and will not
think of the danger of a repetition of the past catastrophe! An old
cab, with a skeleton of a horse between the shafts, drove us through
the demolished streets heaped up with stones, trunks of trees and
plaster, but soon there was no road at all, and we had to walk
amidst a mass of broken stones and woodwork. We saw women
seeking forgotten objects on the threshold of their crumbled houses,
a wreck of broken stones and fallen walls. A young girl sat with her
head buried in her hands, rocking her body to and fro, and kept
wailing “Why, oh, why was I saved!” It was a sorrowful spectacle
and my heart bled for her. Workmen had been sent in haste to build
barracks for the victims of the catastrophe, and huts have been
erected in the vicinity of the ill-fated town. We visited that sordid
encampment where the poor wretches slept on the hard ground,
pêle-mêle, like Bohemians. A troup of carbiniers have just arrived to
keep order. We were surrounded by hundreds of poor starving
creatures. Sad-faced women, with tragic eyes, stood in groups with
children of all ages holding to their skirts. They spread out their
hands in a gesture of despair and burst into lamentations, begging
for bread. Sergy gave away nearly all the contents of his purse. The
poor wretches murmured their thanks, pressing kisses on my hands,
against my inclination. In token of gratitude, an old, toothless
granny, wrinkled like a crumpled apple, her hooked nose nearly in
contact with her chin, patted me on the back; being very much
afraid that she meant to kiss my reluctant cheek, I went prudently
behind my husband. My one desire was to get back to Naples, and I
breathed freely when our boat left the shores of Ischia. A group of
Neapolitan women, with red handkerchiefs on their heads, had come
out from third class on our deck to dance the Tarantella, to the
accompaniment of a band of strolling musicians. One of the women
had been hurt by the earthquake, and this was her first day out of
the hospital.
On approaching Naples, I was delighted to see on the quay a
group of Russian sailors belonging to the man-of-war which had cast
anchor in the bay. I hastened to land, in order to boast of my
countrymen before our fellow passengers. But, O horror! it appeared
that the sailors were all desperately drunk, and looked awful. With
bleeding faces, their clothes all in tatters, they made a disgusting
spectacle of themselves. We were told that they had just had a fight
with some Italian sailors who had cheated them in a tavern where
they had been drinking together. Our compromising compatriots
were shouting in Russian, “Give back our money or we’ll throw you
into the water!” It was not a very edifying scene and made me blush
for my country. On our way to the hotel we met another group of
Russian sailors walking in a friendly way—arm-in-arm—with their
Italian comrades, also tolerably drunk and zig-zagging somewhat,
their two feet being hopelessly at variance. There will be a fight
between them ere long, I am sure. Passing by a coral shop, we
entered to purchase a necklace, and made out that the owner of the
shop was a fellow-countryman of ours, living in Naples for the last
thirty years. He had been sexton at the Russian church, and having
married the daughter of an Italian merchant, he had settled down
for good in this country. His eldest son can just speak a few words in
Russian, but the younger ones cannot speak a word of our mother-
tongue.
The next day we started back to Russia. I left La bella Napoli with
regret.
 CHAPTER XXXVI
PEISSENBERG

Once back in Moscow, we resumed our usual mode of life. My

husband is working very hard, and I see him only during our meals.
Our doctor finds repose and change of air necessary for us both, and
sends us to make a cure in the sanatorium of the famous
Wunderfrau Ottilie Hohenmeister, at Peissenberg, in the Bavarian
mountains. Our journey occupied three days. I grew rather excited
as we neared our destination, and when the train steamed into the
station of Peissenberg, I felt downcast and nervous at the thought
that we should have to undergo a serious cure here. We drove in a
carriage sent by Frau Hohenmeister to her sanatorium—beautifully
situated on the slope of a hill—and followed her head-manager into
a parlour where a fire was burning brightly. After having put our
names down in the register-book, we climbed to the top-floor by a
creaking staircase of seventy steep steps which led to our
apartment, consisting of two rooms high up in the attic. Our turret
bedroom was close under the roof, and our eyes were above the
tree-tops. It had a window in its sloping ceiling through which stars
might be studied at night. And we are first-class boarders at the
sanatorium! How are the second-class tenants lodged, I wonder? In
return we have a beautiful view from our sitting-room window,
looking on to the vast forest and on snowy hill-tops in the
background.
After having ordered a fire to be lit in our room, we went to
present ourselves to the Wunderfrau, who lives in a private house
close to the sanatorium. A number of people, coming from all parts
of the world, sat about waiting in the drawing-room. Frau
Hohenmeister has wide-world fame and works wonders. The
doctoress welcomed us affably and gave me a friendly pat, calling
me all the time, “Mein Kind, mein Schatz.” She is a short and fat
woman, with a round face and round black eyes—in short, she is
round everywhere. My German being very elementary, I called to my
help all the German words I knew to answer the Wunderfrau’s
questions. That night, before going to bed, we devoured a whole
box of caviare which we had brought from Moscow, as we were to
be put on diet the following day.
Our cure began at six o’clock in the morning. First came a little
wizen old woman, badly named “Greti” (diminutive of Margaret),
who brought us a nasty drug which we swallowed with a grimace. At
half-past six we had to undergo a massage performed by Fräulein
Zenzi, Frau Hohenmeister’s pretty niece; at seven came the knock of
the bathman (Herr Bademeister) announcing that our baths were
ready. The water in the bath was dark, and smelt just like Grete’s
mixture. We had to lie down in bed for twenty minutes after our
bath, and at eight o’clock Fräulein Zenzi reappeared bringing a bottle
bearing the inscription “Medicine,” and we had to swallow a
tablespoonful of that horrid physic every two hours. It was only at
ten o’clock that I got a cup of beef-tea, whilst Sergy (lucky man)
was allowed a cup of coffee. At eleven o’clock repetition of the same
broth with an egg, and a small roll in addition. At seven we went
down to dinner after the table-d’hôte, and returned to our attic
feeling very hungry, for the soup had been uneatable and the
following dishes quite tasteless, as our doctoress strictly forbids
seasoning of any kind. At nine o’clock we were obliged to go to bed,
and at ten the gas was turned out all over the house.
Sergy was not a very docile patient, and felt rebellious to the
authority of a person of the feeble sex, but I did all that the
Wunderfrau ordered me to do without protest.
The village of Peissenberg—set upon a hill—is very picturesque. It
is inhabited mostly by mine-workers. In the daytime the male
population lives underground. When we went out for our every-day
walk, the women on their doorsteps dropped us a curtsey with a
muttered “Grüss Gott.” Sergy goes out on excursions sometimes.
One afternoon he went to Steinberg, where he took the boat plying
on the Lake Wurm. He met on board a very pretty and stylish
woman, the Countess Dürkheim née Princess Bobrinsky, a
compatriot of ours, who had married an aide-de-camp of the King of
Bavaria. The Countess expressed her desire to make my
acquaintance and wrote a note to me asking us to dine on the
following day at Rothenbuch, the Dürkheims’ beautiful estate at two
hours’ drive from Peissenberg. I scribbled off a line to say that I
regretted I was unable to accept her amiable invitation, not being
very well, but if she would come to see me, I should be very
pleased. And the Countess came the next day. At the end of the
week, we drove down to Rothenbuch to return her call. On
approaching their estate, there came a sound of music from the
forest surrounding the fine old mansion. The Countess and her
husband came to meet us on the verge of the forest, and led us over
a velvet lawn to a nook under a group of old trees where there was
tea and cakes and all sorts of things laid on a long table, at which
sat numerous guests, including the priest of the parish and the
schoolmaster. The whole company went afterwards to shoot at
targets near the brewery, where we saw a huge barrel filled with
beer. The pencil drawings on the walls of the brew-house, of life-
sized faces, depict every drunken emotion that the human face is
capable of expressing, and represent red-nosed drunkards belonging
to all classes of society, with a constable and a monk in the number.
The young Count in shooting get-up, with his gun on the shoulder,
looked very sportsmanlike. He is the best shot in the country, and
now he carried off the first prize—a good fat goose. Then our hosts
led us to inspect their magnificent property. The “Schloss” is a
formidable square building with rounded towers at the four corners,
full of mediæval reminiscences. The grounds around are beautifully
kept.
As we were driven back to Peissenberg, we were overtaken by a
terrible storm; the thunder rolled, preceded by dazzling lightning,
and rain began to fall heavily. We came home drenched to the skin;
my dress had the heavy soapy look that bathing-suits have, and my
hat looked a sad object with its plume hanging lamentably, and
rivulets of water falling from its brim.
Every year on her birthday the Wunderfrau gives a village
entertainment followed by a rural ball. She invited us to a grand
dinner during which a military band, imported from Munich, played
marches and lively airs. After the repast we went to see the country-
dance on the common. The merry-go-round was in all activity. The
Wunderfrau, surrounded by her guests, was sitting on the grass,
dowdily dressed and loaded with false jewellery; her black silk dress
was fastened at the throat by a brooch the size of a saucer, which
contained the effigy of her late husband. There was a long file of
tables laid out with dishes and bottles. Village youths and maidens
had come from all around, dressed in their Sunday best. The lads,
their vests hanging on one shoulder and their large-brimmed hats
cocked on one ear, sat before large bocks, filling themselves steadily
with beer and flirting with their sweethearts, talking and laughing
uproariously. When it began to get dark there were dances in the big
barn. Our cook and laundress opened the ball, swinging round the
three-step waltz to the music of Ach mein lieber Augustin played by
rural musicians. After them the whole company began whirling and
twirling with shrill shrieks of merriment. We were very much amused
by the gambols of these rustics. The lads in their thick boots and
country clothes, carrying their partners clasped to their bosom like
packets, were careering round, stamping the floor loudly with their
nailed heels. We were much surprised to see among the dancers our
doctoress, red and panting, turning round like a weather-cock,
embraced by a ruddy-faced youth. All of a sudden the boys, brisked
up by some glasses of wine, separated from the girls and began to
turn somersaults, tapping themselves noisily on the thighs, at which
Countess Platen, a Swedish lady who lived in our Sanatorium and
gave tone to everything, gathered up her skirts majestically and
swept out queen-like, bearing her head high and stepping as though
she was mistress of the whole fair earth, followed by her satellites.
The days passed with despairing monotony. With admirable
patience we were persevering in our cure, and took our medicine,
our bath, our massage with great resignation. We shall finish our
treatment in about a fortnight and have decided to go and take sea-
baths at the Isle of Wight.
The day of our departure arrived at last. When taking leave of us
the doctoress presented me with an enormous bouquet. Our train
was crammed, and we were closely packed in our compartment,
when the door was flung open and a breathless, panting lady of
colossal dimensions, pushing parcels before her, clambered in,
walking on everybody’s toes. That fat creature had undergone a cure
in our Sanatorium, and was also provided with a bouquet, only of
much smaller dimensions than mine, because she had been a
second-class boarder.
We made a short halt at Munich, just in time to make a round of
the museums and to climb a dark staircase, lighted by a few oil-
lamps, up to the gigantic statue of Bavaria, in the head of which two
big iron sofas find place, and whose eyes serve as windows. We had
a splendid bird’s-eye view of the whole town out of them.
 CHAPTER XXXVII
ON THE RHINE

We arrived at Manheim at three o’clock in the morning and drove

to the “Deutscher Hof.” The entrance door was locked, and our
driver had to ring vigorously several times before a dishevelled,
drowsy waiter let us in. On the following day we travelled up the
Rhine on our way to Holland on the “Elizabeth,” a small merchant
steamer, the only one starting that day for Coblentz. As there was no
private cabin on the boat, we had to remain on deck all day. The
“Elizabeth” was a shabby little vessel, very unclean, the uncovered
deck was piled with boxes and barrels. Towards evening we
approached Eltville, a small place where our boat moored for the
night. We slept at a small hotel and had to be up at dawn, as the
“Elizabeth” continued her way early in the morning. We got up long
before light, and at four o’clock were already on board. The banks of
the Rhine became more and more picturesque. The Rheinland
seemed to be saturated with the life of the past. We saw ruined old
castles perched high on the cliffs; one feels that they must have
been the stage where many dramas of human life have been
enacted. Here is the legend “Lorelei Felsen,” so romantic and so
mysterious. At every stoppage our boat took a cargo, which made us
miss the Coblentz boat and we had to proceed further on by rail. Our
road ran side by side with the river. The train was rapidly gaining
headway, and at the second station we had overtaken the
“Elizabeth” which had left Coblentz half-an-hour before us. We made
a short halt at Bonn in order to pay a visit to Bonnegasse, the street
in which Beethoven was born. The house No. 515 is commemorated
by a tablet with his name and date of birth. At the last German
station I saw, to my great fright, that we were descending straight
to the Rhine, with no vestige of a bridge over it. When we arrived at
the very edge of the river our train divided in two parts. Three cars,
ours in the number, were placed on a large ferry and worked across
the water by a wheel and a rope, to be hooked after to a Dutch
train. It was a curious experience floating on a wide river without
oars or any visible means of transport.
As soon as we entered Holland, the landscape changed at once.
We rolled across flat expanses: all was level land. Vast fields of red
and white tulips spread before us. Black and white cows, with huge
bells on their necks, dozed in the high grass. The verdant prairies
are variegated with bad-smelling canals filled with water, on a level
with the ground. Quaint little houses with green and white shutters,
that have sat themselves close to the water edge, border the road.
In the distance windmills were turning slowly in the evening breeze,
pointing their wings in all directions and filling the air with a
ceaseless whir.
 CHAPTER XXXVIII
ROTTERDAM

We arrived towards night at Rotterdam, one of the most

considerable sea-ports in Holland. How helpless we felt in this
strange country! We had the greatest difficulty to make ourselves
understood by the porters; our knowledge of Dutch being nil, we
addressed them in German and English, and they answered in
Dutch, which did not help us. We hailed a cab and tried to explain to
the driver that we wanted to be driven to New Bath Hotel, and
doubted somewhat whether we were understood, but our driver
replied reassuringly, making our luggage a resting-place for his
boots, and clambered into his seat. We arrived, in fact, at the
designated hotel, situated on the quay of the river Maas.
Next morning Sergy went to secure tickets for the first boat
leaving for London; there was one starting on the following day.
When Sergy returned we drove to the Zoological Gardens, the best
in Europe. Rotterdam does not inspire me; the houses are built on
piles and look as if they were all on one side, and the canals, like
those of Venice, are dirty and stinking. After the Zoological Gardens
we visited an exhibition of Dutch painters, and saw posthumous
pictures said to be painted by Rembrandt. Before returning to the
hotel we drove through the park by a broad avenue bordered with
elegant villas belonging, for the most part, to rich merchants. Dying
of thirst, we drew up at a café and ordered tea. A waiter brought a
teapot with boiling water and two cups and nothing else, and told us
that the visitors had to supply their own tea and sugar in this
singular restaurant!
When we were back at the hotel I sat a long time by the window
looking at what was going on in the street, where the tram-cars, the
carriages and heavy carts intermingled unceasingly. Muzzled dogs
drew large waggonettes led by buxom peasant-women in stiffly
starched gowns, who were faithful to their ancient costume and
wore red bodices, brown skirts and a strange form of head-gear with
heavy gold ornaments over flowing white caps. I was very much
interested with the life and traffic in the port, on to a corner of which
our windows looked. Large cargo-boats, exporting fruit and
vegetables to England, were moored in the port, and numerous
barges toiled steadily by, on their way to market, loaded to the
water edge. A big American steamer was leaving for New York on
the next day, carrying two thousand emigrants.
We spent our evening in a music-hall. The performance was very
bad indeed. First came a French “chanteuse” in a short skirt and still
shorter bodice, who rattled away indecent songs, then came the so-
called tenor, who cooed a sentimental romance both out of tune and
time, then a “basso profundo,” who bellowed Mephistopheles’
Serenade, made his appearance. The whole performance was
accompanied by dead silence. The Dutch, in general, are a reserved
people. All the faces are grave. I never saw a Dutchman smile. We
were obliged to return on foot to the hotel and would have given
anything for a carriage, but none was to be had and all the trams
were overcrowded. So we walked, trying to find our way, which was
not an easy thing to do, stopping at every corner to read the name
of the street under a lamp-post.
On the following morning we embarked for London on a Dutch
steamer named Fjenoord. The lower deck was closely packed with
calves and sheep for sale. As soon as we were out in the open sea,
we began to feel a slight rocking. It was too windy to remain on
deck, and in our cabin the air was so close and stifling! We asked
the stewardess to wake us before entering the Thames. I was up
before six, dressed quickly and mounted on deck. It had been
raining in the night and the wet wool of the sheep smelt very badly,
whilst passing the English lighthouse, the syren on our ship whistled
loudly, calling out the pilot, who came alongside on a small skiff; a
rope-ladder was dropped, and the pilot clambered on board. At half-
past six we landed at Blackwall. After having passed through the
customs on a floating raft, we then took the train to London. We
regretted that we couldn’t enter London by the docks, but it was
Sunday, and the boats going that way had a holiday.
 CHAPTER XXXIX
LONDON

We put up at Charing-Cross Hotel. After a good wash and brush-

up, we went to find out the Rydes, my old Stuttgart friends who had
settled in London for some years. I did not hear from Ettie Ryde,
with whom I used to have great fun, since our school-days. What a
chance to meet again! It was some little time before we found out
the Rydes. We were received by Ettie’s sisters, who had just
returned from church. I was very much disappointed when I was
told that Ettie was out of town at the present moment, but the
Rydes are going to spend most of the summer at Blackgang, in the
Isle of Wight, and I hope to see a great deal of Ettie.
It was Sunday that day, which reduced us to inactivity, and we
had nothing else to do than to return to our hotel. There was a great
demonstration in the streets, and we met on our way a procession of
the “Westminster Democratic Society,” composed of a deputy of
cabmen and wine-merchants and other corporations, who were
shouting and waving flags. They marched with their bands at the
head, without disturbing the order in the streets. Three ragamuffins
opened the march, mounted on decrepit old hacks, holding large
banners. The police gazed upon this demonstration with the phlegm
of an elephant whom a fly would like to sting.
The next day we visited the Health Exhibition in Kensington
Palace. The trains left every five minutes and stopped with great
jerks; we were thrown out of our places so violently that I found
myself sitting on the knees of my neighbour opposite. There were
many interesting things to see at the Exhibition, but the Russian
section was rather poorly represented—furs and stuffed animals
predominated. We had a good laugh when we stopped before a
manikin representing a Russian soldier, a frightful guy, more like a
bear than a human being, with a beard right up to the eyes. The
“quarter of old London,” attracted us the most. Whilst walking the
narrow dark streets lined with houses and shops, and crowded with
people dressed in the costumes belonging to the fifteenth century,
we had a vivid sensation of the past ages.
We returned to Charing-Cross Hotel longing to have a good rest,
but on entering our apartment we found our beds upset, the sheets
and blankets lying on the floor in a heap. It was the sour-faced
chambermaid who thought that we were leaving that same day, and
was making ready the beds for new visitors. When we told her that
we were going to remain another night in London, she picked up the
sheets, flung them on the beds and carried away the clean linen. I
could have smacked her!
We left London at ten the next morning, having taken our tickets
straight to Ryde, the principal port of the Isle of Wight. On arriving
at Portsmouth we embarked on a small steamer which corresponded
with the train leaving for Shanklin, a sea-bathing place where we
intended to spend about three weeks. The crossing, though short,
was rather rough. It took ten minutes by train from Ryde to Shanklin
station, where we got into an omnibus and drove to Hollier’s Hotel.
Shanklin is a clean and pleasant village built on a cliff with trees
planted along its streets, detached houses standing back amid
gardens and a grey church reminiscent of rural England, with a spire
rising from among the trees. We have taken an apartment of two
rooms for two guineas a week. Hollier’s Hotel is a white house
overgrown with honeysuckle and sheltered by two enormous linden
trees. Boxes of red geraniums hang out of the windows. There was a
most charming air of home-like comfort about the whole house. Our
sitting-room was prettily furnished, full of nick-nacks, with chintz
covers, muslin curtains and vases of fresh flowers on the
mantlepiece, and landscapes on the walls. Three bay-windows look
on the front at the entrance and at the back into a railed-in garden
with a broad, well-kept lawn like a green velvet carpet, shaded by
cedars a century old. Before the entrance door stands the hotel
omnibus, which is in ceaseless demand the whole day, bringing
passengers from and taking them to the station. The driver, perched
on his high seat, is dozing in the shade, with his nose on his paper.
On the following day of our arrival we were awakened by the
sound of the rain beating against the window-panes. It did not
hinder Sergy to go and take his first bath. It was low tide and the
bathers were taken out into the sea in a small cabin drawn by a
horse.
We have arranged to have our meals served in our apartment. At
five o’clock a waiter brought in a neatly arrayed tray with nice tea,
delicious cream and fresh-baked rolls.
In the afternoon the sun came out, and we went for a stroll to the
Chine, a picturesque narrow pass which descends to the sea-edge.
The Chine is, for its own sake, well worth a visit to Shanklin; the
admittance is only twopence each. We sat down to rest on a crooked
arm of a fallen tree, and listened to the music of a small water-fall
down below.
After dinner Sergy went to Mew’s post-office to hire a dog-cart for
a drive to Sandown, a neighbouring watering-place. We have run the
risk of breaking our necks during the promenade. I drove a restless
horse who pranced and kicked all the time, taking fright at a passing
train he jerked to one side, bolted and sprang into a furious gallop
nearly dragging my hands off. I frantically tugged at the reins and
managed to pull up the frightened animal some way down the road,
driving him into a heap of stones. The season had not yet begun at
Sandown, and the houses with their locked doors and closed
shutters looked as if in sleep. Everywhere placards were to be seen
bearing the inscription, “Apartments to Let,” and announcements
that pieces of ground were to be let. There was land to be sold for
999 years.
Having learned that the Rydes were living already at Blackgang,
not far away from Shanklin, I hurried to let them know of our arrival,
looking forward to seeing a great deal of Ettie. Although years had
separated us, I was not one to forget old friends and had been
simple enough to believe that Ettie, also, was burning with
impatience to meet me. But one always believes what one desires, it
is the weak point of human nature! Several days went by and it was
queer that Ettie did not send any word of her coming. This meeting
so hotly desired by me came at last, but in a fashion altogether
different from that which I had pictured. One morning a knock came
at the door, and the parlour-maid ushered in Ettie in person. I must
say she was sadly altered, and I scarcely recognised her; time
passing over her had modified her as it does everything in this
world, nothing was left of the pretty Scotch lassie of by-gone days.
She was altered morally too; she looked so stiff, so unlike her old
self. Ettie reminded me, nevertheless, of my youthful days, and
memories which had slumbered for years awoke now in me. Stirring
the cinders of our reminiscences we spoke of the dear old days gone
by when we were both sixteen. We kept Ettie for dinner; when she
went back in the evening her farewell seemed stiff and formal to me,
she gave me a cold kiss on my cheek, and we were parting for no
one knows how many years, for good and all, perhaps, for the Rydes
were leaving Blackgang in a few days. I am a terrible creature for
taking things to heart, and felt at the moment as if I had been
drenched with cold water. She is a cold-hearted creature, Ettie, and I
do not want to be friends with her any more. I should like to be
cold-hearted too, and not to care for any one. When Ettie had gone,
I remained for some time wrapped in thoughts the reverse of
agreeable, and was not able to put Ettie out of my mind. Sergy, who
has a wonderful soothing influence over me, set to work to comfort
me, but he did not succeed, and this time I was not to be
comforted.
There are delightful walks and drives in all directions of the Isle of
Wight. We undertook to make excursions through the neighbouring
country in a huge pleasant-tour coach named “Old Times.” This
coach can hold twenty people inside and is driven by four powerful
horses gaily decorated with ribbons. We began our tour by
Bembridge, and scrambled into the back seat of the immense car by
a ladder of ten steps. The postilion frantically blew his horn, the
coachman cracked his whip over the head of his horses, and the
coach rattled full speed along beautifully kept roads. The drive
proved long and interesting. We made three halts without changing
horses. Our fellow-passengers were not very elegant-looking. I took
Sergy’s neighbour, a tall, bearded man, who was chewing a stinking
cigar, for a German colonist, and he proved to be a German Royal
Prince. Towards noon we drew up before the veranda of Bembridge
Hotel standing on the beach, and had lunch on the spacious terrace,
enjoying the sea-breeze. At the same time a pleasure-boat had
brought a crowd of tourists to the hotel. We were back to Shanklin
for dinner, having taken another road through the woods and corn-
fields. Before us there was a lovely stretch of country with the gold
of ripening grain and the scarlet glint of poppies smelling like honey;
full blown blossoms of clover white and pink, scented the air. The
Isle of Wight, so green and fresh, is well named “The Garden of
England,” really it is quite the nicest bit of England. Trees and grass
are of a wonderful vivid green peculiar to this island. The climate is
so mild that figs, laurel, and myrtle trees grow in the open air.
Intense heat is quite unknown here.
The next day we had gone coaching again. This time I had the
front seat of the coach. My neighbour was an elegant young man
who had the manner and the bearing of a Prince of the blood Royal.
Having taken the day before a Royal Prince for a colonist, Sergy this
time promoted my neighbour to the post of State Minister at least,
and I felt sure he was no less a person than a Royalty travelling
incognito. At a stoppage one of the horses had cast a shoe, and one
can easily imagine how we felt when my aristocratic neighbour
began to shoe the horse—he was a blacksmith! Our driver put into
good spirits by frequent sips taken at the stoppages, seemed to
have completely forgotten his business. He drove recklessly, taking
the corners in a way that made me gasp; I had to hold fast to the
seat not to be thrown out of the omnibus at every turn. I couldn’t
bear it any longer and begged our driver to go slower, but it only
made him rush down the inclines at the speed of an express train,