1. What is Software Engineering?

(April 2024)
Software Engineering is the systematic approach to designing, developing, testing, and
maintaining software applications.

2. State few differences between traditional and agile software development. (April 2024)
• Traditional: Follows a fixed, sequential process (Waterfall model).
• Agile: Iterative, flexible, and adapts to changing requirements.

3 What is meant by real time system design? APR/MAY-11

A real-time system is a software system where the correct
functioning of the system
depends on the results produced by the system and the time
at which these results are
produced.

4 List four design principles of a good design? APR/MAY

11APRIL/MAY 2018

o Process should not suffer from tunnel vision.

o It should be traceable to the analysis model
o It should not reinvent the wheel
o It should exhibit uniformity & integration.

5 List out design methods. APR/MAY-12

Architectural design , data design , modular design.

6 Define data acquisition APR/MAY-12,MAY/JUN-13

Collect data from sensors for subsequent processing and
analysis.

7 How do you apply modularization criteria for a monolithic

software NOV/DEC-12
Modularity is achieved to various extents by different
modularization approaches. Code based modularity allows
developers to reuse and repair parts of the application, but
development tools are required to perform these maintenance
functions .Object based modularity provides the application as
a collection of separate executable files which may be
independently maintained and replaced without redeploying the
entire application.
 8 What is the design quality attributes ‘FURPS’ meant?
NOV/DEC-12, NOV/DEC2015, NOV/DEC2017
FURPS is an acronym representing a model for classifying
software quality attributes (functional and non
functional requirements)
Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance and
Supportability model.
C215.3 BTL5

9 Define data abstraction? MAY/JUN-13

Data abstraction is a named collection of data that describes
the data object.
Eg:- Door attribute – door type, swing direction, weight
C215.3 BTL5

10 What are the elements of design model?

i. Data design
ii. Architectural design
iii. Interface design
iv. Component-level design
C215.3 BTL5

11 What is the benefit of modular design?

Changes made during testing and maintenance becomes
manageable and they do not affect other modules.
C215.3 BTL5

12 Name the commonly used architectural styles.

i. Data centered architecture. ii. Data flow architecture.
iii. Call and return architecture. iv. Object-oriented
architecture. v. Layered architecture.
C215.3 BTL5

13 What is a cohesive module?

A cohesive module performs only “one task” in software
procedure with little interaction with other modules. In other
words cohesive module performs only one thing.

14 What are the different types of Cohesion?

i. Coincidentally cohesive –The modules in which the set
I\of tasks are related with each other loosely then such modules
are called coincidentally cohesive.
ii. Logically cohesive – A module that performs the tasks
that are logically related with each other is called logically
cohesive.
iii. Temporal cohesion – The module in which the tasks
need to be executed in some specific time span is called temporal
cohesive.
iv. Procedural cohesion – When processing elements of a
module are related with procedural cohesive.
v. Communicational cohesion – When the processing
elements of a module share the data then such module is called
communicational cohesive.

15 What is Coupling?What are the various types of coupling

APRIL/MAY-15,
Coupling is the measure of interconnection among modules in a
program structure. It depends on the interface complexity between
modules.
i. Data coupling – The data coupling is possible by
parameter passing or data interaction.
ii. Control coupling – The modules share related control
data in control coupling.
iii. Common coupling – The common data or a global data
is shared among modules. iv. Content coupling – Content coupling
occurs when one module makes use of data or control information
maintained in another module.

16 What are the common activities in design process?

i. System structuring – The system is subdivided into
principle subsystems components and communications between
these subsystems are identified.
ii. Control modeling – A model of control relationships
between different parts of the system is established.
iii. Modular decomposition – The identified subsystems are
decomposed into modules

17 What are the benefits of horizontal partitioning?

i. Software that is easy to test.
ii. Software that is easier to maintain.
iii. Propagation of fewer sideeffects. iv. Software that is
easier to extend.

18 What is vertical partitioning? What are the advantages?

Vertical partitioning often called factoring suggests that the
control and work should be distributed top-down in program
structure.
i. These are easy to maintain changes.
ii. They reduce the change impact and error propagation

19 If a module has logical cohesion, what kind of coupling is this

module likely to have? APR/MAY 2016
If a module has logical cohesion, then content coupling can
be done. In content coupling one module can make use of data or
control information maintained in another
C215.3 BTL5

20 Write the best practices for "coding”? APR/MAY 2015,

NOV/DEC2015
Best coding practices are a set of informal rules that the software
development community has learned over time which can help
improve the quality of software. "The first 90% of the code
accounts for the first 90% of the development time. The remaining
10% of the code accounts for the other 90% of the development
time." The size of a project or program has a significant effect on
error rates, programmer productivity, and the amount of
management needed.

21. What are the primary interaction styles and state their
advantages? NOV/DEC-10
1.Direct manipulation - Easiest to grasp with immediate
feedback , Difficult to program
2. Menu selection - User effort and errors minimized, large
numbers and combinations of choices a problem
3. Form fill-in - Ease of use, simple data entry, Tedious, takes
a lot of screen space
4. Command language - Easy to program and process,
Difficult to master for casual users
5. Natural language - Great for casual users, Tedious for
expert users.
22. List the architectural models that can be developed.
NOV/DEC-10
Data-centered architectures, Data flow architectures,
Call and return architectures
Object-oriented architectures, Layered architectures.

23 What is meant by real time system design? APR/MAY-11

A real-time system is a software system where the correct
functioning of the system
depends on the results produced by the system and the time
at which these results are
produced.

24 List four design principles of a good design? APR/MAY

11APRIL/MAY 2018

o Process should not suffer from tunnel vision.

o It should be traceable to the analysis model
o It should not reinvent the wheel
o It should exhibit uniformity & integration

25 List out design methods. APR/MAY-12

Architectural design , data design , modular design.

26 Define data acquisition APR/MAY-12,MAY/JUN-13

Collect data from sensors for subsequent processing and
analysis.

Part B

1.Explain in brief about the Extreme Programming process with a neat diagram. (April 2024)
2.Illustrate an overview of Object-oriented Software Engineering Development Activities and
their products. (April 2024)

UNIT – 2
PART –A
S.NO
QUESTIONS

1. How do you differentiate Functional Requirements and Non-Functional Requirements? (April

2024)
• Functional Requirements: Define what the system should do (e.g., login,
payment processing).
• Non-Functional Requirements: Define how the system performs (e.g., speed,
security, scalability).

2. What is the use of Data Flow Diagrams? (April 2024)

• Visually represents data movement within a system.
• Helps in understanding processes, data sources, and outputs.

3 What is meant by functional requirement? APR/MAY-11

Functional requirements describe all the functionality or system
services. It should be clear how system should react to particular
inputs and how particular systems behave in particular situation.

4 Name the metrics for specifying Non-functional requirements?

NOV/DEC-11

Speed, size, ease of use, reliability, robustness, portability

5 Draw the DFD for the following (i) External entity (ii) Data
items NOV/DEC-11

External entity
Data items

6 What do requirements processes involve? APR/MAY-12

It involves feasibility study, discovery, analysis
&validation of system requirements.

7 Define non-functional requirements. APR/MAY-12

Non functional requirements define the system properties and
constraints. It is divided in to product, organizational &
external requirements

8 Distinguish between the term inception, elicitation, &

elaboration with reference to requirements? NOV/DEC-12
Inception – set of questions are asked to establish basic
understanding of problem.
Elicitation - collaborative requirements gathering &
quality function deployment
Elaboration – It focuses on developing a refined
technical model of software function, features &
constraints.

9 An SRS is traceable ?comment NOV/DEC-12,MAY/JUNE 2016

An SRS is correct if, and only if, every requirement
stated therein is one that the software shall meet.
Traceability makes this procedure easier and less prone
to error.

10 What is data dictionary? MAY/JUN-13 , APR/MAY 2016 ,

NOV/DEC 2016, APRIL/MAY 2017
It is organized collection of all the data elements of the system
with precise and rigorous definition so that user & system
analyst will have a common understanding of inputs, outputs,
components of stores and intermediate calculations.

11 What are the benefits of prototyping?

i. Prototype serves as a basis for deriving system
specification. ii. Design quality can be improved.
iii. System can be maintained easily.
iv. Development efforts may get reduced.
v. System usability can be improved.

12 What are the prototyping approaches in software

process?MAY/JUNE 2016,APRIL/MAY 2018
i. Evolutionary prototyping – In this approach of system
development, the initial prototype is prepared and it is then refined
through number of stages to final stage.
ii. Throw-away prototyping – Using this approach a rough
practical implementation of the system is produced. The
requirement problems can be identified from this implementation. It
is then discarded.System is then developed using some different
engineering paradigm.

13 List the characteristics of good SRS? APR/MAY 2016

Correct
Unambiguous
Complete
Consistent
Ranked for importance and/or stability
Verifiable
Modifiable
Traceable

14 Classify the following as functional / non-functional

requirements for a banking system? NOV / DEC 2016
(a) Verifying bank balance – functional requirements
(b) Withdrawing money from bank – functionalrequirements
(c) Completion of transaction in less than 1 sec – non-functional
requirements
(d) Extending system by providing more tellers for customers
non-functional requirements

15 What is the linkage between Dataflow and ER

diagram?APR/MAY 2016
An ER diagram is the Entity Relationship Diagram, showing the
relationship between different entities in a process.
A Data Flow diagram is a symbolic structure showing how the flow
of data is used in different process

16 List the steps in user interface design? Golden rules of UI

design APR/MAY 2015, NOV/DEC2015
Place the User in Control
Reduce the User's Memory Load
Make the Interface Consistent

17 How are requirements validated?APR/MAY 2015

Requirements validation: Have we got the requirements right?
In the validation phase, the work products produced as a
consequence of requirements engineering are examined for
consistency, omissions, and ambiguity. The basic objective is to
ensure that the SRS reflects the actual requirements accurately and
clearly.

18 What is a state transition diagram?

State transition diagram is basically a collection of states
and events. The events cause the system to change its state. It also
represents what actions are to be taken based on the transition.

19 What is DFD?
Data Flow Diagram depicts the information flow and the
transforms that are applied on the data as it moves from input to
output.

20 What is waterfall model?

The Waterfall Model was first Process Model to be introduced. It is
also referred to as a linear-sequential life cycle model.

It is very simple to understand and use.

In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed fully before the
next phase can begin. This type of model is basically used for the
for the project which is small and there are no uncertain
requirements.
In this model the testing starts only after the development is
complete.
In waterfall model phases do not overlap.

21 What is ERD?
Entity Relationship Diagram is the graphical representation
of the object relationship pair. It is mainly used in database
applications.

22 What is data modeling?

Data modeling is the basic step in the analysis modeling. In
data modeling the data objects are examined independently of
processing. The data model represents how data are related with
one another.

23 What is requirement engineering?

Requirement engineering is the process of establishing the
services that the customer requires from the system and the
constraints under which it operates and is developed.

24 What are the various Rapid prototyping techniques? April

/May 2015
i. Dynamic high level language development.
ii. Database programming.
iii. Component and application assembly.

25 What is data modeling?

Data modeling is the basic step in the analysis modeling. In
data modeling the data objects are examined independently of
processing. The data model represents how data are related with
one another.

26 What are the various types of traceability in software

engineering? April/may 2018
i. Source traceability – These are basically the links from
requirement to stakeholders
ii. Requirements traceability – These are links between
dependant requirements.
iii. Design traceability – These are links from requirements
to design.

27 What is cardinality in data modeling?

Cardinality in data modeling, cardinality specifies how
the number of occurrences of one object is related to the number of
occurrences of another object.

28 What are the objectives of Analysis modeling?

i. To describe what the customer requires.
ii. To establish a basis for the creation of software design.
iii. To devise a set of valid requirements after which the
software can be built.

29 How the limitations of waterfall model overcome? April /May

2015
This type of model is basically used for the for the project which is
small and there are no uncertain requirements.Where no
overlapping of phases.
At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the
project is on the right path and whether or not to continue or discard
the project.

30 What is feasibility study? NOV/DEC2015 , APR/MAY 2016

software feasibility has four solid dimensions:
Technology— Is a project technically feasible? Is it within the state
of the art? Can defects be reduced to a level matching the
application’s needs?
Finance—Is it financially feasible? Can development be completed

Part B

1.Summarize on Petrinets with a suitable use case of your choice. (April 2024)
2. Illustrate the Interaction diagrams for Online Electric Vehicle Purchase System. (April 2024)

UNIT – 3

PART –A

1. What is the use of Data Flow Diagrams? (April 2024)

• Visually represents data movement within a system.
• Helps in understanding processes, data sources, and outputs.

2. List any 4 Software Design Patterns. (April 2024)

• Singleton
• Factory
• Observer
• MVC (Model-View-Controller)

3 What is meant by real time system design? APR/MAY-11

A real-time system is a software system where the correct
functioning of the system
depends on the results produced by the system and the time
at which these results are
produced.

4 List four design principles of a good design? APR/MAY

11APRIL/MAY 2018

o Process should not suffer from tunnel vision.

o It should be traceable to the analysis model
o It should not reinvent the wheel
o It should exhibit uniformity & integration.

5 List out design methods. APR/MAY-12

Architectural design , data design , modular design.

6 Define data acquisition APR/MAY-12,MAY/JUN-13

Collect data from sensors for subsequent processing and
analysis.

7 How do you apply modularization criteria for a monolithic

software NOV/DEC-12
Modularity is achieved to various extents by different
modularization approaches. Code based modularity allows
developers to reuse and repair parts of the application, but
development tools are required to perform these maintenance
functions .Object based modularity provides the application as
a collection of separate executable files which may be
independently maintained and replaced without redeploying the
entire application.

8 What is the design quality attributes ‘FURPS’ meant?

NOV/DEC-12, NOV/DEC2015, NOV/DEC2017
FURPS is an acronym representing a model for classifying
software quality attributes (functional and non
functional requirements)
Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance and
Supportability model.
C215.3 BTL5
9 Define data abstraction? MAY/JUN-13
Data abstraction is a named collection of data that describes
the data object.
Eg:- Door attribute – door type, swing direction, weight
10 What are the elements of design model?
i. Data design
ii. Architectural design
iii. Interface design
iv. Component-level design

11 What is the benefit of modular design?

Changes made during testing and maintenance becomes
manageable and they do not affect other modules.

12 Name the commonly used architectural styles.

i. Data centered architecture. ii. Data flow architecture.
iii. Call and return architecture. iv. Object-oriented
architecture. v. Layered architecture.

13 What is a cohesive module?

A cohesive module performs only “one task” in software
procedure with little interaction with other modules. In other
words cohesive module performs only one thing.

14 What are the different types of Cohesion?

i. Coincidentally cohesive –The modules in which the set
I\of tasks are related with each other loosely then such modules
are called coincidentally cohesive.
ii. Logically cohesive – A module that performs the tasks
that are logically related with each other is called logically
cohesive.
iii. Temporal cohesion – The module in which the tasks
need to be executed in some specific time span is called temporal
cohesive.
iv. Procedural cohesion – When processing elements of a
module are related with procedural cohesive.
v. Communicational cohesion – When the processing
elements of a module share the data then such module is called
communicational cohesive.

15 What is Coupling?What are the various types of coupling

APRIL/MAY-15,
Coupling is the measure of interconnection among modules in a
program structure. It depends on the interface complexity between
modules.
i. Data coupling – The data coupling is possible by
parameter passing or data interaction.
ii. Control coupling – The modules share related control
data in control coupling.
iii. Common coupling – The common data or a global data
is shared among modules. iv. Content coupling – Content coupling
occurs when one module makes use of data or control information
maintained in another module.

16 What are the common activities in design process?

i. System structuring – The system is subdivided into
principle subsystems components and communications between
these subsystems are identified.
ii. Control modeling – A model of control relationships
between different parts of the system is established.
iii. Modular decomposition – The identified subsystems are
decomposed into modules

17 What are the benefits of horizontal partitioning?

i. Software that is easy to test.
ii. Software that is easier to maintain.
iii. Propagation of fewer sideeffects. iv. Software that is
easier to extend.

18 What is vertical partitioning? What are the advantages?

Vertical partitioning often called factoring suggests that the
control and work should be distributed top-down in program
structure.
i. These are easy to maintain changes.
ii. They reduce the change impact and error propagation

19 If a module has logical cohesion, what kind of coupling is this

module likely to have? APR/MAY 2016
If a module has logical cohesion, then content coupling can
be done. In content coupling one module can make use of data or

20 Write the best practices for "coding”? APR/MAY 2015,

NOV/DEC2015
Best coding practices are a set of informal rules that the software
development community has learned over time which can help
improve the quality of software. "The first 90% of the code
accounts for the first 90% of the development time. The remaining
10% of the code accounts for the other 90% of the development
time." The size of a project or program has a significant effect on
error rates, programmer productivity, and the amount of
management needed.
21 What architectural styles are preferred for the following
system? Why? NOV/DEC2016
(a) Networking – Data centered Architecture
(b) Web based systems – Call and return architecture
(c) Banking system - Data centered Architecture.

22 What is DFD?
Data Flow Diagram depicts the information flow and the
transforms that are applied on the data as it moves from input to
output.

23 Name the commonly used architectural styles.

i. Data centered architecture. ii. Data flow architecture.
iii. Call and return architecture. iv. Object-oriented architecture. v.
Layered architecture.

24 What is ERD?
Entity Relationship Diagram is the graphical representation
of the object relationship pair. It is mainly used in database
applications.

25 What UI design patters are used for the following? NOV/DEC

2016, APRIL/MAY 2017, APRIL/MAY 2018
(a) Page layout – interface design
(b) Tables - Design
(c) Navigation through menus and web pages – design
(d) Shopping cart – interface design, task analysis

26 What are the various elements of data design?

i. Data object – The data objects are identified and
relationship among various data objects can be represented using
ERD or data dictionaries.
ii. Databases – Using software design model, the data
models are translated into data structures and data bases at the
application level.
iii. Data warehouses – At the business level useful
information is identified from various databases and the data
warehouses are created.

27 List the guidelines for data design.

i. Apply systematic analysis on data.
ii. Identify data structures and related operations.
iii. Establish data dictionary.
iv. Use information hiding in the design of data structure.
v. Apply a library of useful data structures and operations.

28 What is a Real time system?

Real time system is a software system in which the correct
functionalities of the system are dependent upon results produced
by the system and the time at which these results are produced

Part B

1) Distinguish between Coupling and Cohesion using a suitable scenario. (April 2024)
2. Summarize on the various Architectural styles in Software Design. (April 2024)

UNIT 4
1. Write the steps for debugging. (April 2024)
1. Identify the issue.
2. Reproduce the error.
3. Analyze and isolate the cause.
4. Fix and test the solution.
5. Verify and document the fix.

2. Define Regression Testing. (April 2024)

Regression Testing ensures that new code changes do not break existing functionalities.

2 Define software testing?

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and

represents the ultimate review of specification, design, and coding.

3 What are the objectives of testing?

i. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of finding

an error. ii. A good test case is one that has high probability of finding an undiscovered error. iii.
A successful test is one that uncovers as an

yet undiscovered error

4 What is integration testing?and What are the approaches of

integration testing?APR/MAY-11
In this testing the individual software modules are combined and tested

as a group. It occurs after unit testing & before system testing.

1. The non-incremental testing.

2. Incremental testing.

5 What is regression testing? APR/MAY-15 , NOV/DEC

It tends to verify the software application after a change has been made.

It seeks to uncover software errors by partially retesting a modified

program.

6 Distinguish between stress and load testing

Stress testing is subjecting a system to an unreasonable load

while denying it the resources (e.g., RAM, disc, mips, interrupts,

etc.) needed to process that load.

Load testing is subjecting a system to a statistically

representative (usually) load. The two main reasons for using

such loads is in support of software reliability testing and in

performance testing. The term "load testing" by itself is too

vague and imprecise to warrant use.

7 Define black box testing? APR/MAY-12,MAY/JUN-13

A black-box tests are used to demonstrate that software functions

are operational, that input is properly accepted and output is

correctly produced, and that the integrity of external

information.
8 What is boundary condition testing? APR/MAY-12

It is tested using boundary value analysis. (check BVA – 16 mark

question)

9 How is software testing results related to the reliability of software?

NOV/DEC-12

Applying fault avoidance, fault tolerance and fault detection for

the project helps to achieve reliability of software.

10 What is big-bang approach? NOV/DEC-12

Big bang approach talks about testing as the last phase of

development. All the defects are found in the last phase and cost

of rework can be huge.

11 Why does software fail after it has passed from acceptance

testing?APR/MAY 2016

Each acceptance test represents some expected result from the system.

Customers are responsible for verifying the correctness of the

acceptance tests and reviewing test scores to decide which failed tests

are of highest priority. Acceptance tests are also used as regression tests

prior to a production release. A user story is not considered complete

until it has passed its acceptance tests. This means that new acceptance

tests must be created for each iteration or the development team will

report zero progress.

12 What are the objectives of testing?

i. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of

finding an error.

ii. A good test case is one that has high probability of finding an

undiscovered error.

iii. A successful test is one that uncovers as an-yet undiscovered

error.

13 What are the testing principles the software engineer must apply

while performing the software testing? MAY/JUNE 2016,

APRIL/MAY 2018

i. All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.

ii. Tests should be planned long before testing begins.

iii. The pareto principle can be applied to software testing-80%

of all

errors uncovered during testing will likely be traceable to 20% of

all program modules. iv. Testing should begin “in the small” and

progress toward testing “in the large”.

v. Exhaustive testing is not possible.

vi. To be most effective, an independent third party should

conduct testing

14 What are the two levels of testing?

i. Component testing Individual components are tested. Tests are

derived from developer‟s experience.

ii. System Testing The group of components are integrated to

create a system or sub- system is done.These tests are based on

the system specification.

15 What are the various testing activities?

i. Test planning

ii. Test case design

iii. Test execution

iv. Data collection

v. Effective evaluation

16 What is equivalence partitioning?

Equivalence partitioning is a black box technique that divides the

input domain into classes of data. From this data test cases can be

derived. Equivalence class represents a set of valid or invalid states for

input conditions.

17 What methods are used for breaking very long expression and

statements? NOV/DEC2016

Refactoring is done to break long expression and ststements.

16 What are the various testing strategies for conventional software?

i. Unit testing ii. Integration testing. iii. Validation testing. iv.

System testing.

18 How can refactoring be made more effective? APR/MAY 2016

Refactoring improves nonfunctional attributes of the software.

Advantages include improved code readability and reduced complexity;

these can improve source-codemaintainability and create a more

expressive internal architecture or object model to improve extensibility

19 How will you test a simple loop NOV/DEC 2015

A simple loop is tested in the following way:

Skip the entire loop.

Make 1 pass through the loop.

Make 2 passes through the loop.

Make x passes through the loop where x<y, n is the maximum

number of passes through the loop.

Make "y","y-1","y+1" passes through the loop where "y" is the

maximum number of allowable passes through the loop.

20 What are the conditions exists after performing validation testing?

After performing the validation testing there exists two

conditions.

The function or performance characteristics are according to the

specifications and are accepted.

The requirement specifications are derived and the deficiency list

is created. The deficiencies then can be resolved by establishing

the proper communication with the customer.

21 Distinguish between alpha and beta testing. MAY/JUNE 2016

Alpha and beta testing are the types of acceptance testing.

Alpha test: The alpha testing is attesting in which the version of

complete software is tested by the customer under the

supervision of developer. This testing is performed at

developer’s site.

Beta test: The beta testing is a testing in which the version of the

software is tested by the customer without the developer being

present. This testing is performed at customer’s site.

22 What are the various types of system testing?

1. Recovery testing – is intended to check the system‟ s ability to

recover from failures.

2. Security testing – verifies that system protection mechanism

prevent improper

penetration or data alteration.

3. Stress testing – Determines breakpoint of a system to establish

maximum service level.

4. Performance testing – evaluates the run time performance of

the software, especially real-time software.

23 Define debugging and What are the common approaches in

debugging?

Debugging is defined as the process of removal of defect. It

occurs as a consequence of successful testing

Brute force method: The memory dumps and run-time tracks are

examined and program with

write statements is loaded to obtain clues to error causes.

Back tracking method: The source code is examined by looking

backwards from symptom to

potential causes of errors.

Cause elimination method: This method uses binary partitioning to

reduce the number of locations where errors can exists.

24 How to compute the cyclomatic complexity?

The cyclomatic complexity can be computed by any one of the

following ways. 1. The numbers of regions of the flow graph

correspond to the cyclomatic complexity.

2. Cyclomatic complexity (G), for the flow graph G, is defined

as: V(G)=E-N+2, E -- number of flow graph edges, N -- number of flow

graph nodes

3. V(G) = P+1 Where P is the number of predicate nodes

contained in the flow graph.

25 What is meant by structural testing?

In structural testing derivation of test cases is

according to program structure. Hence knowledge of the program

is used to identify additional test cases.

26 What is the need for regression testing? APR/MAY 2015

The purpose of regression testing is to confirm that a recent program or

code change has not adversely affected existing features. Regression

testing is nothing but full or partial selection of already executed test

cases which are re-executed to ensure existing functionalities work fine.

PART B
1. Explain in detail about the criterion for completion of software testing. (April 2024)
2. Compare Black box testing and White box testing with a Banking Application. (April 2024)
UNIT- 5

1 . List any tools for Quality Control in Project Management. (April 2024)
• JIRA
• Trello
• TestRail
• Bugzilla

2. What are the testing tools available in DevOps software practice? (April 2024)
• Selenium
• JMeter
• Jenkins
3 What are the objectives of testing?
i. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of finding
an error. ii. A good test case is one that has high probability of finding
an undiscovered error. iii. A successful test is one that uncovers as an
yet undiscovered error.

4 What is integration testing?and What are the approaches of

integration testing?APR/MAY-11
In this testing the individual software modules are combined and tested
as a group. It occurs after unit testing & before system testing.
1. The non-incremental testing.
2. Incremental testing.

5 What is regression testing? APR/MAY-15 , NOV/DEC

11,NOV/DEC 2013,
It tends to verify the software application after a change has been made.
It seeks to uncover software errors by partially retesting a modified
program.

6 Distinguish between stress and load testing

Stress testing is subjecting a system to an unreasonable load
while denying it the resources (e.g., RAM, disc, mips, interrupts,
etc.) needed to process that load.
Load testing is subjecting a system to a statistically
representative (usually) load. The two main reasons for using
such loads is in support of software reliability testing and in
performance testing. The term "load testing" by itself is too
vague and imprecise to warrant use.

7 Define black box testing? APR/MAY-12,MAY/JUN-13

A black-box tests are used to demonstrate that software functions
are operational, that input is properly accepted and output is
correctly produced, and that the integrity of external
information.

8 What is boundary condition testing? APR/MAY-12

It is tested using boundary value analysis. (check BVA – 16 mark
question)

9 How is software testing results related to the reliability of software?

NOV/DEC-12
Applying fault avoidance, fault tolerance and fault detection for
the project helps to achieve reliability of software.

10 What is big-bang approach? NOV/DEC-12

Big bang approach talks about testing as the last phase of
development. All the defects are found in the last phase and cost
of rework can be huge.

11 Why does software fail after it has passed from acceptance

testing?APR/MAY 2016
Each acceptance test represents some expected result from the system.
Customers are responsible for verifying the correctness of the
acceptance tests and reviewing test scores to decide which failed tests
are of highest priority. Acceptance tests are also used as regression tests
prior to a production release. A user story is not considered complete
until it has passed its acceptance tests. This means that new acceptance
tests must be created for each iteration or the development team will
report zero progress.

12 What are the objectives of testing?

i. Testing is a process of executing a program with the intend of
finding an error.
ii. A good test case is one that has high probability of finding an
undiscovered error.
iii. A successful test is one that uncovers as an-yet undiscovered
error.

13 What are the testing principles the software engineer must apply
while performing the software testing? MAY/JUNE 2016,
APRIL/MAY 2018
i. All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.
ii. Tests should be planned long before testing begins.
iii. The pareto principle can be applied to software testing-80%
of all
errors uncovered during testing will likely be traceable to 20% of
all program modules. iv. Testing should begin “in the small” and
progress toward testing “in the large”.
v. Exhaustive testing is not possible.
vi. To be most effective, an independent third party should
conduct testing.

14 What are the two levels of testing?

i. Component testing Individual components are tested. Tests are
derived from developer‟s experience.
ii. System Testing The group of components are integrated to
create a system or sub- system is done.These tests are based on
the system specification.

15 What are the various testing activities?

i. Test planning
ii. Test case design
iii. Test execution
iv. Data collection
v. Effective evaluation

16 What is equivalence partitioning?

Equivalence partitioning is a black box technique that divides the
input domain into classes of data. From this data test cases can be
derived. Equivalence class represents a set of valid or invalid states for
input conditions.

17 What methods are used for breaking very long expression and
statements? NOV/DEC2016
Refactoring is done to break long expression and ststements.

16 What are the various testing strategies for conventional software?

i. Unit testing ii. Integration testing. iii. Validation testing. iv.
System testing.

18 How can refactoring be made more effective? APR/MAY 2016

Refactoring improves nonfunctional attributes of the software.
Advantages include improved code readability and reduced complexity;
these can improve source-codemaintainability and create a more
expressive internal architecture or object model to improve extensibility

19 How will you test a simple loop NOV/DEC 2015

A simple loop is tested in the following way:
Skip the entire loop.
Make 1 pass through the loop.
Make 2 passes through the loop.
Make x passes through the loop where x<y, n is the maximum
number of passes through the loop.
Make "y","y-1","y+1" passes through the loop where "y" is the
maximum number of allowable passes through the loop.

20 What are the conditions exists after performing validation testing?

After performing the validation testing there exists two
conditions.
The function or performance characteristics are according to the
specifications and are accepted.
The requirement specifications are derived and the deficiency list
is created. The deficiencies then can be resolved by establishing
the proper communication with the customer.

21 Distinguish between alpha and beta testing. MAY/JUNE 2016

Alpha and beta testing are the types of acceptance testing.
Alpha test: The alpha testing is attesting in which the version of
complete software is tested by the customer under the
supervision of developer. This testing is performed at
developer’s site.
Beta test: The beta testing is a testing in which the version of the
software is tested by the customer without the developer being
present. This testing is performed at customer’s site.

22 What are the various types of system testing?

1. Recovery testing – is intended to check the system‟ s ability to
recover from failures.
2. Security testing – verifies that system protection mechanism
prevent improper
penetration or data alteration.
3. Stress testing – Determines breakpoint of a system to establish
maximum service level.
4. Performance testing – evaluates the run time performance of
the software, especially real-time software.

23 Define debugging and What are the common approaches in

debugging?
Debugging is defined as the process of removal of defect. It
occurs as a consequence of successful testing
Brute force method: The memory dumps and run-time tracks are
examined and program with
write statements is loaded to obtain clues to error causes.
Back tracking method: The source code is examined by looking
backwards from symptom to
potential causes of errors.
Cause elimination method: This method uses binary partitioning to
reduce the number of locations where errors can exists.

24 Write about drivers and stubs. NOV/DEC 2017

Drivers and stub software need to be developed to test
incompatible software

25 What is meant by structural testing?

In structural testing derivation of test cases is
according to program structure. Hence knowledge of the program
is used to identify additional test cases.

26 What is the need for regression testing? APR/MAY 2015

The purpose of regression testing is to confirm that a recent program or
code change has not adversely affected existing features. Regression
testing is nothing but full or partial selection of already executed test
cases which are re-executed to ensure existing functionalities work fine.

PART B
1) Summarize the motivation behind adopting DevOps in Software Engineering. (April 2024)
2) Demonstrate the application of Cloud as a platform in Project Management through an
appropriate illustration. (April 2024)