By Moges Dagne

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Active and passive
Voice

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Present Simple
Forms = Subject + V1
 Used to say what someone usually does.
 I always study English on Tuesday.
 Action that is repeated every day. Habitual action
 Facts that are believed to be true. Generalizations
 Scheduled events in the near future. Planned action

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Present Progressive
Form :Subject + is/are/am+ Verb + ing

 Used to say what someone is doing now.

 I am studying English now.
 Action that takes place now / at the moment
 Example
 I am working on my computer.
 I am leaving tomorrow.

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 Present Perfect tense
Form = subject + have/ has + V3
 To talk about experiences
 Past action that has the result in the present.
 Action which started in the past and continued up to
now.

 Example
 I have been to Italy.
 She has read that book.
 I have lived in this town for 12 years.
 Signal words for present perfect tense: Yet, never,
ever, already, so far, Till, up to now, since for, recently.
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Present Perfect Continuous
Form = subject + have/ has + been + verb -ing
 Present Perfect Progressive
 Used to say how long someone has been doing something.
 To show that something /action started in the past and has
continued up until now./Is continuing now

 I have been studying English for 2 years.

 I have been studying English since 1997.
 He has been sleeping for the last 3 hours
 I have been watching TV for 2 hours / since you left.

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Past Simple
Form: Subject + V2
Used to show a completed action
 Completed action in the past.
 To talk about an action that started in the past and
stopped recently.
 An action taking place in the middle of another action.

Example
 She left yesterday.
 She woke up, had a shower and left.
 If I had a million dollar, I would help the poor.
 She was playing when the accident occurred.
 Signal words for simple past tense: last ... ago, in 1990,
yesterday

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Past Progressive
Form= Subject + was/ were + Verb- ing
 Often used to say when something was being done or
what was happening when something else happened

 I was studying English last Monday when my friend

rang.
 I was studying English at 5pm last Monday.
 Actions happening at the same time in the past.
 Interrupted action in the past.
Example
 He was reading a newspaper while his wife was
preparing dinner.
 She was reading a book when the light went off, had a
shower and left.

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Past Perfect
Form = Subject + Had + V3
 Used to say when something was done by.
 I had done my English homework by 6.30 pm
last Saturday.
 I had done my English homework by the time I
ate dinner last Saturday

 Completed action before another action in the

past
Example
 She had left when I arrived

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Past Perfect Progressive
Form = Subject = had + been + Verb- ing
 Used to show how long something was done
for by a certain time.
 I'd been doing my English homework for 30
minutes when my friend rang last Saturday.
 I'd been doing my English homework for 30
minutes by 1 pm last Saturday.

 To show that something started in the past

and continued up until another action stopped
it./another time in the past

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Future Simple
Form = Subject + Will/shall +V1
(Some uncertainty)
 Decide to do something at the time of speaking
 I think I'll do my English homework tonight.

Simple Future (Certain)

 Have already decided or arranged to do
something
 I am going to study English next Saturday.

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Instant decision
 We use it, when we predict a future situation
 We use the simple future with:
"I (don't) think...",
"I expect...",
"I am sure...",
"I wonder...", “
"I probably".
Conditional sentence type one
Example
 I've left the door open; I'll close it.
 She'll pass the exam. She's hardworking.
 It will probably rain tonight
 If I have enough time, I'll watch the film.
Will-future :
 Predictions about the future (you think that s/t. will
happen)
 Example I'll work, he'll work , I'll go , he'll go

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Going to:
 Future plan- decided before time of speaking
E.g. I’m going to leave next week.
 Future result from present evidence
E.g. He’s going to fall off his bike
Will:
 Future willingness.
E.g. I won’t do it.
 Sudden decision made at time of speaking.
E.g. I’ll phone her now.
 Offer/suggestion. Shall I open the door for
you?
Going to/will
 Neutral future fact (will is more common here)
E.g. Daniel will be eight next week.

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 Future Progressive
(form =will/shall/going to be +- ing form)
 Some uncertainty
e.g. I will be starting my English lesson at
7.30 pm.
 Certain
e.g. I am going to be studying English
when my friends arrive at 9.00 pm.
 Action that will be taking place at some
time in the future
E.g. When you arrive, I'll be sleeping

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 FUTURE PERFECT
(form= subject+will /shall have + past participle)
 Future Perfect Simple
 Used to say something will already be
complete by a time.
 I will have already done my English homework
by the time I eat dinner on Saturday.

 Completed action before another action in the

past
 E.g. By tomorrow, I will have finished the work

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Future Perfect Progressive
(form=subject+ will /shall have been + -ing)
 Used to say how long something will have
been happening in the future by a certain
time.
 I will have been studying English for 30
minutes when my friends arrive.

 It is used to show that an action will continue

up until a particular event or time in the
future.
Example
 She will have been working for over 8 hours by
the time her children arrive.
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Exercises
Use correct form of the words that seems to
express the meaning of each sentence best.
Write your answer on the space given below
1. I (have)_________ the same car for more than
ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new
one.
2. A: What do you call people who work in
libraries?
B: They (call) _________ librarians.
3. Samuel (arrive) ______ in Addis Ababa a week
ago.
4. Almaz (live)__________ in Nazareth for more
than two years. In fact, she was living there
when the Nazareth wall came down.

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EXERCISE: 2.Change the given verbs in
bracket to their correct tense patterns.
 Last weekend I (1) ______________ (be) with
my classmates for a trip. We (2) ___________
(enjoy) a lot at the Langano beach.
Everybody was dancing and swimming.
Today is another day. I am at home. I start
doing my regular activities. I (3) ___________
(clean) our home and prepare breakfast.
Then I (4) ___________ (do) my homework. I
have an appointment with my doctor for
my regular medical checkup. Therefore, I
(5) ___________ (visit) him next week.

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EXERCISE:2. Put in the verbs in brackets
in the correct tenses.
1. When I was a young boy, I _______ (meet)
Santa Claus.
2. Tomas ___ (study) for his math test as we
speak.
3. They ________ (smoke) for the past three
years. They would like to quit though.
4. She sometimes ___________ (lose) her
temper. She scares me a bit when she does.
5. I _____________ (understand) your point now.
6. I _________________ (see) this movie about a
dozen times already.
7. We _______________ (sleep) all day yesterday.
8. I finally ______________________ (decide) to call
her yesterday to ask her out.
9. She ______________________ (be) never late. I
wonder why she is missing.
10. I ____________ (be) in class very early this
morning to study for my math exam. 19
Passive voice
Form: Passive Subject + To Be + V3
Use:
1. when focusing on the person or thing
affected by an action.
 The house was built in 1989.
2. when the object of the action is more
important than those who perform the action.
 Blood examination is carried out.
3.When we want to cover/hide the agent
 Windows have been broken.
4. If the agent is important (the person,
company or thing that does the action) , use
"by“
 “Oromay” is written by Bealu Girma

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Forms of passive

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Forms of Passive

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 Forming the passive voice
Tense be + sample V3 (Past Example
Participle

Present Wine is made from grapes.

am, is, are + made
simple Many cars are made in Japan.
Present am, is, are + being The document is being sent right now.
progressive + sent I am being sent to work in the London office.
was, were + John was invited to speak at the conference.
Past simple
invited We were invited to Daniel and Mary’s wedding.
The dog was being washed when I got home.
Past was, were + being
Their cars were being washed while they were in the
progressive + washed
mall shopping.
Future The contract will be signed tomorrow.
will be + signed
(will) The documents will all be signed by next week.
Future am, is, are + going A bridge is going to be built within the next two years.
(going to) to be + built New houses are going to be built in our neighborhood.

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Forming the passive voice
Tense be + sample V3 (Past Example
Participle
That start-up has been sold for $5 million.
has, have + been +
Present perfect The rights to his book have been sold for
sold
$250,000.
The new manager had been hired before
John left the company.
Past perfect had + been + hired
All the employees had been hired before the
store opened.
The car will have been loaded by the time he
will + have been +
Future perfect gets home.
finished
The crates will have been loaded by then.
A passport can only be issued at the embassy.
Modals: can, could + be +
He said the documents could be issued within
can/could issued
the week.
A babysitter has to be arranged for this
have to, has
evening.
Modal: have to to, had to + be +
Joan’s travel plans have to be arranged by
arranged
December.
must + be + Criminals must be stopped before they 25
Modal: must
 Active and Passive Voice Comparison
Active voice Passive Voice
Harry ate six shrimp at At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by
dinner. Harry.
Beautiful giraffes roam the The savannah is roamed by beautiful
savannah. giraffes.
Sue changed the flat tire. The flat tire was changed by Sue.
We are going to watch a A movie is going to be watched by us
movie tonight. tonight.
I ran the obstacle course in The obstacle course was run by me in
record time. record time.
The crew paved the entire The entire stretch of highway was
stretch of highway. paved by the crew.
The saltwater corroded the The metal beams were corroded by
metal beams. the saltwater.

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Active and Passive Voice Comparison
Active voice Passive Voice
The novel was read by Mom in one
Mom read the novel in one day.
day.
I will clean the house every The house will be cleaned by me
Saturday. every Saturday.
The entire house was painted by
Tom painted the entire house.
Tom.
The homeowners remodeled the The house was remodeled by the
house to help it sell. homeowners to help it sell.
The teacher always answers the The students' questions are
students' questions. always answered by the teacher.
That piece is really enjoyed by the
The choir really enjoys that piece.
choir.
A forest fire destroyed the whole The whole suburb was destroyed
suburb. by a forest fire.
The two kings are signing the The treaty is being signed by the
treaty. two kings.

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Active and Passive Voice Comparison
Active voice Passive Voice
The cleaning crew vacuums
Every night, the office is vacuumed and
and dusts the office every
dusted by the cleaning crew.
night.
Larry generously donated Money was generously donated to the
money to the homeless shelter. homeless shelter by Larry.
The wedding planner is making All the reservations are being made by
all the reservations. the wedding planner.
Susan will bake two dozen Two dozen cookies will be baked by
cupcakes for the bake sale. Susan for the bake sale.
The science class viewed the The comet was viewed by the science
comet. class.
The director will give you Instructions will be given to you by the
instructions. director.
The rock hewn church of Lalibela is
Thousands of tourists visit the
visited by thousands of tourists every
rock hewn church of Lalibela.
year.
The kangaroo carried her baby The baby was carried by the kangaroo28in
Exercises 1
Change the following active sentences
in to passive
1. The government is building many hospitals this year.
_______________________________________________________________
2. Our grandfather told us a story
______________________________________________________________
3. They will repair the bridge next year.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Has she boiled the water?
_________________________________________________________________
5. The TV channel is going to make a new series.
___________________________________________________________________
6. How long did someone spend on this task?
______________________________________________________________________
7. We close the windows and lock the doors every night.
_________________________________________________________________
8. No-one told me anything.
_______________________________________________________________________
9. The assistant told Tadesse not to wait any longer.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. I haven’t seen her since the weeding.
___________________________________________________________________

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Exercises 2 Fill in the correct passive
form of the verb in parentheses.
 After the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti. (sent)
 The electricity was cut off because the bill hadn’t been paid. (not
pay)

1. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)

2. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment.
(take)
3. Whales ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must
protect)
4. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)
5. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. (steal)
6. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)
7. Tea _____ in China. (grow)
8. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights____
due to the storm. (cancel)
9. The fax _____ until tomorrow morning. (not send)
10. The soundtrack of a movie _____ always _____ after the
filming is finished. (is/add)

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EXERCISE 3
Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verb (ACTIVE OR PASSIVE) in parentheses.
1. The News paper (read) ___________by over 200,000 people
every day.
2. Last night my favorite TV program (interrupt) ___________by a
special news bulletin.
3. At the soccer game yesterday, the winning goal
(kick)___________by Luigi. Over 100,000 people (attend)
___________the soccer game.
4. A: Do you understand the explanation in the book?
B: No, I don't. I (confuse) ___________ by it.
5. A: Where are you going to go to school next year?
B: I (accept) ___________ by Shoreline Community College.
6. A: I think football is too violent.
B: I (agree) ___________with you. I (prefer) ___________baseball.
7. A: When (your bike, steal) ___________ ?
B: Two days ago.
8. A: (you, pay) ___________your electric bill yet?
B: No, I haven't, but I'd better pay it today. If I don't, my
electricity (shut off) ________ by the power company 31
Passive
10. A: Did you hear about the accident?
B: No. What (happen) ___________?
A: A bicyclist (hit) _______by a taxi in front of the dorm.
B: (the bicyclist, injure) ___________?
A: Yes. Someone (call) ______ an ambulance. The
bicyclist (take) ____to City Hospital and (treat) _____ in
the emergency ward for cuts and bruises.
B: What (happen) ___________to the taxi driver?
A: He (arrest) ___________for reckless driving.
B: He's lucky that the bicyclist (kill, not) ___________.

11. The Eiffel Tower (be)______ in Paris, France. It (visit)

______by millions of people every year. It (design) _______
Alexander Eiffel (1832-1923). It (erect) ____in 1889 for
the Paris exposition. Since that time, it (be) ________the
most famous landmark in Paris. Today it (recognize)
____ by people through out the world.

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Modal Verbs
What are modal verbs?
What are the purposes of using them?
Which of the following verbs do you know?

Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should,

ought to, will, would

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Modal Verbs
 They are Auxiliary verbs that provide
additional and specific meaning to the main
verb of the sentence They can have more
than one meaning depending on the situations
Form
 There is no “s” in singular.
Ex. He/she/ cans swim×,
he/she can swim. √
 There is no “do / does” in the question.
Ex. Do they/we/you can swim ×
Can they/we/you swim? √
 There is no “don’t / doesn’t” in the negative

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Modals and Infinitives for
giving advice
 Which modal you have to express suggestion
or advice?
 English speakers use the modal verbs
“should,” “ought to” and “had better” to
express that they think something is a good
(or a bad) idea.
“Should” is the most common way to give
advice
“Ought to” is more formal than should, but old-
fashioned in American English.
“Had better” is a stronger suggestion than
should and ought to.
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Rewrite the sentences using
should.
Example: My brother never gets up on time.
My brother should get up on time.
1. My coworker never eats lunch.
2. My neighbor doesn’t speak to the people in
the neighborhood.
3. My friend doesn’t get much sleep at night.
4. The cashier never gives the correct change.
5. My classmates don’t study hard.
6. She doesn’t get enough vitamins.
7. They aren’t careful with their reports.
8. He never exercises.
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Exercise 2 Pretend you’re a school counselor
giving advice to students.
Write suggestions using should, ought to,
and had better.
SHOULD:
Example: study / two hours / a night
You should study two hours a night.
1. get / eight hours of sleep / every night
2. ask your teachers for help / after class
3. ignore / friends who try to talk to you / during class
OUGHT TO:
1. read / a chapter / a night
2. do / your homework / right after school
HAD BETTER:
1. concentrate / during class
2. study / before your final exams

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Exercise 4
Write short answers using should and had better.
Example: Should I have junk food for dinner? (no, had better)

No, you’d better not.

1. Should I take vitamins every day? (yes, should)
2. Should I study for the test tomorrow? (yes, had better)
3. Should I go out instead of studying? (no, should)
4. Should I call my mom on her birthday? (yes, had better)
5. Should I watch TV late at night? (no, should)
6. Should I visit my friend in the hospital? (yes, should)
7. Should I buy all these expensive clothes? (no, had better)
8. Should I practice speaking English every day? (yes,
should)

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Exercise 5:
Rewrite the negative sentences using
should and had better.
Example : Don’t run with scissors.
You shouldn’t run with scissors.
1. Don’t speak your native language in class.
2. Don’t be late for school.
3. Don’t interrupt the teacher.
4. Don’t chew gum in class.
5. Don’t tease your classmates.
6. Don’t play music in class.
7. Don’t eat during the lesson.
8. Don’t text your friends in class.

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Form of Conditional Sentences

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Zero conditional
Zero Conditional
 There is another conditional which is often
called zero conditional.
USE
• If has the same meaning as when here.
The zero conditional is used:
a) For instructions:
 If you select reverse gear, the car goes
backwards.
 If the camera is on, a red light appears.
b) For general truths:
 If he's got no money, he doesn't go oat.
 Lie always says hello if he sees you.

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 Probable /Likely Condition
(Conditional Type I)
USE
• The first conditional refers to the future. It is
used when there is a possibility that the if-
event might happen.
 If it rains, we'll go to the cinema.
(= It might rain: it might not)
 If the sun shines, we'll go to the beach.
(=The sun might shine: it might not)
Note: be going to is sometimes used in the first
conditional to describe a future plan:
 If it rains, we're going to visit my mother.

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Improbable/ Unlikely/ Imaginary Condition
(Conditional Type II)
USE
• The second conditional refers to the present or future.
 The if-event is cither
a) hypothetical;
 If I worked in that factory, I'd soon change things, (but I don't work in
that factory)
 If I spoke French, my job would be a lot easier, (but I don't speak
French)
b) unlikely:
 If she left her husband, she might be happier, (but I don't think she's
going to leave her husband)
Note:
 In imaginary condition we prefer to use the verb to ‘be’ were instead of was for third
person singulars
Example. If she were a bird, she would fly.
 Unless means If …. Not
Example. Unless you study hard, you won’t pass the exam= if you don’t study hard,
you won’t pass the exam

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 Impossible Condition
(Condition III)
 It refers to an impossible situation/condition to happen
in the past and its hypothetical result then

\\\ If clause Main clause

Tense Past perfect Perfect conditional
Subj. + had + V3 Subj. + would/ should/
could + have +V3
Example 1 If all the students had passed the It would have been
exam, miracle.
Meaning All the students didn’t pass the it wasn’t miracle
exam and
Example 2 If they hadn’t repaired the bridge it would have
soon, collapsed
Meaning They repaired the bridge soon it didn’t collapse
and

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Note:
If can be at the beginning or in the middle
of a sentence:
a. If you come by bus, it will be cheaper.
b. You will miss the train if you do not come
early.
c. Eat something if you are hungry.
d. It will be comfortable if you come by
train.
e. What will you do if you fail to get the job?
f. How will you go if you miss the last
train?
g. Where will they go if they lose their
paternal homestead.

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