Slivaji to 1803) 460

The Marathas (From

nicely.
and followed that
he realiscd that jagirdari system should be abolished and he
well. lines
did thatOnasmodern He paidthe soldiers in cash. Similarly, beilookedafter the families
soldiers alone
the deceased soldiers. Heknew and realised that satisfied
of
defend the nation with devotion.
Shivajiwas a religious man. He had immense love for hi
As regards religion, ancient andsuperior to all othe.
oWn religion, which he considered was quite heritage. But at the same time he
religions. He had abundant faith in his cultural
accepthis own religion, He
was religiouslytolerant. He did not force any one to instructions to
respected religious books of allother religions. He had given clear used to give
his soldiers that holy book of no religion should be dis-respected. He
Muslims. Thus he
grants for mosques and respected religious leaders of the
possessed quite liberal religious views and was not narrow inthis regard.
Shivaji proved to be agreat statesman. He knew how to deal with the people.
With his statesmanship he could keep his enemies fight with each other. It was
due to bis ability that he could decide when to invade the enemy or sack a territory.
Again it was because of his statesmanship that he could create a kingdom out of
nothingness.
Shivaji was a great administrator. He could, as already said, organise his
amies on very sound footings. He introduced many far reaching administrative
reforms, which have already becn mentioned above. AII these establish him
beyond all doubis that he was a great administrator and consolidator of his gains.
SHIVAJIAS NATION BUILDER
But above all, perhaps the greatest achievement of Shivaji was that he was a
greal nation builder. It was due to him that the Marathas became a nation. h
inculcated and infused among them spirit of nationalism and patriotism. He mau
them realise that they were capable of facing the army of the most
of the day on the battle tield lt was due to him that the powerful emyu
Marathas begai v
appreciate Hinduism and their past cu1tural heritage. He wielded the Marathas n
arace. He made them conscious of
their courage and bravery and taught tue
live together in perfect coopération, if they were to live and lead an honourable
life. By following aggressive policies he carved out anindependent Maratha state
for them, which was really a
difficult job.
Not ony that he created an empire but consolidated his gains and wel
organised the kingdom to prove his people that they were very capable and
COmpetent persons t0 rule as over a nation. He took keen interest in the admnistra-
tion and welfare of his people and introduced far reaching administrative reforms.
As a nation builder he nade it clear to his people that it was liberalismin
rcligion whichccould make anation powerful and srong. Narrowism in nationalisni,
was not suited anywhere. He, therefore, made appointments taking into considera-
tion merits of the person and not his religion. He showed respect to religious leaders
 lndia
History f Medieval
461
Mustims and also to their
ofthe holy books. He kept the
above everything else and for him welfare of the interests of his people
importance. He did not use
oppressive subjects was of paramount
people. He believed in willing methods for winning the cooperation of the
cooperation of the
Among the Marathas he infused strong spirit people.
spiritof.self respect and struggle for ofhome rule and nationalism and
independence.
him proved very lasting and the Marathas
These feclings inculcated by
still carry these with them.
He was thus agreat nation builder in
the real sense of term. He showed the
nidthat the Hindus could carry on their administration and were also
struggling for their dignity in the face of all odds. He made the Hindus capable of
conscious
aftheir capabilities and ability on the one hand and
their worth and place on the
other.

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF SHIVAJI

Inspite of the fact that Shivaji could create a powerful kingdom for himself
and he could convert the Marathas into a nation, vet soon after his death that
powerful kingdom began to totter and the Mughals could take revenge of their
defeats. This shows thatthe system developed by Shivaji was such that he alone
could run that successfully. Though this can be said to be partly true, but in noway
fully true.
One important reason forthe failure of the system was that Shivajiruled for a
short span of time. He had to spend most of bis time in wars against Deccan states
and the Mughals. Thus he could not deeply root bis ideas and reforms. Similarly
he could not improve upon the failures of his reforms. Since his immediate
Successors were not as capable as he was, the result was that the system began to
collapse after his death. Then another important reason was that the whole system
created by him revolved round his personality. During his life time many things
could not be institutionalised. The result was that as long as he remained alive he
managed to run every institution created by him. After his death, however. his
Successors could not manageaffairs.
Stillanother cause was that the societycreated by him revolved round military
sIrength. On its success many decisions and future programmes were planmed and
based and depended on efficient and dis-
finalised. Thus the society wascan warnot be lasting one because war can not always
ciplined army. Such a society
disciplined and efficient for all
Permanent feature and army can not remain successors of Shivaji.
times to come. This is whbat exactly happened with the remained divided.
due togeographical conditions, has always
Maratha society,
could well knit allthese groups into a nation, but
Shivaji, due to his personality, society. In fact those who
afier his death nobody could maintainthe fabric of the
Shiyaji and could nott1raise their voice
Were affected bythe decisions of
duringadversely
successors. They disturbed
their voice loudly under his
bis life time, raised
every system and even joined Maratha foes.
The Marathas (From Shivaji to
sub-castes and each
divided into castes and was the
The society was whole
able to manage the show and ke
scene, kecp
none hen
bow Shivaji was tronm the
the other. Some But as soon as he was away
system. all began to fight
all in a well knit them toge ther and andquarrel
successors was able to keepdisintegration of the kingdom.
the
each other, resulting in successors of Shivaji, the
weakness of the kingdom
created that
wasto practically lost to them, and there was nothing astonishing
Thus due
successOrs
hsby
was lost so soon and so quickly.
SUCCESSORS OF SHIVAJI

Shambhu Ji: Immediate successor of Sbivaji was his son Shambhuji. When
he came to the throne, the Marathas were patriots and they had earned good name
and fame for their bravery. Had he kept the momentum the rise of the Marathas
came out to&
would not have been checked. But that did not happen. Shambhuji
a pleasure loving king. He completely ignored administration. He depended
bis characterless adviser KaviKulesh. The result was that many sincere Marathas
who had served Shivaji with great devotion decided to kill bim. But somebow he
plot was disclosed before it could be executed and instead the brains behind the
plot were executed and his step mother was no exception to this.
In his life of pleasure and ease be began to waste money and treasury became
empty. The soldiers were not paid their salaries. Since he did not pay attention to
the administration, that collapsed. But somehow the Marathas Sardars continued
to pull on under him though with grcat distress and agony. Obv iously sucha persn
could neither be atactful ruler nor take advantage of difficult situation ofhis enemy.
He can not be good statesman as well.
In Deccan, Aurangzeb was following the policy of eliminating Shivaji andaa
the kingdoms of Bijapurand Golkunda, which in turn were fighting and quarrellt
cach other. In this way they had weakened themselves. Shambhuji, however, au
not take advantage out of either their mutual quarrels or also of the difficult Shambhu
situauu
with which Aurangzeb had been placed. It was an appropriate time when:
Ji could create problems for the Mughals but he missed the opportunity. Theresul!
was that by 1687 A.D. Aurangzeb could win both these states and payhistul
under
fledged attention to the Marathas. The Mughals now began occupyng torts
Maratha ccntrol. In the process Mughal Commander Mubaraq Khan couldcaptur
Shambhu Ji alongwith 25 Marathas Sardars in 1689 A.D. They Were sent'givea to Detbi
tr
where firsi of all their tongues were taken out and thereafter orders and werehisadviser
em after inflicting tortures. Ultimately both Shanmbhuji and
Kavi Kulesh were mercilessly killed on March said thattheí
A.D. It is tilledwith
bodies were cut to pieces and thrown before the 21, 1689 were thatthe
Their heads masses
straw and sent round in all important towns of dogs. Marathi
Deccan to tell the
Marathas had been punished for their rebillions. Life of important
Sardar was spared. to
legre
to
The son of Sambhuji named Sahu was
InOt
was, however,: Spared but he
 Historyf 1ievat indià

463
t h efour
walls of the palace.
educationand he was given 7000 Arangements
mansab.
were made for his
particular type of
Thus son and successor
of Shivaji
hiscasy
going life and by hving became the victim of his own follies. By
unworthy
spirit of the advisers
famed father and dampencd the he defamed the
name of his
Raja Ram 1689.-1700 A.D.: Marathas.
ati had.done much damage to the During his eight ycar rule (1680-1689) Sambhuji
wbile it appeared as if the prestige of the Marathas and lost all their gains.
a Marathas had who lost both their power and influence
in Deccan. But that was actually not the
For
spiritof nationalism
and position. The brave Marathas had not lost
lcader patriotism
but what they had lost was
agood they were ready to make every sa crifice. leadership. Under
After the death of his
brother Sambhu, Raja Ram took upon
sDonsibility of organising the himself the
atvery odd and diiiicult tmes. Marathas. Obviously he took this responsibility
The Marathas were dismayed and
0ns spirits. The army was many in
disorgnised. The treasury was empty and thevery
ministration hadcollapsed for allpractical purposes. Many forts ad
Maratba control had been taken away by the which were under
Mughals, still
financial resources. The Marathas could not collect chauth and more reducing their
It was under these sardeshmukhi.
circumstances that Raja Ram became the leader of the
Marathas. He made Jinji as his headquarters and started
Patriotic Marathas gave good response to his call organising the army.
and with the help of two sincere
Maratha leaders Prablad Niroji and Ram Chandra Nilak he could make
good
headway in organising his armies. The armies of ShantajiGhorpade and Dhanaji
Jadhav also joined him in his efforts to strengthen the Marathas and fight against
the Mughals. With his brave soldiers and leaders, Raja Ram again started teasing
the Mughals. By his activities whereas the Mughals realised that Mara tha spirit
was not dead, a new hope for a renewed struggle against the enemy arose among
the Marathas.
Aurangzeb,obviously could not tolerate these renewed activities. He had felt
ihat with the execution of Shambhu and his sardars Maratha spirit had been killed.
When he came to know about the activities of Raja Ram he decided to send one of
S abie commanders Zulfiguar Ali to crush him. He beseiged Jinji, -afort in the
Irom where Raja Ram was operating. For some time Raja Ram defended the
Ort and thereafter he handed over its charge to Shantaji and Dhanaji and himself
ane to Maharashtra. The Mughals continued to beseige the fort for about &years
without much Successthough occasionally they could capture Jinji, Raigarh and
Sitara forts.
Jinji. He invaded Khan
Meantime Raia Ramcontinued his activities outsideMughal territory. He tried
desh and realised chauth and saradesbmukhi from the
on 12th March
to Mean time he fell ill and died
invade well but failed,
1700 A.D. Surat
as
among the
Ram was a brave leader. He infused a new hope and spirit
ja
 7he Marathas (rom Shivaji to 1803)
Marathas and made then realise that the struggle was still gong on. The
Shivaji was to be accomplished and the Mughals were nof to be accepted
masters of the Marathas.

Tara Bai (1 700-1707A.D.): After the death of Raja Ram, the Marathas
again in a gloom. Againthcre wasthc crisis of leadership. Raja Ran had died :
the young age of 30 and left behind a widow and a young child of 3. B But at th
critica! time Tara Bai came to the fore. She placed her 3ycar old child On the
and hersclf started directing the Marathas. She proved to be a very
bravethrone
courageous lady. During the life tine of her husband she had learnt suficientandof
adninistration. She set the administration right and tricd to put the finances
sound footings.
The Maralhas accepted her leadership with grace. They plundered Guiarat
and Berar and became so courageous thal at times they came very ncar the rovat
camp at Ahmedabad. They once cven tricd to loot the royal treasury. The awe and
authority of the Marahas once again spread in Deccan. If the Mughals alter great
labour could capture few forts, the Marathas could recover these soon thereafler
The situation became so difficult for the Mughals that Aurang7cb had to procecd
to Deccan personally, but that did not matter much for the Marathas. Duc to thct
prolonged struggle with the Marathas, Aurangzeb got sick and and fcll ill. He
decided to leave Deccan to its fatc and wanted to bring North under his conto.
He procceded towards the North, but on his way back in 1707 A.D. he dicd at
Burhanpur as a frustrated person, accepting that he had wasted 25 years of bis
precious life in Dcccan for achicving nothing.

CHHATRAPATI SAHU
As already said Sambhuji was cxecuted alongwith marv Maratha Sardars bu!
Sahu was spared of his lifc. He was brought up with all love and aflection in the
royal palace in the hope that he would embrace Islan and thercafter sent to Deccai
to rule. In this way Maratha problem would end. Hc was also got married but ihe
hope of his accepting Islam did not materialise. After the death of Aurang/e"
however, when the Mughals saw no success in Deccan Sahu wvas rcleased irom u
imperial court and made to agree that he wòuld act as the feudatory of. Aram Shah.
In order to play safe whereas Sahu was scnt to Deccan both his family and mother
was kept behind as hostage. He was granted Chauth and Saradeshmukbi of si
Deccan provinces and also the provinces of
his reaching Delhi several Mughal Godwana, Gujarat and Tan}os
Sardars decided This
-intolerable for Tara Bai, who felt that her son was thetoonly with him.ruler
sidelegitimate ofthc
Marathas. Her main argunent was that a fter the death of Houseef
Shambhuji,
Shivaji had ended and that her busband and she herself the
had (onsolidated
Marathas again. The supporters of Sabu made Stara as their headquarters andthose
of Tara Bai had their
headquarters
Sahu and Tara Bai: A
at Kolhapur.
situation
Sahu ad Tara Bai. could not run the ofhim
civilbut warafterthereforc,
his deathdevelopcd
his Succcssoslhe
 465
fiorniercOuld get the cooperation ofta very able Brahmin
Bai was very keen to amicably settle the
BaBaji Wishvanath. But
Tara whole issue.
inTara Bai's Commander-in-Chief Dhanaji Jadav, This gave Mcantime
her rudeSabu
shockcould
and
she wasdefeated and went for Panhala. Sahu's forccs besciged Panhala and she
forced to flec trom there as well in January 1708 A.D.
Chhatrapati. After his cOming to power he made Balaji
Sahu was crowned as
Ministeror Peshwa, who grew to increase his power Wishwanath as his Prime
waS from OW onward that whereas Chhatrapati became and position by day.
nominaldayhcad It
of the
Marathas, real ower was exerciscd by the Peshwas. It was mainly because Sabu
WAS not a Very sucCeSsful uler, though as a man he was both generous and kind.
was because he had been brought up in the Mughal court, where he was given
training in administration.
Thougb Tara Bai had left Panhala, yet she continued with her plans to trouble
Sahu. She even approached Mughal emperor Babadur Shah impressing upon him,
Mor clain tothe Sanad. During this period much of Maratha time and energy was
wasted in mutual rivalries. Meantime Dhanahji Jadav died and he was succeeded
by bis son Chandra Sen Jadav, as Commander-in-Chief of Sahu's armies. He was
of undependable nature and as such Sahu desired Balaji Wishva Nath to keep an
eve on him. This was not liked by the former, who decided to leave Sahu and join
Tara Bai. This strengthencd her position. Some senior Maratha leaders who got
sick of Tara Bai's prolonged intrigues against Sahu, hatched a conspiracy against
her. She and her son were arrested and thus one problem ended.
Sahu and Peslwa Balaji Wishwa Nath: Balaji Wishwa Nath was avery wise
Brahmin and statesman. He was responsible for bringing Sabu to power and the
latter very much renmembered his help and assistance. Sahu bad got empty treasury
and whole administration was in utter chaos. His dependence on the Peshwa
therefore, very much increased. As the time passed the position ofthe Peshwa went
Peshwa though
on increasing and that of the Chhatrapati started coming down. Thecould bring Tara
nOt a good commander of the forces was an able diplomat. He
successors did not prove to
Bai'scommander Dhanaii Jadav to his side. Since his
Peshwas also increased. He was very
De able persons, therefore, the prestige of the among the Marathas must end and
Keen that all chaos and situation of civil war
into conspiraryto arrest Tara Bai. By hisdiplomatic activities he increased
ered friendship
the position of both the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa. He could make Emperor
Brothers, the King makers at that time and forced Mughal
nSayyid independent sta tus of Sahu. He got for him the
Muhammad Shah to agree to the were
saradeshmukhi of Six Deccan provinces, which
3ut to collect chauth and Peshwaship period (1713-1720
his about 7years
OVer by Shivaji. During death his successorSA.D.) he did not allow the
Could not runthe him but after his
He was an instrumentin disposing of
Farrukh Siyar.
Mughals to Cxpandin Deccan.
he went to Delhi in February 1719 A.D. and was a success in his mission, He got
court. On his return
from Delhi Balaji
Sabu's family from the Mughal
released defeated the Raja of
territories around Poona and
Viasbwanath captured all

Kobltaput.
 1803)
The Marathas (From Shivajito A66
systen and assigned Jagir
Balaji Wishvanath introduced Jagirdari to
for maintaining law and order and every
Chauth leader, who was
Maratha Saradeshmukhi. responsiblc
coollecting
Revenue collectors werc appointed in cach jagir. The
systenm of distributing taxes collected was alsointroduced. About 1/4 of the total
Chauth collected was given to Chhatrapati and 100% of Saradeshmukhi he was
supposed to retain.
ene
Balaji died on 2nd April 1720 A.D. He was a tactful diplomat and a
administrator. He was responsible for bringing Sabu to power.
PESHWA BAJI RAO (1720-1740 A.D.): Peshwa Balaji Wishwanath uro.
succeeded by his son Baji Rao as Peshwa who was very intelligent and possessed the
qualities of agood Peshwa. He could bring many brilliant and young people around
him. ChimnajiAppa, Malhar Rao Holkar, Udaiji Pawar, Ranoji Sindhia and Fateh
Singh Bhonsle were someofhis supporters. He became Peshwaat a very young age
and was faced with his own difficulties. Senior Marathas leaders were opposed to
him and thus created many difficulties for him. Raja of Kohlapur had become
traditional enemy of the peshwas. Then were dissatisfied Maratha leaders who were
to be controlled and the Nizam-ul-Mulk was challenging his authority.
The Pesbwa started with a clear aim that the whole administration should be
set right and the enemy thrown out of the country. He wanted to establish all India
Hindu empire, i.e., Hindu Pad Pad Shai, as conceived by Shivaji and that was
possible because Mughal empire was tottering. But his difficulty among oher
things was that the Marathas were a house divided among themselves. He was also
afraid that his opponents may not poison the ears of Sahu. He therfore, put two
trusted friends near him who could clarify any doubt of the Chhatrapati.
In 1719 A.D., he met Nizam and made him agree about the Sanad which the
Mughalemperor granted to the Marathas authorising them to levy Chauth and
Saradeshmukbiin six Deccan provinces. But he tactfullykept the Mughals busy
in Carnatic and himselfbegan to consolidate his position. The Marathas subjugated
the Raja of Tanjore and the Nawab of Arcot but the gains were only temporary.
Meantime Nizam tried to win over sOme Maratha leaders to his side and was muca
success in that. In 1727 A.D. he attacked Sahu and BaiiRao in the battle of Palkhed,
the Peshwas inflicted heavy losses on Nizam and he sued for peace. In March 1728
A.D., the Treaty of Mungi Shivagaon was concluded between the two by w.bich
Nizam agreed to Sabu's claim to levy Chauth and Saradeshmukhi in Deccan
also promised that he would not help Shambhuji against Sabu. This very mk
raised the prestige of the Pcshwa.
andthe
Subsequently, a secret treaty was concluded between the Nizam was
Peshwa by which whereas the former agreed to remain neutral when former
away to north India, the latter agreed not to molest Nizam's territories.
the
Since the Peshwa had given the idea of Hindu Pad Padshahi, therefore,control
Rajputs had becOme quite sympathetic towards the Marathas. He could
Malwa and Gujarat between 1724-1728 A.D. and Bundelkhand in 1728 A.D.
 467
1737A.D. he fought the Batuie of
and concuded a treaty wih
Bhopat with Nivam and inllicted erushing dcfcat
Durai Sarai by him on January 7, 1738 A.D. known as
TRaty of which the
Nizam
indennity and land between river agrecd to pay the Peshwa Rs.50 lakhs as
Peshwa.
Narbada and Chambal was also given to
In 1737 A.D.. be TOSsed river
Yamuna and plundcred Doab and dcfeated
Nnbne torces of
Nizam-uj-Mulk
Foshwa's brother Chimnaji and Mughal cmperor, Mubammad Shah.
Appa captured Salsette in 1737 A.D. and Basscin in
730A.D. from Portuguese. They aliso got rom them 20
forts and cight towns.
Sahu's rival amOng the Marathas was Shambhuji who had
Neral Maratbalcaders who had some grievances either the support of
Boshua. Though the Peshwa tried to maintain unity among against Chatrapatior the
prooosal didnot materialise. The differences between the twothewent
Marathas but the
on increasing
nd Shambhuji aligned himsclf with
Nizan-UI-Mulk and entered into asecret
3reement with bim as well bywhich Shambhuji planned tobecome Chhatrapati.
The result of this was that in 1727 A.D. Nizam attacked Poona but was
by Sabu. Baji Rao also attached Shambaji and not only de feated but also
defeated
captured
him and thus the latter was forced to accept over-lordship of Sahu in 1731 A.D.
This made the position of the Peshwa unchallengeable. Nizam was isolated and
dignity of the Marathas in Deccan went up.
Baji Rao significantly hclped in the consolidation and expansion of Maratha
power and authority and he was both agood diplomat and a warrior. He over ran
Bundelkhand, Gujarat, Rajputana and Delhi. He could subjugate Malwa and also
defeat Niam andmake Shambhaji accept the superiority of Sahu. He very much
raised the prestige of the Peshwa. He made Maratha confederacy solid and the
ICspectof the Marathas tremendousBy inercased during his Peshwaship period.
Baji Rao dicd in 1740 A.D. at the young age of 40. During his tenure he
enbanced the prestige of the Marathas. He was suceeeded by his son Balaji Baji
Rao.

BALAJI BAJIRAO(1740-1761 A.D.)

Balaji Baji Rao was hardly 18years of age when he became Peshwa. Sabu.
and the
e Chhatrapati, allowed Raghuji Bhonsle, the opponent of Peshwa Sahu died and
aimant fo Peshwashipto cxpand in the North- East. In 1749 A.D.,
efore his death be noninated Raja Ram lIas his successor. The new Chhtrapati
residence at Poona
Bave vast powers tothe Peshwa by the ireaty of Sangola. His
became thc capital of Maratha empire. Raja Ram II hinself was both corrupt and
ne fficient. It was during his period that the Maratha power reached ils zenith. But
he policy of Hinds-Pad-Padshahi and thus that of
pursue thc
Peshwas did not He aBso inducted loreign artillery mcn and
briercenarics
nging in theHindus
all the under one
arny.
ag.

the Marathas very much expanded in Carna tic, Mysore.

urng his period
 1803)
The Marathas (rom Shivaji to A68
Orissa, Hyderabad and went cven upto Punjab in the North. They dominated
almost the whole of Westen India and Delhi was in their hands. But the dream of
Maratha empire was shattered by the defeat of the Marathas at the Third Battle of

Panipat.
The Peshwa snatehed all owers from the Chhatrapati and al! offices were
shifted to Poona. He was made responsible for managing the empire. In 1752
A.D., he made Tara Bai accept the superiority of Chhatrapati. He took over
Babuji Naik Joshi and deprived undependable chicfs of h
privilegesfrom
Carnatie and positions. The Marathas became so powerful that both the Mughal
cmperor and the Wazir looked towards Peshwa for help and cooperation. Mughal
Wazir Inad.It
cmperor conceded Malwa to the Marathas. The Peshwa helped
Mulk in removing Abmad Shah and in return got the jagir of Doab and power to
Indus and
realise, toll tax at Kurukshetra and Gaya. By 1758 A.D., the river
1753AD
Himalayan mountains became the boundary lines of Maratha empire. In
they captured Lahore.
Thc expansion, bowever, resulted in the creationof many enemies. Their main
encmies were the Rajputs, Jats, Rohillas and the Nawabs of Oudh. In the process
they also got the enemity of Ahined Shah Abdali and in 1761 A.D. the Battle af
Panipat proved fatal for the Marathas.
Balaji Baji Rao was also to dealwith the Nizam in Deccan. Main reasons for
theconflict between the two were that both Nizam and the Marathas wanted to
dominate Deccan and also wanted to have Carnatic under their control. Thus
clashes between the two were unavoidable. In 1750 A.D. the Marathas attacked
Nizam's territories and snatched away from him the portions ofKhandesh, Baglana
and western Berar. In 1758 A.D. Peshwa again invaded Nizam territories and in
1760 A.D. concluded a treaty with him. By these Nizam agreed to go on paying
Chauth to the Marathas and they were also given the forts of Ahmed Nagar, Burban
Pur, Bijapur, Daulatabad and Asirgarh. The Peshwa got Jagirs in several provinces.
This raised the prestige of Marathas high in Deccan.
As regards Peshwa's relations with the Chhatrapati, it may be mentioned that
by hisconduct and behaviour Sahu could keep all the Maratha chiefs together under
bis control. Before bis death on 15th December, 1749 A.D. Sahu nominaleu
Ramraja as his successor. The Peshwa was coronated on January 4, 1750. Tda
Bai now wanted to bave full control over the Peshwa, wh0 proved to be quite
COnpetent. It was with great difficulty that the Peshwas could deal with her.
txpanded in Rajputana, Bundelkhand, Bengal, Bibar and Orissa but Maratha
empire did not prove lasting because the Maratha chiefs were not sincere tothe
Pesbwa and always quarrelled with each other.
Balaji Baji Rao was an excellent states1nan and an eflicient adnministratorand
iplomat. He was, however, not good on the battle field. He took the iinterests of
the Marathas and not the nation as a whole into consideration. He inchuded non
Marathas in the army and thuS national character of the Marathas was impaired.
He alicnated the sympathies of the Rajputs by not siressiug on the conepl of
 ediealIndia 469
History of
Hindu-Pad-)Padshahi. The Maratha power was completely shattered by Ahmad
Abdaliat
túe Third Battle of Panipat. In 1761 A.D., the Peshwa dicd as a broken
man.

THIRD BATTLE OF PANIPAT (1761 A.lD.)

Both Baji Rao Iand Balaji Baji Rao followed aggressive policies. The
MarathaS wanted to have domination in the North. In 1757 A.D., the Marathas
ccupied DDelhi and arrestcd Naquib Khan with all his friends. But after sometime
was released on the understanding that hewould not interfere in Punjab affairs.
t 1758 A.D., the Marathas reached Sirbind and after sonmetime captured that and
then proceeded towards Labore. Taimur Shah, son of Ahmed Shah Abdali, who
Rs then the Governor of Lahore, left the place. The Marathas chascd him. Taimur
leâ some war material on the banks of river Chenab and left towards his native
country. In mid 1759, the latter captured Peshawar and thereafter Punjab. This
was unbecarable for the Marathas.
In addition, the loss of Punjab was also grcatly felt by the Mughal cmperor,
who joined hands with the Marathas against Abdali. The cmpcror gave several
Mughal
concessions to the Marathas and Peshwa agreed to provide protection to Abdali
occupied Punjab,
emperor against all aggressions. When the Marathas suddenly appeared in
accepted the challenge. By the cnd of 1759 A.D. Abdali news the Marathas
this
Punjab and killed Dattaji, the Maratha chief. On hearing other at Panipat. Bhau
cach
decidedto face the cnemy and both the armies faced
the Maratha leader. In the battie that broke out, the Marathaswere completely
was
defeated and lost 75000brave soldiers.
had alienated the sympathies of the
The Marathas were defeated because they
Jats and over-estimated the strength of their artillery. The Rajputs and
Rajputs and Marathas. Maratha leaders were not
united.
not cooperate with the
the Jats did side. The enemy couldwin the support
not win the Sikhs to their
They also could He also could cut supply line of
the
and Nawab Wazir of Oudh.
of the Rohillas not maintain any contacts with Delhi. It
is also
Marathas. The Marathas also could than the
Shah Abdali provided good leadershipto the soldicrs
Irue that Ahemad
Marathas. national disaster and
destructioh
Panipat was a great
The Third Battle of someone to be mourned. Maratha army was
had lost and all Maratha plans of
Every Maratha house received great set backMarathas were not invincible.
Maratha power
destroyed. dropped. Ih
the
becameclearthat now
expansion bad to be for the rise of the Sikhs in Punjab. Mughalempirebattle
The defeat was responsible rcality. Thus for all praclical purposes this
Temained in name and not in
India as wellas that of the Marathas. With
history of
proved a turning point inthe
Peshwas also went down
coIsiderably.
tbat the Prestige ofthe Under the Marathas, the head of the
the Peshwas: Hazur-d-after. I mainiv
Administration under His officc at Poona was called was headed by a
Peshwa. Each department
Governnentwas
revenuc and
dealt with
expCnditure of districts.
 (From Shivaji to 1903)
The Marathas and cach
divided in several departments
Minister. The work was assisted byseveral officers, allIresponsible tothe
department
The kingdom was divided
headed by a Minister Pestwa
and into districts and district officer was called Mamlatdar
for smooth
assisted by Kamvisdar. They were responsible
by the central running ofiallz
who
aspects
was
of the
appointed
administration. They wereconsultation with village Patel governne
and
a,
of land revenuc in
They fixed state share village officials. District was divided into
aso
heard complaints agains administration revolved. villages.
Patel
The
which whole was the
village wasthe pivot round officer. His office was hereditary. Chugla and some other
most innportant village villages. The Patel pcrlormed judicial, revenye a
officers also worked in the
functions. He got a share in produce as hiS wages. Chugla wac i
administrative
correspondence. There were bereditary village servants who provia
charge of
the village and received share of theproduce as wages. Th
certain services to behalf of the state.
forced labour on
village artisans were liable to
main source of income was Chauth and Saradeshmukbi. thes
Maratha 's
income was land revenue. Character of the crops and irrigatiom
another source of land revenue
while fixing share of
facilities available were taken into consideration
In case of famine etc. land revenye
The revenue could be paid both in cash or kind.
were some other sources of income.
could be remitted. Marriage and house tax
proceeds from justice,.
The state also received income through forests, mints and
and upri. The former
There were two types of land bolders namely mirsadars
rights. As long
were the descendants of original settlers and possessed propritorybe
couldnot ejected. The
as they continued to pay their revenue to the state they
tenants. They cultivated
upris however, bad noproprietory rights and were only turned
could be
common village land with the permission of the government and
coconut he had to make extra
out at any time. In case a cultivator cultivated
recovered
payment to the state. The state also paid agricultural loans which were
namely
in easy instalments. The land was broadly divided into four categories
pasture, garden, orchard and cultivated land. In the district it was the responsibility
of Mamlatdar to collect revenue.
In addition to Chauth and Sardeshmukhi the state under the Peshavwas received
income from several other taxes which varied from district to district e.g. tax on
land irrigated by wells, house tax,tax on testing of weights and measures, tax OD
marriage and remarriage of widows,pasturage fee etc. Brahmins and village
oficers were exempted from the payment of several taxes. The state also received
good income by wayof custom duties. Each tràder was required to pay custon
duty for the goods imnported by him. In turm the state guaranteed protection of D
goods. The government also got good amount of money by way of giving timb
cutting rights to the individuals. Income was also received by way of sale of grs
bamboos and even honey. The government also issued licences for private m
maintain&
which brought income to the state. Each mint: master was required to who
fixed standard of gold purity in the coins and paid royalty tothe state. Those
required
issued debased coins their licences were cancelled. In addition they were i
 HistoryofMedieval India
471
sOme fine as well.Sonme
topay
stateshare
inthe sale of money money was also received by way of percentage of
bonds,
registration of property documents etc.
Chauth and
income. The Sardesh1mukhi:
Peshwas continued These were very important sOurces of royal
Chauth was demanded by the cnemythese,
and
though originally started by Shivaji.
was 1/4 of
Sardesbmukhi was levied at the
ten percent on some the total produc ce of the land.
Marathas were hereditary territories on the plea that the
Deshmukhs of these
thewhole of Sardeshmukhi went to the royal territories. 25% of the Chauth and
byvarioussofficers,including Sabotra tothe Panttreasury
and the rest was absorbed
for maintaing troops in the Sachiv, Natgauda and to Jagirdars
Chauthai tracts. In return the taxed areas were supposed
to get protection from Maratha rulers. Though in the initial stages the right of the
Maratbas for Chauthand Sardeshmukhi collection might not have been recognised
hut subsequently it was recognised both by the Mugbal Emperor and Nizam and
thus became a legitimate source of income for the Maratha state.
Under the Marathas there were no
indicial administration. The decisions codified laws and no proper
were based on customs and prOcedure tor
All civil cases were just heard in the villages Manu-Smriti.
but appeals could be laid with
Mamlatdar and thereafter to Peshwa. Efforts were made to amicably
disputes. Panchayats in the rural areas were appointed by Patel and in settle all
areas by a leading merchant. Usually the decisions of the panchayats the urban
final. In criminal cases too the Panchayat decided cases in the first used to be
villages such cases were decided by Patel, Malmatdar in the district, instance. In the
Governor at the
province and peshwa at the centre. Fines, confiscation of property or imprisonment
were the methods of punishments. Flogging and torture was used for getting
confessions. While imposing fine means of the person were taken into considera
tion. For grave offences like murder and treason capital punishments and mutilation
Were awarded. Death penalty could be awarded by the Peshwa. When aBrabamin
Was awarded death penalty he was either starvedor poisoned while in other cases
the criminal was either hanged or cut into pieces.
Maratba amy administration was quite sound. In the first instance it had
national character but under the peshwa non Marathas also joined. The army
Consisted of cavalry, infantry and artillery. The cavalry consisted of the Marathas
only, whereas infantry of men from northen India and artillery was dominated by
Portuguese. Because of this heterogenous character of the army, the Marathas saw
adownfall.
On the whole administration worked satisfactorily, though due to lack of
it could not undertake many welfare activities for the people. The state
EiWasnances,
not a welfare state and very little was done for the welfare of the people. The
state did not undertake any activity for the social and economic betterment of the
people. Since the state go revenues only with the help of plundering, therefore,
he financial position was always unsound, uncertain and the government was
many times army com-
npopuls ar. Because of non- beterogenous character,
of coordination. The administration bd
mander
been aade were
individual with the problem
faced ratherthan institution based and as such it changediwith every
 or Peshwa.
change of cither Chhatrapati
PESHWAMADHAV RAO (1761-1772 A.D.)
his son Madhav Rao
Afler the dcath of Balaji Baji Rao,
that timc. Raghunath Rao or
becamea
Raghuba,Peshwa . He
was hardly 16 years of age at
was, however, blocking allthe plans of the iis unck.
became his regent. Regent
the result that the latter decided to
Nizam. The PeshwWa was paincd
remove him.
at the very
Raghuba at this
idea of civil war. PWheneshwawjoiinthed
revolted
and i
attacked Peshwa, the latter single handed went to his
unclc in the war
appealed him for unity. It worked and Raghuba accepted Madhav Rao as Peshwaand
Raghuba
caamp
The Pesbwa alsosettled disputes with Janji Bhonsle who had joined Nizam and
thus strengthened his position. The Peshwa thus wanted and was a succeSS in
consolidating the Maratha power to some extent. He wanted to recover lost Norh
Indian teritories and purify Maratha administration by excluding corrupt officers.
He also wanted to check the expansionist and aggressive designs of Nizam t
Hvderabad on the one band and Hyder Ali of Mysore on the other. He was als
keen that the English Company should not establish empire in Inia. The Peshw
defeated Nizam of Hyderabad at Rakshabhuvan in 1763 A.D. and got back fron
him all the Maratha territories,which Nizam bad recentlyoccupied. This raised
the prestige of the Marathas high and lowered that of the Nizam. As regards Haider
Ali of Mysore, the Marathas had to fight three Mysore wars. In all the three
Maratha won but even then power of Haider Ali could not be completely crusbed
With the British the Peshwa came to an understanding that both would not barm
cach other.

The Marathas inflicted a defeat on the Rajputs and brought back Shah Alam
on the throne of India in 1772 A.D. and got from him the districts of Kara and
Allahabad and a sum of Rs.40lakhs. They over ran Rohilkhand and got heavy war
booty from the Rohillas. It was at this stage that when the Marathas were gaming
in prestige, that Peshwa died at the young age of 28.
He was very competent and sucòessful Peshwa and did excellent work in
raising Maratha prestige and position. He could consolidate Maratha confederacy
and defcat Nizam of Hyderabad and Haider Ali of Mysore.

NARYAN RAO(1772-73 A.D.)

Madhav Rao was succeeded by his brother Narain Rao who was quite
inconpetent person with the result that the influence of his brother Raghu
Rao (Ragthuba) considerably increased on him. Raghuba proved loockver aud
got the Peshwa arrested and killed. He then bimself
became a Peshwa. DuSOnof
Was not acceptable to some of the Maratba leaders who lo have Was
Narayan Rao naned Madhava Rao Narayan as Peshwa. planned situation
not acceptable to Raghu Nath Rao, therefore, civilthiswar developed
asituation ofSince
On the one hand was Raghuba whereas on the ofdeceased
otherFadnavis.
Peshwa's son whose cause was chanpioned by Nana were supporters
The Britisherstooh
Histo
473
fullestadvantage of this civil war
the among the Marathas.
MADHAV RAO NARYAN (1774-1795 A.D.)
The Marathas decided to have a new born
Council of baby ofINarayan Rao as their leader
anda isolated Regency under Nana Fadnavis was: set up. Raghu Nath Rao found
himself and decided to seek the
This provedto
t be the cause help of the British East India Company.
responsible for First
Nath Rao approached British East Company, inAnglo-Maratha war. When Raghu
1775 A.D. Treaty of Surat was
signed between the two. By this it was agreed that
Peshwashipfor bim and in return would get Salscttetheand
Company would get back
Bassain. In the war that
followed the British forces were defeated and
forced sign the convention of
to
Wargaon. By this British forces agreed to
surrender Raghu Nath Rao and also to
giveback occupied territories and Maratha hostages. But Warren-Hastings did not
approve of this and the war continued. The
Marathas formed a coalition with
Haider Ali of Mysore and Nizam of Hyderabad. At this critical time British armies
showed their presence of mindand in 1780 A.D. occupiedAh1nedabad and Bassain
and captured Gwalior fort. Bhonsle was bribed and won over and a
peace
agreement was signed wilh Scindia. The result was that the Marathas agreed to
sign peace treaty.
By this treaty, known as Treaty of Salbai, which was signed in 1782 A.D.
Ragbu Nath Rao was to be given some pension and Scindhia got back territories
west of river Yamuna. Both the parties agreed to give back their territories. Thana
and Salsette were retained by the Britishers.
Itwas during this period that Mughal emperor Shah Alam sought Maratha help
l0 strengthen his position. Mabadaji Scindia came forward to his help and the
emperor bestowed on the Peshwa the high sounding title of Vakil-i-Mutlaq.
Scindia captured Agra and took command of Mughal armed forces. In this way
the Marathas strengthened their position at Delhi. Thereafter, Scindia started
confiscating the jagirs of jagirdars and others and thus atitoyed many. He oçcupicd
Rohilla territories without much difficulty and defeated the Rajputs as well. In
T790 A.D. he captured Ajmer as well. In this way Scindia established his complete
COntrol over North India. He would have strengthened Maratha position still
urther but death overtook him in 1794 A.D. and he died of fever.
of
It was during this period that the Marathas fought against Tipu Sultan
Mysore. Under Naua Fadnavis the Marathas and Tipu Sultan of Mysore both were
botth
and
nbitiouS, In 1785 A.D. Nana entered into an alliance with the Nizam
Vaded Tipu anddefeated him. In 1787 A.D. Tipu sued for peace and agreed to
Pay Rs.45 lakhs as war indemnity.
the English East India
Meantime hostilities also broke out between Tipu and
Marathas and the Nizam. Combined
Ompany and the latter sought the help of the signed with them a treaty in 1792
Sultan, who
lotces of all the threc defeated Tipu themselves
for leritories upto river Tungbhadra.
AD.by which thbe Marathas got
 The Marathas (From Shivaji lo 1803) 474
Though both the Nizam and the Marathas had joined hands with cach other
to each other. Nana Fadna:
against Tipu Sultan yet they were in no way fricndlyarears from Nizam, which
demanded payment of chauth and saradesh1nukhi Nizam. At this critical :
invaded
latter refused to pay and on this the Marathas
their mutual differeneos
all the Maratha leaders combined together forgetting Bhons..
Nizam was defeated at the battle of Khae Dra. Nizam agreed to give
lakhs. He also agreed to
territories which brought him an annual revenue of Rs.3
Saradeshmukbi.
Chauth and
pay Rs.3 crores and 29 lakbs as arrcars of
As the time was passing the Nana was beconing more powerful and usino
Peshwa as his tool. He was not implementing all the schemes which Peshwa
wanted him to enforce. The Peshwa hadaffection for BajiRao, the son of Raghuba
which was disliked by Nana Fadnavis, because of his old bostility with Raghuba.
Theresult was that the Peshwabegan to lcad a sick life. He gotso much frustrated
that one day in 1795 A.D. he jumped from the roof of hispalace andended his life.
BAJI RAO II(1795-1818 A.D.)
After the death of Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan, the queston of succession
again came to the front. Nana Fadnavis was not preparedt0 acept sonof Raghuba
as Peshwa. The differences betwecn thc two Marth~s factions considerably
developed providing Nizam an opportunity to recover all his lost territorics at the
Battle of Kharda. UItimately, however, Nana agrccd to the Peshwaship of Baji Rao
II, the son of Raghuba and he himsclf became his chief secretary.
The new Pesbwa was expert in intrigues and played onc chief against thc other.
He was very clever and cunning and prepared to sell even the country to serve his
personal interests.
In 1800 A.D. Nana Fadnavis, a real patriot, died and it is bclieved tht with him
wisdom and moderation of the Marathas also cndcd. The Marathas began to
disintegrate and this disintegrating proccss continued. The Maratha chiefs Holkar
and Scindia began to fight with each other. The Peshwa sided with Scindia and
defeated Holkar.
Mcantine the Peshwa also started the killing of those who had in the past
opposcd his father and one of themwas Jaswant Rao Holkar's brother Vithuji. This
was not tolerated by Jaswant Rao who invaded
Peshwa, captured Poona and
completely devastated that. The Peshwa took shelter with the British, in order to
save his life. Holkar also put Peshwa's ncphew
Vinayak Rao, as Peshwa.
Compelled by the circumstances and in order to protect his own
position Peshwa Baji Rao II thought it better to sign a interests ao
British ra ther than tocome to tems with Holkar. By humiliating teaty wilh
lo:
the terms of treaty he agre
(a) cede lo the British the tcrritory worth bringing annual revenue of Rs. 20
lakhs to meet the expenses of his
forces.
 india
#isory f Medieval 475

to keep asubsidiary British toree of 6000 artillery and infantry.

the British were to be consulted by Peshwa in all his
futute plans.
the British were to be accepted as arbitrators in the
settlement of their
disputes.
Peshwa was not to cntcrtain anyone who followed
any waY.
anti-British policy in
This trety was, however, disliked by other Maratha chiefs,
Rhotsie. Tbe Marathas were also unhappy ovcr the treaty which theScindia and
tude dwith the Nizam by which the latter had agrecd to British bad
the fomer. Itwas because the Marathas now could not subsidiary alliance
loot Nizam territories.
Bot Scindia and Bhonsle wanted the Britishers to agree to
insg Maratha teitories, for which the company was not
withdraw their forces
prepared. The result was
sihat war broke out between the Marathas and the British, knowIn as
Second Anglo
Maraha war (1802-04 A.D.). In this Holkar and Gackwad remained neutral.
In the North British forces under General Lake captured Delbi and
Aligarh.
They aiso captured Cuttack and Gujarat. In the South the forces under Arthur
Wellsely captured Ahemdnagar and defeated Marathas at Assaye first and then at
Angaon.
The war ended with twotreaties, one was signed at Deoga on with Bhonsle and
the cther with Surji Aringaon. The British got the territories of Doab, Delhi and
Agra and also parts of Gujarat and Bundelkhand. Scindia's possessions of Deccan
were also taken away from bim. Cuttack and Balasore were taken away from
Bhonsle. Some territories near river Wardba were given to the Nizam. Both
Scindia and Bhonsie also agreed to have British Residents. In this way the
Marathas heavily lost both in territories and prestige, whereas the British gained
cpasilerably.
But the treaties were bound to prove instable. Both Bhonsle and Scindia were
fndng it difficult to adjust themselves tothe above mentioned treaties. On the
sther bandthe Britishwanted to bring Holkar under some treaty, who had remained
BEBAralduring Second Anglo Maratha war. This opportunity came when Holkar
iNaded the ruler of Jaipur, friend of the British. This was the beginning of Third
Angio-Maratha war (1804-1806 A.D.).
British forces under Colonel Monson and Lord Lake suffered defeats in
Rajputana. Similarly Holkar's attempt to capture Delbi failed. Holkar was,
Soever, defeated byGeneral Lake at Farrukhabad and at Dig.
A reaty was concluded between the (wo by which Holkar gave up all ctaims
eterriüories North of the river Chambal. This war also resulted in lowering
Maratha prestige and in the inCrease of that of the British.
Alier every war the Marathas were losing both in prestige and position.
Baji Rao iI was keen to abrogate the treaty which he had signed with the
Pestwa
British wanted to be the head of the Marathas again. In the
meantime Ram
and
 1803)
The Marathas (From Shivaji to
476
Shashtri, a Minister of the Gackwad cameto Poonato settle Maratha disputes
S
British safe conduct but was murdcred. It was after much hesitation that under
surrendered Trimbakji, the suspect murderer, who however, managedto
1816 A.D. The British Resident then asked Peshwa to sign a new treaty
Peshwain
escape
all claims to the headship of the Marathas. The Pesbwa was not prepared renounCing
and revolted resulting in Fourth Anglo-Maratha war (1817-1818 A.D.). for this
The Peshwa burnt British Residency at Poona but Resident escaped
unhurt.
The British forces thereafter defeated Peshwa at Kirki. He suffered succee
defeats at Koregaon and Asthi. Holkar was defeated at Mahidpur and ApDa Saka
at Sitabaldi Hills. The Marathas were forced to sign treaty by which Peshwa wa
removed from the throne and given a pension of Rs.8 lakhannual. BothBhonsta
and Holkar lost many territories.
The net outcome of this war was that the Marathas lost heavily and the position
of the British in Deccan became paramount and supreme.
Thus ended Maratha supremacy in the South and net gainers who emerged on
the scene were the Britishers. The Marathas failed primarily because they could
not maintain their unity and integrity. As long as they remained united none could
challenge their authority and supremacy. They gave befitting reply to every rival.
They had to bow before British might because they failed to maintain their unity
and for many their personal interests became more important than
collective state
interests. Moreover they did not remain true patriots and feelings of palrioism
graduaily disappeared from them. In place of 1love for nation personal interests
began to get prominencé.

THE DYNASTIES

The Slave Dynasty

Qutab-Uddin-Aibak 1206-1210 A.D.
IItatmish
1211-1235 A.D.
Razia Begum
1236-1240 A.D.
Behram Shah
1240-1242 A.D.
Masud Shah
Nasir Uddin Mab1nud
1242-1246 A.D.
1246-1266 A.D.
Balban
Successors of Balban
1266-1286 A.D.
1286-1290 A.D.
The Khilji Dynasty
Jalal Uddin Khilji
1290-1296 A.D.
Alauddin Khilji 1296-1316 A.D.
 fMedieval
Historyof India
Shabib Uddin Malik Kafur
1316 A.D.
Mubarak
Khusro Khan 1316-1320 A.D.
1320 A.D.
The Tuglaq Dynasty
Gias-Uddin-Tuglak
1321-1325 A.D.
Mubammad Tuglak 1325-1351 A.D.
Feroze Tuglak
1351-1388 A.D.
Gias Uddin Tuglak II 1388-1389 A.D.
Abu Baker
1389-1390 A.D.
Nasir Uddin Mohammad
1390-1394 A.D.
Humayun 1394-1395 A.D.
Mahmud Nasir Uddin 1395-1413 A.D.

The Sayyid Dynasty

Khizr Khan 1414-1421 A.D.
Mubarak Shah 1421-1434 A.D.
Mobam1nad Bin Farid 1434-1445 A.D.
Alauddin Alam Shah 1445-1451 A.D.

The Lodi Dynasty

Bahlol Lodi 1451-1489 A.D.
Sikandar Lodi 1489-1517A.D.
Ibrahim Lodi 1517-1526 A.D.

The Great Mughals

1526-1530 A.D.
Babur
1530-1540 A.D.
Humayun
Sur Dynasty
1540-1545 A.D.
Sher Shab
1545-1553 A.D.
Islam Shah
1553-1555 A.D.
Mohammad Ali
Great Mughals Again
1556-1605 A.D.
Akbar
 (Irom Shivajito l803)
Ihe Marathas
1605-1627 A.D.
Jahangir 1627-1658 A.D.
Shah Jahan
1658-1707 A.D.
Aurangzeh

The Iater Mughals

Bahadur Shah l
1707-1712 A.D.
1712-1713 A.D.
Jahandar Shah
1713-1719 A.D.
Farrukh Siyyar
Rafi UI-Dara Jat 1719 A.D.

Rafi U-Daula 1719 A.D.

Mohammad Shah 1719-1748 A.D.

AhnedShah 1748-1754 A.D.

Alamgir lI 1754-1759 A.D.

Shah Alam Il 1759-1806 A.D.
Akbar I 1806-1837 A.D.
Bahadur Shah I! 1837-18S7 A.D.

Vijaya Nagar Empire

The Sangama Dynasty
Hari Hara 1340-1353A.D.
Buka 1353-1379 A.D.
Hari HaraIl 1379-1404 A.D.
Buka Il 1404-1406 A.D.
DevaRaya 1406-1410 A.D.
Vijaya Raya 1410-1419 A.D.
Deva Raya Il 1419-1449 A.D.
Suce ssoTS of Deva Raya Il 1449-1490 A.D.

The Saluva Dynasty

Narasinba 1490-1496 A.D.
Success0rs of Narasinba
1496-1505 A.D.

'The Tuluva Dynasty

Krishna Deva Raya 1505-1530A.D.
WisoryfMedievalIndia
479
Achyula Deva
Sadasiva
1530-1542 A.D.
1542-1570 A.D.
The Peshwas
Sahu
1708-1713 A.D.
Balaji Vishwa Nath
1713-1720 A.D.
Baji Rao!
1720-1740 A.D.
BalajiBaji Rao
1740-1761 A.D.
Madbav Rao
1761-1772 A.D.
NarainRao 1772-1773 A.D.
Madhav Rao Narayan 1774-1795 A.D.
Baji Rao II 1795-1818 A.D.

The Sikh Gurus

Guru Nanak Dev 1419-1538 A.D.
Guru Angad 1538-15S2 A.D.
Guru Amar Das 1552-1574 A.D.
Guru Ram Das 1574-1581 A.D.
Guru Arjun Dev 1581-1606 A.D.
Guru Har Govind 1606-1645 A.D.
Guru Har Rai 1645-1661 A.D.
Guru Har Krishan 1661-1663 A.D.
Guru Tegh Bahadur 1664-1675 A.D.

Guru Gobind Singh 1675-1708 A.D.

SOME IMPORTANT EVENS

570A.D.
Birth of Prophet Muhammad
622 A.D.
Hijrat
632 A.D.
Death of Prophet Muhammad
712 A.D.
Mubmmad Bin Oasim invades India
712A.D.
Battic of Rewar
713 A.D.
Muhinmad Bin Oasim Conquers Multan
962-63 A.D.
Alaptgin comes to India
977 A.D.
Sabuktgin comes to India
Muhammad Ghazni was born
971 A.D.
 1803)
(F'rom Shivaji to
The Marathas
Ghazni 1000 A.D.
First invasion of 1001 A.D.
Ghazni
Second invasion of
Ghazni 1003 A.D.
Third invasion of 1006 A.D.
Ghazni
Fourth invasion of
Ghazni 1006 A.D.
Multan conquered by 1007 A.D.
Fitthinvasion of Ghazni
1008 A.D.
Sixth invasion of Ghazni
1009 A.D.
Anand Pal defeatcdby Ghazni
1009 A.D.
Seventh invasion of Ghazni
1009 A.D.
Nagarkot conquered by Ghazni
Eighth to Eleven invasions of Ghazni
Twelth invasion of Ghazni 1009-1018 A.D.
Jai Pal of Kannauj defcated 1019 A.D.
Thirteenth invasion of Ghazni 1020A.D.
Chandcla King of Kalinjar defeated 1020 A.D.
Fourteenth invasionof Ghazni 1020A.D.
Fiftecnth invasion of Ghazni 1023 A.D.

Som Nath attackedby Ghazni(Sixteenth invasion) 1025 A.D.

Seventeenth invasion of Ghazni 1026 A.D.

Muhammad Ghoribecomes ruler of Ghori 1173 A.D.

Ghoriconquers Multan 1075 A.D.

Ghoriconqucrs Uchh 1076A.D.

Ghori's defcat aga inst Anhilwara 1178 A.D.
Ghori conquers Punjab 1186 A.D.
First Battle of Tarain 1191A.D.
Second Baltle of Tarain 1192 A.D.
Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeatedby Ghori 1192 A.D.
Ghoriconquers Meerut and Koil 1193.D.
Battle of Chandwar 1194 A.D.
Ghori conquers Anhilwara 1197 A.D.
Ghori's GovemorAibak conquers 1202 A.D.
Kalinjar
Muhanmad Ghori killed by Khokhars 1206 A.D.
Outab-Uddin-Aibak lounded Slave Dynasty 1206 A.D.
Mistory Medieval India
481
Itatmish defeats Yaldoz
Htatmish defeats Qabacha 1215A.D.
1227 A.D.
tatunish eOnques Rajput States
1234 A.D.
Kadar Mongal invades India
1297 A D.
Mougols under Saldi invade lndia
1298 A.D.
Targhi Mongal invades India
1303 A.D.
Alauddin Khilji conquers Gujarat 1297 A.D.
Targhi Mongalinvades India 1303 A.D.
Alauddin Khiljiconquers Mewar 1303 A.D.
Alauddin Khiljiconquers Devgiri 1307 A.D.
Alauddin Khiljiconquers Warangal 1309 A.D.
Alauddin Khiljiconquers Dwar Semudra 1310 A.D.
Gias Uddin conquers Warrangal 1323 A.D.
Muhammad Tughlaq changes capital 1327 A.D.
Muhammad Tughlaq incrcases tax in Doab 1330 A.D.
Muhammad Tughlaq introduces token currency 1330 A.D.
Feroze Tughlak sends cxpcdition to Thatta 1366 A.D.
Battle of Talkatora 1565 A.D.

Babur's first expedition to India 1519 A.D.

First Battle of Panipat 1526 A.D.
Battle of Kanwash 1527 A.D.

Battle of Ghagra 1529 A.D.

Battle of Chausa 1539 A.D.

1540 A.D.
Battle of Kannauj
1542 A.D.
Akbar was born
1545 A.D.
Sher Shah beseiges Kalingar and dies
1556 A.D.
Second Battle of Panipat
1569 A.D.
Akbar conquers Ranthambor
1564 A.D.
Akbar conquers Gondwana
1572 A.D.
Akbar fights against Mewar 1596 A.D.
Akbar conquers Ahemad Nagar 1607 A.D.
Prince Khusro revolts against Jahangir 1608 A.D.
Guru Arjan Dev executed
 1803)
Marathas(lromShivajito
The
Jahangir marrics
NurJahan 1611 A.D.
Khurram revolts against Jahangir 1622 A.D.
against Jahangir 1626 A.D.
Mahabat Khan revolts
1592 A.D.
Shah Jahan is born
Aurangzch is born 1618 A.D.
Shah Jahan 1628 A.D.
Khani-Jahan-Lodirevolts against -
against Portuguese 1631 A.D.
ShahJahan declarcs war
Ahemad Nagar 1633 A.D.
Shah Jaban conquers
1636 A.D.
Shah Jahan conquers Golkunda
Deccan 1636 A.D.
Aurangzcb appointed Governor ef
1645 A.D.
Aurangzeb appointed Governor of Gujarat
Governor
Aurangzecb appointed second time as
of Deccan 1653 A.D.
Shah Jaban sends first expedition to Balkb 1646 A.D.
Shab Jahan sends second expedition to Balkh 1647 A.D.
Aurangzeb succeeds in war of succession 1658 A.D.
Peshwa Sabu is born 1682 A.D.
Pesbwa Sahu is coronated 1708 A.D.
State of Hyderabad is founded by Asaf Jah 1723 A.D.
Asaf Jab is defeated by BajiRao I 1727 A.D.
Battle of Bhopal 1737 A.D.
Invasion of Nadir Shah 1739 A.D.
Battle of Karnal 1739 A.D.
First invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali 1748 A.D.
Second lnvasion 1750 A.D.
ThirdInvasion 1751A.D.
Abmed Sbah occupies Punjab 1752 A.D.
Fourth Abdali invasion 1759 A.D.
Fifth Abdali invasion 1759 A.D.
Tbird Bate of Panipat 1761A.D.
Battie of Rakshabhuvan 1763 A.D.
First Maratha Mysore war 1764 A.D.
Batthe of Baxar 1764 A.D.
 of Medievlindia
483
Grant of Diwanito the East India
sixth invasionof AMbdali Company 1764 A.D.
1764 A.D.
Second Maratha Mysore war
1767A.D.
Last invasion of. Abdali over India 1767 A.D.
The Third Mysore war
1771 A.D.
ivlWat among Marathas breaks out
1772 A.D.
Pesbwa Madhav Rao dics
1772 A.D.
Peshwa Narayan Rao dics
1773 A.D.
First Anglo Maratha war
1779 A.D.
Treaty of Salbai
1782 A.D.
Maratba Mysore conflict starts 1787 A.D.
Maratha Mysore conflictends 1792 A.D.
Mabadaji dies 1794 A.D.
Battle of Kharda 1795 A.D.
Peshwa Madav Rao Narayan commits suicide 1795 A.D.
Treaty of Bassein 1802 A.D.
Second Anglo Maratha war begins 1802 A.D.
Second Anglo Maratha war ends 1804 A.D.
Third Anglo Marathas war begins 1804 A.D.
Third Anglo Marath¡was ends 1806 A.D.
Death of Alam Shah II 1806 A.D.

Fourth Anglo Maratha war begins 1817 A.D.

Fourth Anglo Maratha war ends 1818 A.D.