Ecology
Is all living (biotic) and non-living things (abiotic) in
an area.
Biotic- food avability,producer,competition and
infection from pathogens
Abiotic (physical)-
tempreture,pH,water,minerals,soil type, and salt
level
*Biotic and Abiotic are factors that affect the
population size and distribution*
Population is all organisms of same species in an
habitat
Community is all different species in a habitat
Habitat is the place were organisms lives in
-We can calculate population by using the method
of quadrats.
Quadrats are made of wood/metal.
METHOD OF USING QUADRAT:
1.Make at least 10 by 10
2.Throw randomly
3.Count
4.Calculate the average
Biodiversity :
It’s the measurement of variety of different
species in ecosystem
-Areas with no variation have very low
biodiversity
- the more biodiversity the more stability and
survive( from floods and diseases)
Humans have impact on biodiversity for
example: DEFORSTATION (cutting trees) and
GLOBAL WARMING.
Chemical energy
All organisms for order to do things needs chemical energy
The flow of chemical energy can be shown in :
Food chain
- Each new level in food chain is known as trophic
level
Trophic level:
1. primary producers (make their own food)
2. secondary herbivores(eats the producers)
3. secondary consumers(eats plant and meat)
4. tertiary consumers
5. decomposers(breaks down dead organism bodies into soil)
Types of pyramids in food chain:
1. Pyramid of number
shows the total number of individual organisms at each level
in the food chain of an ecosystem
2.Pyramids of bio mass
the representation of total living biomass or organic
matter present at different trophic levels in an ecosystem.
3.pyramid of energy transfer:
a model that shows the flow of energy from one trophic,
or feeding, level to the next in an ecosystem
Carbon cycle
-stages of CO2 cycle:
1.photosythesis 4.decomposers
2.respiration 5.fosalization
3.combustion
Nitrogen cycle:
-nitrogen is an important element in many biological
compounds
-it’s found in DNA, protein, amino acids, vitamins,
enzymes and hemoglobin
-78% of the air is nitrogen but its unreactive
-protein is imp for growth
1.nitrifying process:
Ammonia>nitrate>nitrite>growth(inc crops yield)
2.Fixation
Nitrogen gas>ammonia
3.light nitrogen gas
Nitrogen gas>nitrate
4.human being
Fertilizers
5.denetryfying bacteria
Nitrate>nitrogen gas
Bacteria that is in the nitrogen cycle:
1. Nitrifying bacteria
2. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
3. Decomposing bacteria
4. Denitrifying bacteria
Crops
When human population increase that means there will be
more demand(less farms because of building)
We can increase crop yield by:
1-Greenhouse (control factors of photosynthesis)
2-fertilizer (formulated nutrients that inc crop yield)
3-pests control (kills bacteria and insects)
Human influence on the environment:
1. Air pollution:
Pollution is the increase of production of greenhouse gas
-greenhouse gases are:
1.water vapour:is when water temp inc
2.CO2: burning of fossil fuel
3.nitrone oxide: from car fumes and fertilizers
4.methane:cattle produce it as production of digestion
5.CFC(chlorofumorcarbon): from fridges and air conditioners
-naturally there is small ozone layer which traps small radiant heat , the
quanity of greenhouse gas in atmosphere has increased dramatically
due to the human activity(such as deforestation and burning fossil fuel)
-greenhouse effect is the greenhouse gas trapping sun heat rays to
earth causing global warming
-Climate change is the weather changing due to the global warming
that damages the environment
CONSEQUENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING(inc in earth temp):
-cause death -polar ice cap melt causing rains
-species extinct -more rains cause floods
2. Carbon monoxide poisoning
Its an incomplete combustion of carbon its dangerous because it
takes the place of O2 in hemoglobin which cause to death
(comes from car fumes and burning fossil fuels)
3. Sulfur dioxide
It comes from factories causing an acidic rain which kills trees and
wastes lakes
4.eutrophication:
Is the nutrients from sewages and fertilizers, the cause a rapid growth
in algae which blocks sunlight and there will be lack of light which will
kills plants and causes a bacteria this bacteria will use up all the H2O
and O2 , then all other animals will die
Ways to reduce eutrophication:
1.reduce fertilizers use
2.proper sewage treatment and management
3.nutrient removal from water
4.mechanica removal of algae
5.leaching
Is the waste of soil in water and this will cause erosion
6.Deforstation
Is cutting of trees
More details about pest control and fertilizers>
Fertilizers
Are formulated nutrients to inc crop yield
-therefore farmers replace their missing minerals
There are two types of fertilizers:
1.organic: are made of manure
Disadvantage: can control exact
advantages: safe for environment
2.Inorganic: carefully formulated chemicals made of phosphorus,
potassium (rocks and minerals)
Disadvantage: lead to eutrophication
Advantages: control exact amount of mineral
Pest control
-pests are any organisms that reduces the yield of farmer crop
-they can be plant , animal , bacteria , viruses or fungus
1.Pesticides
Types of pesticides:
Insecticides kill insect pests
Herbicides kill plant pests
Fungicides kill fungal pests
Advantages Disadvantages
They’re fast Pest can become resistant to them
Easy to use You have to repeat it regularly
cheap Other wildlife
They can be washed away to rivers
Inc bioaccumulation and bio
magnification
-bioaccumulation is buildup of toxic in tissues of humans
-bio magnification is when toxic became more concentrated along food chain
Ideal of pesticide should:
Be Effective, biodegradable , specific , safe in transport and easy to
apply
2.Biological control
Types of biological control:
Introduce Natural predator
Introduce Herbivore
Introduce Parasites
Introduce Sterile male
Advantages Disadvantages
Doesn’t damage environment slow
No resistance Doesn’t kill pests completely
cheap
