gonie equine x According to michal Farackay , Sobstances @e clawified ints two categoviet bayed on their abi.tity fe Conduct Electricity in Solaction. do net conduct electici ty in 43, Sof) fs called Non tleckolyle Substances —| conduct ele ck tcity ig ag sol fs called eleckoly te. shong elackoly-e cueak eleckobyfe = Completely dissociake inte ion — poditially ditoctale into 7 Strong acids | Shorg boxer salle _, apow acsdy tweak bares , HaSey HA, Wao KOH, Hack CUgcooH HOH * Donic eq deads coith The ey df any Sobetance | worth ide fora in colediay, ey th fe"? 4 sw = [Fe Cew)] @ ey x) Asshenive theory gq electolytie Soputiog he . i Theo explard the mechanitny A Eledeolpris and Abn, : ermal behaviour 4& elecholyles in lilvk Solutions. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe main postolater A This Theory ave In aqveove soleetion, the molecoles 4 an Elecholyle ondeygo Spontaneous disgocGosion ioto positive ang negadive form the Positively chadged fory ak callod cations and negabively charged ions ade cabled aniory, when a covrent Q elechiciy is palied through a Solution an electoyle , The positively Chodged ions Move towards anode and lote theis chages and Convert int products . this movement c} fons conctifrks The che chic covrent in the Solution 3A dynamic eguitibyium , called the fonic equi Lbrivy ie ettabtished between The iont and ondivacialee Molecules. AB = ata we 4. the Pro pertics 4 solution Q elecholyrles ae euentally The pyoparties 8) individual ion. 6. the Pyaction Q the -trtal numbey Q molecues Undergeing dissociation ig called The * degvee & dissociation ted)”. AHEX nadively , the -feachog Q the amoont & the elechole in solution Present as Free ions ie Called the degves Q divociatio. & d @ scanned with OKEN Scanneref = Number Molecvler dL elechviyle dittocialed as ions Total number 4 molecules 4 electolye ditavlvect x = amovot @ electolyle dissaciated Inital amount D.o.D@ INncrveaces with dilution and Yeaches fh maxi mun Umit (ovity ad intinie dilution for weak electrolytes. Factove chin degree & diwoctadion z. @ kate Q solvle stong Elechrolydes have high Valve Q DoD while weak electrolytes have Lower values (b) Notuse Q sotvent Deqee Gf digsociation A an Elechoiyfe increases with the poladily df Ts Solvent © concentrediion 3 Dod ¥ eleckolyle |, , cone A electoyle T @) Temporabude ;- Don J elechrolyk tr Teenp solution T © Audition A) Sher species : Addition J) another SPecies (Solvle) having day fen Common +o thd A weax Elecholyle shows a cLerveries d-od | Weak electrolyte (commen effect). @ scanned with OKEN Scannerx Add? aye svobstanes thet digolve in water tr give hy dvogen fons called protons HA == Hts a Ka = CHICA Al % Bayes ade sobstancet thed digcotve 7 tho 1 give hydvoxy ions BoH == Bhs of k= C8d Con] C Rou] XO bode proton cet) ie vay yeachve and Can not exich Freely in water. i¢ vey Sma size By. rt hos an inknsive elactic Field It hinds +> ondgen adorn 4). Solvent Molecole to give an ion, damit SioSiy called hydvonium Ton (448°): @ scanned with OKEN Scannerostwalds dilutron law at cakes that the cegree Bi diggociadvon Qa weae electrolyte increales with increake dilution @y decveare in Concentcction. ABS A+B tzo ce ° 6 teey Cw ee oe, ale Ge ee Cagj C-Co law For weak Elecholy}es AX eel sy led al Ve dk L0.5-y oF 0-05 ow vak 4% be NT ch et Woictiaxy Weak acid weak beaut Kg = Ca Ky = Cah <> fe o = | Xb a lee 4 yo ia \ he 5 ame Acid ka, Ka Ar Same bare Fb, = Moy Dec o) [2 fe oe a [= @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFov Weak elackolye , oF infinite dilation | Conanrkotion appwachos 2<10 (lenay= | 27 (00-1) “this Law te only fay wea elacholy. Theories Q acist and Rates 2- O Arrhenius theory ¢- Acid <- The sobctanies which divociater -to give Hf ione when dipowed io wate wo WT foo donat in ag cof EXD He, H)S0q He Poy CH COOH A : Hd, —+H 4 © ae) @) ey) |e +10 + tao, H6' 1° sy. Oy Hoy a2, Hoy, Oe Z- BAe = the cobebner hics dissociates +0 give OH ions cohen. digsoived in Heo Ow OH ion danadx in ay soi? Es Mol 1 MOH) Ae ek. WaOH, Bay), ” Bou He. Beant eg, [pee ne Ae Heer 4°, Ho, hy ho, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner» B on, or HBA, is not a Aryhenivs acid ov Bale x the Strength Qtke add ov bate depends upon 4 tenconcy to Zornish HT or of jong * solution. ¥ WoO HF ions furnished by an add nits A solution fc called basicity or proticiy . * bo. & OH ions Povnished by the bare in 142 Sol” Called addi Acids \ Mono hawic acid Diba add Tibatic acial * 40%N Ish only one — ¥ FoYNish two * Fornih Three H* jon per motecde Ht fons Pemolecole, Ht fork Po. Molecoie FAD HNOs | Hod HaS0y | HsP 0, HyPoy Base wom tr. oh bate X FuNnish only one > FUAMIA, wo OF ¥ Furnish Three ia i HH ione pa ON: font pemnpdecole ANY EGLgplecw se habeus 58 NOH , C8OH WHO Bah, can), FeOH) % 6, x Prvhenius eaplained the formation d Hot x According to tevheniue water ic q nevkal Compounes. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerLimitakione : x This concept is Limited tr aqvecet Solution only. x 1 Gan net explain the addic Chadacter gq certain salle Atte Alcla) BR and bare Chanact» Q WAs P4, 1+ Can nok be applied to Compounds cohich do rot contain, ee Ht ov GH fons. Bronsled - Lowery Add ¢ Bare, Concept ferd Bare aH" donad ic called add fut acceptor fc called Baye we WH +cd . ? a Conte” a= HC0y HY 44+ k = % AML adabenive adds fra |x HL ADhenive baset dre bronsled acids hot bronckd basee ANH, +H = wHy + CL Bax-2 Add Bayer Add-a Comtus conrogahe B03 aci * The acid and Bare cohicu differ y s rel 4 Said to fbn Conrugle acid- bare poiv. CHaCOH + Hed a He + ctygod” ConTugate ciel - bare pai’ @ scanned with OKEN Scannertonugade add bar Pal Acid ——> Congugale Bae+H"| Base + H* + Contugale acid Cstrong @eak) wer Grong) (wear) acid (Chong) aw) HNO, —> NO, + HT Heo, + HY —+> H,C0, (stony) (eax) Baw cA CR (chong) (eat) HE ——3 € + Ht ioe odes hong tool ae a 8 pe (Stang) Per Conqugale Base Gade CanFugale acid Halo a Ghat cee Mu, (gta PHT CD Be 7 Or = Fw ©) G Hal —> Go Hy Op) (69 GS AL Gti WR @ o © CLD —+ Hou (ya 0, —> Hoa) & WHA — Gey (NH, —> MHL) Hs C.0 ae (oop BOP HG 04 ©) Amphi protic Species Ht donor as wen as H? acceptor ait cope wt Hea, ee tis tHPS Hy CO, +y ths @ scanned with OKEN Scanner2 a - Ale» HPo, to-B-3 = HoPo, ee 7 to +> Hs Pa, ° + sh H-o-f_= = Hsp, a7 HPS H ! THE Hg Pog aches — tt p90,” Lee é H TH ig nh a H3P0,, Gmphipre tre According to ®ronded - low oy theory ater isa Amphoterre in Nate. x #20 -+H30 —3 H,07+ off WuWotisasion pA chimical ven Wo add and Bae thad dice salt Qld Ha0.Dn this vxo acid) donates 'a proto to the Baye, Porm) comtupate ae} -bare pair: Leveling effect <- au shong and min dal acey ode AKU Med ty undegr comploke fontsation iq aRveous codvtion suck acids in weer tionally 48m ae 107. ¥ the Skongest Acid 5) AY Solakion is Hho" Here it is difCOH fo distinguid, ble The ctengthe us shong adds io waky. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerx ALL song acide in ag solution finally have Stmi lark concentration Q +h". This /¢ Cablect Leveting edeect Shani lady au Stong, bayer in ap Sol” Finally have Similar concenhation Q otf tho sength Qe an acid depends on the Solvent ESi the acidt Hotoy HySoy HU, HY, aU appead to have newly same shength in ag Sol, bur thein sVength IS 19 Oded Hdloy rHySOy7 HE» HM 19 acetic acid (non aqueus Solvent). ¥ Siomi lady the Yelabive shengtt a Shong bare (an be stodied in a non ap Solvent VEC Ney. Relvanteges t- x Bronsted - Lowen theory explains acd - hase behaviow. even in nm aqueous Colution * Th explains the babe nekure Q neh , pth co ANd the Povmaction BL thom. ¥ this theory 1S MO Jengadi sed £Ncomparing WH Number A acids ard baer than ayhoniue theovg Limitedions ¥ Tt does not expfoin th, acicic nate FH elechn deficient species Lila BF, atch He @ scanned with OKEN ScannerDU faite +o explain acidic nodure 3 non metallic Onider and hake nadwe % metal ox des » tf heal d’rgouation OS Nevtratisattar, Lewit- acid - Baye theory Add — bone pair accephy ¥ antral edom hav iy, In Rote (defiant) ae in Ach, ae “Mo lecot caitk murpl *hotds blo diccimilas atoms COs, 50, 503 ° =§ 5 ¥ A mock ALL Giple Cobany #5", wat Lit at? ath X canbe atom hava vacont| a- ovbidals ( enrpand id oc) Sty Se Sach Sncly Px) Pky + Atoms with Faded contguebiay 0, S, & ee— Y acide and bares ia weer Bare — hone pain donad % antral atom have tore paly L elechong ‘Buy HO RBA RBH ok x ‘Polecets Witk moltiple brn Yo Smita abou Cp = =U, CH 2c seo: a Mn wake eobve| ¥ AUK anions odo Lewie bayer OW, ou™ @ scanned with OKEN Scannerx Hy either Lewie acd nor Lewis bate x AU BR Ce OB Rut al LR aX Not BR Ch +HT > Gen 8B Cmtzugede acid LR LA ” € a HN + BF, —> H-W 4 R-F LR oa 4 \ Gaic pe BR nutralicatio i Pormadion i Co-ordinate covalent bond bw acd ~ Bae H,N2 + BR > Hv BR DYaw back D eid bax Nevbalisakion yeacton ae paty bok as pd lewis H Chou & Low © Tt Could mot explJ9 abot add -bale Shoot. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner