Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Ex-offenders in the Philippines have many challenges to a simple integration back into society,

such as discriminatory practices, limited employment candidates, public stigma, and a lack of

assistance. (Bidola, V. R., De Leon, R., Ignacio, E., Mori, M. J., Valdez, S. N., & Bernabe, J. 2024).

Employment, education, and social acceptance are all affected by the stigma associated with criminal

records, which frequently endures long after a person has completed their terms. Both a lack of

knowledge about second-chance programs and ingrained cultural views exacerbates these problems

(Vivares, K. M. S., & Cuevas, J. F., Jr. 2023). In order to solve these issues and advance equal

possibilities, it is imperative to comprehend public opinion as the nation works toward inclusive

development and rehabilitation.

Although rehabilitation has been promoted by the Philippine criminal justice system, many

people who have served their time still do not achieve the goal of reintegrating into society. Concepts

of morality and community trust have a significant impact on the larger Filipino culture, which could

intensify preconceptions against people who have served time in prison.

For many people, life after incarceration can be difficult. Nonetheless, there are tools available

to assist people in adjusting to life outside of bars. These could include initiatives like mentoring

services, drug rehab, and job training. Numerous government agencies, community organizations, and

nonprofits offer assistance to help people reintegrate into society and lower their risk of repeat offenses

( Bebbington, P. E., McManus, S., Coid, J. W., Garside, R., & Brugha, T. 2021). It's critical to understand

that everyone's journey will be different and that life after bars can be a challenging and complicated

affair. However, with the correct assistance and resources, formerly imprisoned people may live fulfilled

lives. It is difficult to address the distinct cultural and social dynamics in the Philippines because of the

research shortfall, which leaves open concerns regarding the effectiveness of reintegration programs.
Criminal activity reduction and second-chance efforts may not be successful without a better grasp of

public opinion.

This study will focus attention on public perception of the reintegration of formerly incarcerated

people in the Philippines ( Chikadzi, V., Chanakira, P., & Mbululu, D. 2022). It will specifically examine

how societal attitudes-stigmatizing and culturally biased-affect accessibility to employment, social

acceptance, and participation in the community program. This inquiry will reveal how such perceptions

tend toward the creation or hindrance of opportunities for former offenders in rebuilding their lives and

contributing inputs to the public. Furthermore, it seeks to offer a glimpse of public attitudes that either

promote or discredit the successful reintegration of these individuals. Ultimately, an examination of

public perception paired with reintegration outcomes will yield lessons for enhanced policy and

intervention practices. This study, therefore, aims to promote a broader construct of rehabilitation and

second chances in Philippine society.

This is the crucial study that is addressing current problems impacting both society as a whole

and the underprivileged group of people who have served time in prison. In addition to providing

significant benefits to individuals impacted, an extensive rehabilitation strategy will promote communal

unity and improve public safety (Neil 2022). In order to create pertinent programs and policies,

lawmakers, educators, and reformist organizations need the evidence. In order to inform awareness

campaigns or intervention actions based on the Philippine context, the research will highlight cultural

differences.

There are several groups of people who are very intrigued by this study. A deeper understanding

of the connection between public perceptions and successful social reintegration can be advantageous

for students studying social science, criminology, and public administration. Communities start to

comprehend the obstacles that people who have served time in prison encounter in society, which

promotes greater empathy and cooperation. Policymakers and advocates can use the findings to frame

evidence-based approaches for reducing stigma and promoting equity. In the end, the study contributes

to the movement toward a more diverse society in which opportunities are about more than just hope.
 The road to reintegration requires the work of all parties involved, as society must abandon its

stereotyped perspective of time and adopt a more tolerant attitude toward others (Yin, E. T., Boateng,

W., & Kofie, N. 2022). This study attempts to fill in the knowledge gaps that will create opportunities for

more successful reintegration programs by attempting to understand how people view freed prisoners.

Since it promotes social fairness and equal opportunity, recognizing the prevailing views in society

particularly in the Philippines is essential to coming up with long-lasting solutions. As an example, this

study demonstrates the significance of empathy, education, and reform in building a more resilient and

compassionate society.

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored on the concept based on Howard S. Becker's 1963 Labeling Theory, which

examines how social labels impact both individual behavior and social interactions. Becker asserts that

labels like "criminal" or "ex-convict" have the power to influence how people are viewed and treated,

sometimes to the point of stigmatization, which can result in discrimination and exclusion and restrict

their access to opportunities and acceptability in society. For people who have served time in prison,

these labels are social constructs that serve as reality checks, contributing to recurrent criminal behavior

and limiting their ability to reintegrate into society. The best theory for comprehending the difficulties

faced by such a disadvantaged minority is labeling theory since it may emphasize the dynamic

relationship between an individual's identity and public perception.

The labeling theory proposes that society as a whole should adopt a different perspective on

stigmatization. Changing public perception is a solution to the cycle of discriminatory labeling and its

consequences, according to the inductive logic presented here. Thus, by fostering an atmosphere that

encourages second chances, society can address the visible signs of re-entry barriers, such as media

representations and cultural bias. In this way, the study's goals of comprehending the connection

between public perception and reintegration difficulties in terms of a deeper investigation of reality

toward inclusivity and equity are in line with theory.

 According to Bidola, V. R., De Leon, R., Ignacio, E., Mori, M. J., Valdez, S. N., & Bernabe, J.

(2024) Several factors contribute to the difficulty of starting over, individuals who have been released

from incarceration still face significant challenges and constraints in reintegrating into society. Despite

their physical freedom, they may continue to experience barriers that hinder their full participation in

social, economic, and personal spheres. They also added that It's disheartening to see that the stigma

surrounding ex-convicts isn't just limited to society at large; even some of their former peers behind

bars may doubt their capacity for change, brushing off their efforts at transformation as insignificant.

This stigma results in social avoidance and labeling, making it difficult for them to integrate into society

and form positive relationships. Feels looked down on and shunned, which can harm their self-esteem

and impede their reintegration. Stated in the study of Palgan, M. D., & Apolinario, R. C. (2022) Ex-

offenders are affected by either society or immediate family differently, to which their approaches also

differ in accordance. People surrounding the ex-offender could be either the challenges inducer or the

coping motivator. Their challenges are stimulated or influenced by people in the immediate cycle and

society, which affect how they perceive themselves and how they worry about other challenges. These

problems are forces and factors that might drive them to reoffend or commit a crime. This revealed that

external forces are labeling the former prisoner as people who have died during imprisonment. This is

due to normalization that these people receive rare opportunities to obtain a job; are subject to losing

their wives or being separated; and are willing to commit crime again are indicative of handicapping

them even more due to its impact on the mindset towards themselves, their family, and work field.
Conceptual Framework

This study identifies the attitudes and opinions of the public about those who have previously

been incarcerated, as well as the reasons behind them, by methodically examining how the public

perceives them. As a result, public perception can be defined as the attitudes and beliefs that members

of the community form about their group or problem.

Personal experience, media impact, and societal construction are all components of public

perception. Whether this perception is one of acceptance or stigma, it frequently affects the

reintegration of those who have served time in prison. This study will focus on the following aspects:

• The extent to which formerly incarcerated individuals are welcomed back into the community

and trusted to participate in societal roles.

• Negative labeling or judgment towards individuals based on their criminal history, often leading

to discrimination or exclusion.

• Variables such as age, educational attainment, and prior knowledge about incarceration that

contribute to shaping public perceptions.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Demographic profile of the 1.) Identification of 30 • Analysis of the public

respondent in terms of the:
respondents from Pagadian perception towards
1.1 Age; City using simple random formerly incarcerated
sampling. individuals.
1.2 Gender and;

1) Administration of a • Identification of
1.3 Socioeconomic status
researcher-made significant differences
2.What is the public
questionnaire. between demographic
perception towards
2) Collection of data on profiles and public
formerly incarcerated
demographic profiles perceptions.
individuals in terms of:
and public perceptions.
• Recommendations for
2.1 fear and distrust; and 3) Organization and
promoting social
2.2 sympathy and support preparation of gathered
reintegration and
data for analysis.
3. Is there a significant reducing stigma.
4) Statistical analysis of
difference between the
responses.
demographic profile of the
5) Presentation of findings
respondents and their
in tabular and narrative
perception towards
form.
formerly incarcerated

individuals?

Figure 1. IPO Diagram of the Study.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of the:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender and;

1.3. Socioeconomic status

2.What is the public perception towards formerly incarcerated individuals in terms of:

2.1 fear and distrust; and

2.2 sympathy and support

3. Is there a significant difference between the demographic profile of the respondents and their

perception towards formerly incarcerated individuals?

Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference between the demographic profile of the respondents and their

perception towards formerly incarcerated individuals.

Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to the following.

Academic Community. This study benefits members of the academic community, including students,

teachers, and academic administrators, by providing insights to enhance awareness and advocacy

related to the reintegration of formerly incarcerated individuals.

Criminology Program. The results can enhance students' understanding of the more general social

and psychological aspects of crime and punishment by being incorporated into criminology programs.

In order to lessen stigma and enhance outcomes for ex-offenders, future criminologists can create more
successful advocacy campaigns and rehabilitation programs by taking into account the influence of

public opinion. This study might also provide a foundation for future scholarly investigations into the

relationship between criminal justice reform, crime prevention, and society perception.

Policymakers. It offers lessons on how these insights are transformed into societal attitudes through

the use of public relations campaigns in the education system, criminal justice system reform, and the

significance of promoting more inclusive discharge practices in order to move toward a more equitable

and restorative society.

Social Workers. The results can point to locations that require more funding or initiatives to fight stigma

and aid in reintegration.

General Public. Serve to increase public understanding of the difficulties faced by people who have

served time in prison, promoting greater empathy and a change in attitudes toward more positive and

beneficial perspectives that can promote a successful reintegration into society.

Future Researchers. This study can also serve as a foundation for comparison research across

communities, regions, or nations in the future to better understand how public opinion changes and how

these variations affect the results of reintegration. The findings of the study could also be utilized to

investigate long-term patterns, monitoring shifts in public opinion and how they relate to recidivism

rates, job outcomes, and social acceptance over time.

Scope and Delimitation

The study focused on how the general population in Pagadian City views those who have

completed their prison terms. In light of societal views and ideas, it was intended to investigate the

process of reintegration into the community. The purpose of the study was to look into how

predetermined elements like age, educational attainment, and exposure to information on

incarceration shape people's perceptions. Additionally, it examined how the respondent's perception

influences their interactions with these individuals. The study only examined individual viewpoints; it
did not examine institutional or policy perspectives. Generally speaking, the use was restricted to

Pagadian City residents alone. Thirty respondents in all were included in the study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms, concepts, terminologies, variables are theoretically and operationally defined:

Public Perception This view could be a combination of cultural views,

media portrayals, or local and personal experiences

with crime and the criminal justice system. In this

study, we look at how these views impact the range

of social-economic opportunities that people who

have served time in prison are likely to have access

to.

Formerly Incarcerated Individuals People who have served their jail sentences or been

freed from imprisonment after previously been

imprisoned or detained for committing a crime. This

study examines how the general public views these

individuals, specifically how society views them

upon their return to their homes.

Demographic Profile Particular traits of the participants that, to some

degree, would affect how they view those who had

previously served time in jail. Their age, gender,

educational background, and socioeconomic level

are some examples of these attributes. In order to

better understand how the inhabitants perceive

those who have served time in jail, this study aims

to investigate various demographic factors. Any

 trends or patterns in how various groups see ex-

offenders will be highlighted by this.

Reintegration The process by which prisoners, after serving their

sentence, reintegrate into society. It entails not

just obtaining work but also mending their

relationships and gaining social acceptance.

Public view of the effectiveness of such

adjustments as a former prisoner going back to

their pre-incarceration residence is the focus of

the current study.

Stigma In this study, stigma is understood as the negative

judgments, stereotypes, or discrimination faced

by formerly incarcerated individuals due to their

criminal history. It is one of the key factors

influencing public perception.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies of Public Perceptions Towards

Formerly Incarcerated Individuals. Those that were included in this chapter are the ideas, journals, or

articles of education and knowledge towards the conducted study.

Foreign

Reintegrating ex-offenders into society is an issue of global concern, given its likelihood of

increasing recidivism if unsuccessful and its enormous strain on the criminal justice system and society.

For example, in the United Kingdom, the Ministry of Justice (2021) data suggest that adults released

for less than 12 months of custodial sentence had a proven reoffending rate of 59.7%. Those released

from 6 months or less sentences had a proven 62.0% reoffending rate (Ministry of Justice, 2021). In the

United States, a similar trend is present. The US National Institute of Justice suggests that almost 44%

of released offenders return to prison within a year (World Population Review, 2021).

As reported by the Alaska Department of Corrections, two-thirds of those released are

reincarcerated within 6 months in Alaska. Such statistics in the United States have a long trend, as seen

in 2005, where within a 3-year period, 68% of 405,000 released prisoners were arrested for a new

offence and 77% were arrested within 5 years (World Population Review, 2021). A growing body of

literature attempts to proffer several arguments to partly explain the increasing rate of recidivism.

According to contemporary research, one of the main barriers to successful acclimation to

community following release from incarceration is stigma. Negative stereotypes and public mistrust are

often ascribed to the “ex-convict,” hampering successful re-entry. Although perhaps unintended,

discriminatory and rigid policy and practice lead to limited employment and housing opportunity,

estrangement from family and friends, rejection from communities and increased recidivism. These

circumstances create a maelstrom of barriers to successful re-entry, and deny the opportunity for far
too many formerly incarcerated citizens to become productive participants in their communities ( Amy

Frankel and Elizabeth DePoy, 2021)

Even when it focuses on the community, the emphasis seems directed at how the community

perceives the reintegration of a specific group of ex-offenders based on the type of crime committed

(Ike et al., 2021, 2022b; Hassan and Tyvoll, 2018). This strand of literature emphasises that a negative

disposition towards the type of crime or groups the ex-offenders were once affiliated with (e.g. terrorism)

could limit reintegration (Ike et al., 2022b; Owonikoko, 2022).

Another strand of literature also tends to focus on issues such as stigma, discrimination and the

indirect impact the label of being a prisoner or ex-offenders plays in serving as barriers to reintegration

and growing recidivism (Schneider and Weber, 2020). While the preceding literature adds to our

understanding of factors limiting ex-offenders’ reintegration into society, these are limited in that while

crime types may lead to different attitudes towards reintegration, the fact remains that crime is frowned

upon by the criminal justice system and punishment is meted out proportional to the crime regardless

of the gravity. Thus, highlighting a significant gap in the literature on public attitude towards ex-offenders’

reintegration regardless of the crime committed. The gap also relates to whether there is a positive

association between public education level and the likelihood of accepting ex-offenders into society.

Previous literature on education and ex-offenders’ reintegration often focuses on the offenders

themselves (Easton, 2022).

Concerning education, research on the positive association between the public level of education

and their attitude towards ex-offender reintegration appears limited. Previous studies on the role of

education often focus on its use as an intervention for prisoners and ex-offenders to enable them to

gain vocational skills for an easy transition into society (Alvarez et al., 2018; Huaiquián-Billeke et al.,

2021; Leone and Wruble, 2017). For example, Leone and Wruble’s (2017) study emphasises the use

of prison education in maximising potential employment opportunities for ex-offenders and aiding

successful community reintegration. Alvarez et al.’s (2018) study stresses the social reintegration of

prisoners and ex-offenders through the dialogic reading of classic literature in prisons. In the Chilean
context, Huaiquián-Billeke et al.’s (2021) study draws on the social reintegration process of young

people after secondary education in custody. Even within the Nigerian context, similar trends exist.

Previous literature in Nigeria has investigated education from its use in prison to aid potential

tools for rehabilitation and reintegration (Adekanmbi and Ezikpe, 2021). While this literature provides

relevant insight into the role of education in reintegration from the ex-offenders’ and prisoners’

perspectives, it still leaves a gap on whether a higher level of education has a positive association with

the successful reintegration of ex-offenders. This is especially considering the need to foster positive

social identity, which, if undermined, could create the ‘us and them’ mentality, further exacerbating the

divide and scepticism between the community and those reintegrated.

The Impact of having a criminal record on an individual’s ability to reengage in community is a

recurring theme documented by research in multiple dimensions of life. Formerly incarcerated citizens

are often viewed with contempt, perceived as threatening, or considered to have failed as citizens

(Ricciardelli and Mooney, 2018). It is therefore not surprising that mistrust often is ascribed to individuals

with a history of incarceration, irrespective of the reasons for their confinement. This pervasive view is

further reflected in policies which unilaterally deny access to viable employment, transportation and

housing (Ashcraft and Flint, 2017; Epperson, Pettus-Davis, Grier & Sawh, 2018; Li, 2018).

Local literature

In the Philippines, ex-convicts face severe hurdles during reintegration, including public stigma,

restricted work opportunities, insufficient support, and discriminatory behaviors, all of which impede a

smooth return to society. This qualitative narrative case study investigates the psychological, social,

and economic aspects of ex-convicts’ lives after jail. The Life Course Perspective is used as the study’s

theoretical framework, acknowledging the importance of personal, societal, and historical elements in

individual development. Six successfully reintegrated participants, each with a minimum five-year prison

sentence, constituted the basis for in-depth interviews conducted in a quiet and secure atmosphere

using snowball sampling. The study sought to explore ex-convicts’ issues, coping methods, life
realizations, and viable therapeutic programs. The findings highlight the numerous challenges, such as

societal stigma, economic constraints, and disrupted social bonds. Coping methods, which include

spiritual rehabilitation and emotional acceptance, emerge as critical components of the reintegration

process. Life realizations become transforming forces, characterized by a dedication to positive change

and social contributions, which is frequently motivated by familial support and a desire to protect loved

ones. For effective reintegration, the study underlines the importance of public acceptance, tailored

interventions, and support networks. It finds that addressing these issues, as well as encouraging

familial stability, boosting community involvement, and engaging employers, are critical to reducing

recidivism and facilitating long-term rehabilitation. Recommendations urge for coordinated efforts from

families, communities, and businesses, emphasizing the importance of a complete strategy to assisting

ex-convicts on their path to successful society reintegration (Vionizer R. Bidola, Rosalinda De Leon,

Ella Ignacio, Mary Jane Mori, Samantha Nicole Valdez, and Jover Bernabe, 2024).

Life after imprisonment can be challenging for many individuals. Reintegrating into society after

being incarcerated can be difficult and often involves facing multiple barriers such as stigma, lack of

employment opportunities, and difficulty finding housing However, there are resources available to help

individuals adjust to life after bars. These may include programs such as job training, substance abuse

counseling, and mentoring services. Many nonprofit organizations, community groups, and government

agencies provide support to help individuals successfully re-enter society and reduce the likelihood of

reoffending, it’s essential to recognize that life after bars can be a difficult and complex process and

that everyone’s journey will be unique. With the right support and resources, however, individuals who

have been incarcerated can go on to lead fulfilling and productive lives (Vionizer R. Bidola, Rosalinda

De Leon, Ella Ignacio, Mary Jane Mori, Samantha Nicole Valdez, and Jover Bernabe, 2024).
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology used to investigate the public perception

towards formerly incarcerated individuals of the residents residing in Pagadian City. It includes the

discussion on the research design, participants, research instruments, data gathering technique, and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive research approach to examine how the public views those

who have served time in prison. This is justified by the fact that descriptive methodologies make it easier

to conduct systematic investigations of public opinion within a given community, in this case the people

who live in Pagadian City. The study's specific goal is to collect detailed information about the opinions

of people who have served time in prison as well as other relevant factors that affect their opinions. In

order to gather quantifiable data for analysis and draw conclusions on trends, patterns, and connections

between demographic characteristics and public perceptions of ex-offenders, the study will rely on

surveys and questionnaires.

Descriptive research designs gather information to characterize a population's or phenomenon's

features without requiring the alteration of variables. In this instance, it indicates that the researcher

does not attempt to influence or control public perceptions of formerly jailed people; instead, they just

observe and quantify where the public stands in relation to these persons. The final product is a precise

and thorough description of how Pagadian City's citizens view ex-offenders and how factors like age,

gender, and education influence those opinions. Additionally, descriptive design would be helpful in

obtaining a quick overview of the present state of public opinion, which could then be used to generate

new research or policy to enhance the reintegration process for formerly incarcerated individuals.

Research Environment
The study will be conducted in Pagadian City, the Philippine capital of Zamboanga del Sur. As a

regional center for the Zamboanga Peninsula, Pagadian city is a first-class city in the Philippines with

a diverse population and a thriving economy. Due to a perfect combination between both urban and

rural areas, this city, which has 210,452 residents overall according to the 2020 Census, is the best

and ideal place to study public opinion. The survey will gather participants from different barangays in

the city to obtain a wider variety of opinions regarding people who have served time in prison. Since a

city's institutions, neighborhoods, and sociocultural dynamics shape public opinion, it gives the

research a significant setting. In addition, Pagadian City is home to a number of government

buildings, educational institutions, and private groups that support community involvement and

understanding of many social issues. This setting is perfect for figuring out how the general public

feels about reintegration and for testing out opportunities for formerly imprisoned people in a normal

provincial metropolitan setting.

Respondents

The study’s respondents are the general people in Pagadian City. The researcher gains a more

comprehensive grasp of the community's perception of people who have served time in prison thanks

to their selection. The 30 participants are from a range of demographic backgrounds, including age,

gender, level of education, and socioeconomic status, in order to ensure that as many people as

possible have a voice. The study aims to investigate the ways in which these factors impact stigma

against ex-offenders and attitudes toward reintegration.

Research Instrument

A research questionnaire was used to gather the relevant data for the study. The instrument of

this study is researcher-made, it is developed specifically to measure the variables of interest in the

research. Given the unique nature of the study’s objectives, a new instrument was deemed necessary

to accurately capture the needed data. The research instrument was divided into three (3) parts. The

first part is composed of a set of questions to collect the respondents’ demographic profile such as age,
gender, educational attainment, and employment status. For the second part, the researcher used a 5-

point Likert scale with the following interpretations: 5 as Strongly Agree, 4 as Agree, 3 as Neutral, 2 as

Disagree, and 1 as Strongly Disagree to measure the respondents’ attitude and beliefs about the

formerly incarcerated individuals.

Validation of Instruments

The study’s panelists and research adviser will review the questionnaire for this study to

determine its appropriateness, sustainability, and content. Referred to the panel of experts for

validation, suggestions, and revision, the questionnaire is used to guarantee its dependability. In order

to ensure that there are no technological flaws in the questionnaire throughout its creation.

Data Gathering Procedure

To comprehensively investigate the Public Perceptions Towards Incarcerated Individuals the

researcher employed a simple random sampling. To ensure that every group in Pagadian City is

represented in terms of age, gender, and educational background, data will be gathered via stratified

random sampling. A broad range of public perception would be provided by such a strategy. Depending

on their availability, the selected respondents will subsequently be contacted in person or online to

complete the survey. Additionally, in order to increase participation and collect a range of viewpoints,

enumerators will be developing methods to administer the survey both in-person and online, as well as

offering support for any questions or concerns regarding the survey.

Following this, the researchers prepared a letter of consent specifically for the respondents, who

were primarily residents of Pagadian City. This letter was designed to inform the participants about the

nature and objectives of the study, ensuring their informed consent. Additionally, the researchers

developed a detailed survey questionnaire with carefully crafted questions aimed at extracting pertinent

information to draw meaningful conclusions from the research. To maintain the confidentiality of the

respondents' privacy and identities, the questionnaire included specific guidelines and assurances.
Hard copies of the authorization letters for consent were prepared, and before distributing these forms,

the researchers made sure to explain the study’s purpose to the respondents clearly.

In the final stages of the data collection process, the researchers personally distributed the

survey questionnaires during the respondents' free periods to minimize disruption of their work and

personal time. This approach ensured that respondents could complete the survey at their convenience

without interfering with their schedules. After the surveys were completed, the researchers

systematically tabulated and tallied the responses. This thorough process allowed for effective analysis

of the data, facilitating the drawing of reliable and actionable conclusions about the levels of public

perception towards formerly incarcerated individuals.

Sampling Technique

The researchers will select the individuals using a simple method of random sampling. The

researcher chooses a selection of participants at random from a population using this kind of random

sampling. There is an equal chance of selection for every member of the population. Then, as much

information as possible is gathered from this random subset.

Scoring Procedures

To gather the respondents' responses based on their perceived responses. After that, the

researchers tabulated the data, which involved tallying and bringing together the data. The final results

would serve as the foundation for the findings, recommendations, and conclusions

Weight Mean Range Adjectival Rating

5 Strongly Agree Very High

4 Agree High

3 Neutral Neutral

2 Disagree Low

1 Strongly Disagree Very Low

Statistical Treatment of Data

For analyzing and interpreting the data, we will use frequency distribution, percentage distribution, and

weighted mean. Frequency distribution helps to organize the data by showing how many respondents

fall into different categories, such as age, social status, and education level. This helps us see the

spread of the respondents across these groups.

Weighted mean will be used to analyze the responses, taking into account how important or intense

certain answers are. This allows us to give more importance to certain responses when calculating the

average. Descriptive statistics will summarize the key features of the data, including averages and

totals. This is particularly useful when working with data that may not be very clear or precise.

Lastly, Pearson's r and Spearman’s rho will measure the strength and direction of relationships between

variables. Pearson’s correlation looks at the linear relationship between two variables, while

Spearman’s rho measures the relationship between variables that may not be linear but still follow a

consistent pattern.

Formula: % distribution = F/N x 100

Where F= Frequency

N= Total number of frequencies

%= percentage

The formula for getting weighted mean will be as follows

Wm = the sum of frequency

Fx = Frequency

N = Total respondents

The formula for getting weighted and descriptive statistics will be as follows
Data consisting of n observations (* 1 ,…,xn)(*1,…,xn)

then the mean (x)

Is given by the formula: x = 1nn * sum I = 1xi